Post on 06-Mar-2019
ACECC TC21Transdisciplinary Approach (TDA) for Building Societal Resilience to Disaster
Davao City, The Philippines, 17- 18 November 2016
Building Disaster Resilience through Tsunami Evacuation Planning
Learning from Indonesia
Harkunti P. Rahayu, Ph.D.
Institute of Technology Bandung, IndonesiaChair of WG1 –ICG Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System
Vice Chair – Indonesian Disaster Expert Association Member of HAKI
The Landscape of 2004 …
Tsunami risk considered low Very limited seismic observations to detect No real‐time sea level observations to verify No tsunami warning system to forecast Community unaware and not prepared Extremely limited response planning for tsunami No intensive prevention and mitigation for tsunami in place
The Devastated Impact …
Banda Aceh, Indonesia
The worst tsunami in recorded history in Indonesia and Indian Ocean Mega DisasterMagnitude 9.1 Lasted 10 minutes (longest lasting earthquake)229,866 confirmed dead and 42,883 missing 170,000 from Indonesia More than $7 billion dollars damage on built environment Severe damage to ecosystem
Wake Up Call …
Development End to End Tsunami Early Warning System inIndonesia established by 2008 by 2011 mandatory toprovide tsunami warning service to Indian Ocean region
Promoting tsunami DRR countermeasures holistically at thenational up to local level to increase readiness andpreparedness of the city and the people at risk
Seismic Hazard Profile
Tsunami Disaster Hazard Profile
Approximately 89% (130 from 146) coastal cities/regencies are exposedto tsunami risk (from moderate to very high). Total Indonesiancities/regencies are 530 distributed in 33 provinces (Renas PB 2010‐2014)
Current State of Tsunami Early Warning System in Indonesia
Upstream Component Downstream Component Tsunami DRR Hard and Soft Measures: Tsunami inundation mapping Tsunami risk mapping EOC at local level Training for local government Community/school tsunami preparedness program Warning chains development Tsunami evacuation route, and sign Tsunami shelter (horizontal and vertical) Tsunami exercise/drill
Questions: Are we safer now? Are the government and people ready for the real event?
Local Challenges
Ironic Panic shown by Banda Aceh people tried to go to safer place (kompas.com) very few going to vertical evacuation shelter
Reaction of communities varied:
• Banda Aceh City: communities fled in panic away from the sea
• Padang City - West Sumatra: without direct experience of tsunami a lot of communities refused to evacuate, though admitted to receiving warning messages via media, community radio network, and siren
This event vividly demonstrated: how communities and local government can make different and unpredictable choices in responding to real events as to compare to drills/exercises.
Taking account of engineering judgment and social behaviourfacts in evacuation planning is very important
Local Situation …
Document of Banda Aceh Government (2013)
Holistic Scientific Judgment Needed
Primary Evacuation Route
Secondary Evacuation Route
Document of Banda Aceh Government (2013)
Bottle Neck Issues !!!!
Expected vs. Unexpected
The expected: Tsunami warning was issued in 5 min complied to SOP Tsunami siren was activated within lead time by LDMO
The unexpected: Informal tsunami warning was dominating Downstream warning chain:
Siren could not reach all the last mile Some sirens were not functioning
Evacuation : Behavior of evacuee – as if no exercise / DRR interventionhave been in place
Evacuation route: Lack of formal socialization Lack of tsunami signage Vertical Evacuation Shelter: Trust to the existence ofevacuation shelter
From Local Challenges to National DRR Master Plan for Tsunami
Preparedness Assessment:
• early warning• Emergency
response during and after event
• Risk transfer
Identification & Gap Analysis : • Deficiencies• Redundancy in DRR effort
Improve Preparedness
Disaster Risk Reduction National
Master Plan (DRRMP)
Implemented
Tested
Aim: to have integrated national action among national stakeholder to reduce tsunami disaster risk
Focus:TEWS – improve continuouslyStructural mitigation and preventionNon‐structural mitigation and prevention
Stakeholders involved: NDMA, PW Ministry, National Planning Agency, Higher Education‐RistekMinistry, BOMGC, Universities, others
Improvement of Evacuation Capacity
1. Revitalize road function: remove obstacle law enforcement on road parking, street parking
2. Fly over 3. Vertical Evacuation Shelter (Building
or Artificial Hill) in the area need assessment analysis: capacity of shelter and location
4. Tsunami signage: need assessment for number, type and location
5. Improve traffic management in chaotic situation
6. … any other?
New Vertical Evacuation Shelter (2015) for Tsunami in Padang City
200 m300 m500 m
Closing Remark
Impact of DRR on Trust, Land Use and Land Price
Before 2015 After 2015
Beyond Scientific and Engineering Judgment
Multi level and multi stakeholder participatory planning and implementation
Need assessment analysis to obtain the realistic capacity, number and location of vertical shelter
Building Trust of community to building as well as government
Institutionalize tsunami exercise into local policy and regulation Conduct tsunami public education and tsunami exercise in regular bases to anticipate high mobility people
Public engagement in maintaining and optimizing the use of vertical
Mainstream DRR, including for tsunami risk, into socio‐economic development planning strategies
Identify DRR focal points across government agencies and strengthen intra and cross‐sectoral coordination mechanisms.
ACECC TC21Transdisciplinary Approach (TDA) for Building Societal Resilience to Disaster
Davao City, The Philippines, 17- 18 November 2016
Terimakasih …