Post on 16-May-2015
WOOD and WOOD PRODUCTS
Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez, uap
Class Instructor
WOOD
a natural organic material that has been used for many centuries for the construction of buildings, bridges and a variety of other structures
WOOD• Still the most common materials for
small to medium-scale project in other countries
WOOD
WOOD
WOOD• In the Phils, wood was widely used
during the Spanish period and until 1960’s
WOOD
WOOD• My recent
project,
WOOD
WOOD
WOOD
• Traditional building material• Easy to work with• Durable• Beautiful• Lightweight• Rust and corrosion free• Has varied uses
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
Endogenous
- Trees grows endwards
- Example are bamboo & palm
CLASSIFICATION OF TREES
Exogenous
- Trees grows outwards
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES
(based on broad botanical distinction)
Softwoods
- Generally needle-leaved coniferous trees that bear their seed in cones
- Example are pine & cedar
Hardwoods
- Generally broad-leaved deciduous trees
- Example are oak, narra, molave, maple, etc
CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES
(based on broad botanical distinction)
PROPERTIES OF SOFTWOOD:
• Contract with heat & moisture• Have lower density than hardwoods
(good for acoustic & thermal insulation
• Good for interior finishes & for furniture
• Solid but soft• Flexible & strong• Not water resistant• Cost : low
PROPERTIES OF HARDWOOD:
• Contract with heat & moisture• Stronger, denser, & homogenous than
hardwoods (good for framing system)• Good for interior finishes & for
furniture• Resist fire better than softwood• Nearly impervious to water (some
varieties)• Cost : high
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
WOOD STRUCTURE
Bark
Bast
Sapwood
Heartwood
Pith
WOOD STRUCTURE
WOOD STRUCTURE
WOOD & TIMBER
WOOD is the hard, fibrous material that makes up the tree under the bark
TIMBER is a wood which retains its natural physical structure and chemical composition and is suitable for various construction works
GOOD LUMBERING PRACTICE
Lumbering- term applied to the operations performed in preparing wood for
commercial purposes
Logging
Felling
Storing
Sawing
Drying
FELLING
• Timber felled during summer is more readily susceptible to mold. During this period, the quantity of sap is at its greatest & the state of swelling, acidity, etc. are very much unfavorable
• Coniferous trees is ideal to be felled during full moon because the resins were well drawn out of the roots & into the trunk
STORAGE
• Timber stored in water after felling reduces the risks of molds & insect damage
SPLITTING/SAWING
• Should take place while the
trees is still very damp
DRYING
• 70-90% of the original moisture must be removed from the timber before this could be used for construction…..a reason why routine drying is important
METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER
• NaturalAir-drying
• Artificial
Forced air drying – used of fans to booster the circulation of air
Kiln-drying – drying in a large airtight structure, heated by steam
pipes
Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying – using radio frequency
dielectric heat
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER
DEFECTS IN WOOD
DEFECTS IN WOOD
• Caused by Abnormal Growth
Heart shake-radial cracks originating at the heart of the trees
Wind/Cup Shake- cracks/breaks across annual rings of timber
Star Shake- series of heart shakes thus forming a star-like manner
Knots- occur at the branch of the wood
DEFECTS IN WOOD
• Due to Deterioration
Dry Rot – the presence of moisture caused by fungi in seasoned
wood
Wet Dry – takes place sometimes in the growth of the tree caused by water saturation
CAUSES OF DECAY
• Alternate moisture & dryness
• Fungi & molds
• Insects & worms
• Heat & confined air
GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTIONS & DISTORTIONS IN TIMBER
METHODS OF PRESERVATION
External – application of preservative coating
Internal – lumber is subjected to pressure & injected with chemical such as zinc chloride solution/salt
• Flooring
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Toog (Phil. Oak)
• Doors & Windows
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Narra
Tanguile
Apitong
• Outdoor Deck
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Yacal
Molave
Guijo
• Ceiling Panel & Joists
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Molave
Pine Benguet
• Railing & Balustrade
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
• Exposed Structural Member
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Molave
Pine Benguet
Yacal
Lauan
• Paneling
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Narra
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Dao
• Furniture & Cabinets
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Kamagong
APPLICATION: Philippine Timber
Molave
Yacal
Guijo
Pine Benguet
• Structural Members & Framing
Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Narra – most expensive, for floors, doors, furniture, panelings, veneers
First Group
Molave – for posts & girders, trusses, framings, floors, jambs, furniture, & other purpose esp. those exposed to weather
Yacal & Guijo – for posts & girders, jambs, wooden decks & railings exposed to weather
Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Pine Benguet – for flooring, panelings, sidings & furniture. Also for framings, trusses
First Group
Tanguile & Apitong – the most common lumber in the market. Used for framings, joists, trusses, nailers, etc.
Lauan (white & red) – for framings, furnitures
Kamagong – for furnitures
Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER
Dao – for panelings & veneers
First Group
Almaciga – for panelings & veneers
Mahogany
Ipil
Kalantas
Kalamansanai
TAKE-HOME QUIZ:
1. Using an 8”x8” wood post, illustrate the wood post connection to a 12”x12” concrete pedestal.
2. Illustrate the connection of an 8”x8” wood post into a 2-2”x6”x12” wood beam.
3. Illustrate the roof framing layout (using wood rafters) for a 5.00m x 6.00m bungalow with gable roof profile.
Research on the following Wood Connections: