Post on 05-Jan-2016
description
Evaluation of Commercially Evaluation of Commercially available Passive Samplers for available Passive Samplers for
Pollutant Saturation Pollutant Saturation Monitoring in Wilmington, CAMonitoring in Wilmington, CA
Brooks MasonBrooks Mason
OverviewOverview
What is passive sampling?What is passive sampling? Commercial Passive Sampling Commercial Passive Sampling MediaMedia
Environmental Justice ProjectEnvironmental Justice Project Task I- Chamber EvaluationsTask I- Chamber Evaluations Task II- Pilot StudyTask II- Pilot Study Task III- Harbor Communities Task III- Harbor Communities Monitoring StudyMonitoring Study
What is Passive What is Passive Sampling?Sampling?
Collection of Collection of various chemical various chemical compounds utilizing compounds utilizing adsorbentsadsorbents Chemical adsorbentsChemical adsorbents Physical adsorbentsPhysical adsorbents
Virtually Virtually maintenance freemaintenance free Requires no pumps, Requires no pumps, moving parts, moving parts, electricity, electricity, maintenancemaintenance
Passive Sampling Cont.Passive Sampling Cont.
Time integrated measurementTime integrated measurement High SensitivityHigh Sensitivity Poor ResolutionPoor Resolution
Relies on an experimentally Relies on an experimentally calculated sampling ratecalculated sampling rate
Ogawa & Company Passive Ogawa & Company Passive SamplerSampler
Symmetrical Design Symmetrical Design allows for two allows for two simultaneous simultaneous measurementsmeasurements
Utilizes chemical Utilizes chemical adsorbent Pads for adsorbent Pads for the collection of the collection of NOx, NO2, and SO2NOx, NO2, and SO2 Triethanol AmineTriethanol Amine
Sampling Rate is Sampling Rate is Temperature and Temperature and Humidity DependentHumidity Dependent
Radiello Passive Radiello Passive SamplerSampler
Utilizes a Utilizes a cylindrical cylindrical diffusive body to diffusive body to increase surface increase surface area, sampling area, sampling raterate
AldehydesAldehydes DNPHDNPH
Hydrogen SulfideHydrogen Sulfide Zinc AcetateZinc Acetate
VOCVOC Carbograph 4Carbograph 4
Importance of Chemical Importance of Chemical SpeciesSpecies
Aromatics, 1,3-Aromatics, 1,3-butadiene, and butadiene, and Aldehydes react with Aldehydes react with NOx to produce Ozone NOx to produce Ozone and are hazardous to and are hazardous to human and ecosystem human and ecosystem healthhealth
SO2 emissions produce SO2 emissions produce secondary aerosols and secondary aerosols and contribute to ecosystem contribute to ecosystem acidityacidity
H2S is hazardous to H2S is hazardous to human health and human health and produces a foul odorproduces a foul odor
Environmental Justice Environmental Justice ProjectProject
Eric Fujita, PI; Barbara Zielinska, Co-PI; Dave CampbellEric Fujita, PI; Barbara Zielinska, Co-PI; Dave Campbell Task I (3/06-11/06)Task I (3/06-11/06)
Evaluate Passive monitors for NOx, H2S, BTEX, Evaluate Passive monitors for NOx, H2S, BTEX, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein in a controlled atmospheric chamberacrolein in a controlled atmospheric chamber
Task II (8/06)Task II (8/06) Evaluate Passive monitors for NOx, H2S, BTEX, Evaluate Passive monitors for NOx, H2S, BTEX, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein in the study area (Wilmington, CA)acrolein in the study area (Wilmington, CA)
Task III (2/07-11/07)Task III (2/07-11/07) Harbor Communities Monitoring StudyHarbor Communities Monitoring Study
25 Sites25 Sites Other measurements include minivol particulate Other measurements include minivol particulate sampling, photoaccousitic black carbon analyzers, sampling, photoaccousitic black carbon analyzers, dusttrak, qtrak, PID, basic meteorological, dusttrak, qtrak, PID, basic meteorological, quality assurancequality assurance
Task I - expTask I - exp
Sampling Ports
Temp/RH
Aldehyde Samplers
Fan
Task I - expTask I - exp
Sampler Type Analyte Conc. Validation Analysis Method
Ogawa NO2 NO2 25 ppb Horriba NO/NOx Analyzer Colorimetry for Nitrite
Ogawa NOx NOx 54 ppb Horriba NO/NOx Analyzer Colorimetry for Nitrite
Radiello Aldehyde Formaldehyde 5 ppb Waters DNPH/HPLC HPLC/UV
Radiello Aldehyde Formaldehyde 5 ppb Waters DNPH/HPLC HPLC/UV
Radiello Aldehyde Acrolein 2 ppb Waters DNPH/HPLC HPLC/UV
Radiello VOC BTEX 2 ppb Canister GC/MS TD/GC/MS
Radiello VOC 1,3-Butadiene 2 ppb Canister GC/MS TD/GC/MS
Radiello H2S H2S 2 ppb N/A Visible Spectrometry
•Chamber Exposure Information
•7 Day Exposures
•Nominal Concentration based on Wilmington Average
Task I ResultsTask I Results
Species 7d Passive 7d Validation 7d P:V Ratio 7d %RSD
ppbv ppbv
NO 18.26 17.20 106% 3%
NO2 21.49 21.80 99% 1%
HCHO 5.08 5.20 98% 7%
Acrolein 3.19 3.00 106% 10%
H2S 1.989 2.00 99% 2%
*Acrolein Validation Method highly inaccurate
*VOC data is forthcoming due to 1,3 butadiene
Task II expTask II exp•Task II Study Site
•North Long Beach AQMD Station
•August 2006
•Objectives•Evaluate Replicate Precision and Accuracy of Passive Samplers under actual Environmental Conditions
•Evaluate effect of stagnant nightime air on sampling rate
Task II expTask II exp
Passive Passive MeasurementMeasurement Ogawa NOxOgawa NOx Ogawa SO2Ogawa SO2 Radiello H2SRadiello H2S Radiello VOCRadiello VOC Radiello AldehydeRadiello Aldehyde
Validation Validation MethodMethod AQMD NOx BoxAQMD NOx Box AQMD Continuous AQMD Continuous SO2SO2
N/AN/A (7) 24 hour (7) 24 hour CanistersCanisters
(7) 24 hour DNPH(7) 24 hour DNPH
Task II ResultsTask II Results
Ogawa NO2,NOx
Pollutant Average average deviation unit SCAQMD Mean Passive/ SCAQMD
[NO] - No Fan 8.14 0.54 (ppb) 10.8 75%
[NO] - Fan 8.51 0.49 (ppb) 10.8 79%
[NO2] - No Fan 14.12 0.38 (ppb) 17.2 82%
[NO2] - Fan 14.36 0.83 (ppb) 17.2 83%
Ogawa SO2
Pollutant Average average deviation unit SCAQMD Mean Passive/SCAQMD
[SO2] - No Fan 1.39 0.16 (ppb) 1.7 82%
[SO2] - Fan 1.18 0.01 (ppb) 1.7 69%
Task II ResultsTask II Results
Radiello H2S
Pollutant Averageaverage
deviation unit SCAQMD
Mean Passive/SCAQMD
[H2S] - No Fan 0.31 0.10 (ppb) na na
[H2S] - Fan 0.26 0.06 (ppb) na na
Radiello Aldehyde
Pollutant Averageaverage
deviation unit DNPH Mean Passive/DNPH
Formaldehyde - No Fan 1.23 0.03 (ppbv) 1.10 112%
Formaldehyde - Fan 1.27 0.09 (ppbv) 1.10 116%
Acetaldehyde - No Fan 0.59 0.01 (ppbv) 1.04 57%
Acetaldehyde - Fan 0.59 0.02 (ppbv) 1.04 57%
total Acrolein - No Fan 0.05 0.01 (ppbv) 0.21 23%
total Acrolein - Fan 0.03 0.01 (ppbv) 0.21 12%
Task II ResultsTask II Results
Radiello VOC
Pollutant Averageaverage
deviation unit Canister Mean Canister/DNPH
1,3-Butadiene - No Fan 0.05 0.009 (ppbv) 0.04 128%
1,3-Butadiene - Fan 0.05 0.003 (ppbv) 0.04 129%
Benzene - No Fan 0.29 0.024 (ppbv) 0.37 78%
Benzene- Fan 0.29 0.002 (ppbv) 0.37 79%
Toluene - No Fan 1.31 0.161 (ppbv) 1.09 120%
Toluene - Fan 1.19 0.117 (ppbv) 1.09 110%
Ethylbenzene - No Fan 0.17 0.011 (ppbv) 0.13 125%
Ethylbenzene - Fan 0.18 0.004 (ppbv) 0.13 131%
m,p Xylene - No Fan 0.46 0.029 (ppbv) 0.45 103%
m,p Xylene - Fan 0.49 0.006 (ppbv) 0.45 109%
o Xylene - No Fan 0.18 0.010 (ppbv) 0.18 100%
o Xylene - Fan 0.20 0.004 (ppbv) 0.18 107%
Task III expTask III exp
Harbor Communities Monitoring StudyHarbor Communities Monitoring Study 4 seasonal saturation monitoring 4 seasonal saturation monitoring campaigns for 1 month each, 2007campaigns for 1 month each, 2007
Winter 2/13/07 – 3/13/07 finishedWinter 2/13/07 – 3/13/07 finished 23 sites measure NOx, SO2, VOC, and 23 sites measure NOx, SO2, VOC, and AldehydeAldehyde
6 sites for measurement of NO26 sites for measurement of NO2 3 sites for measurement of H2S3 sites for measurement of H2S 1 QA site with triplicate passive 1 QA site with triplicate passive measurements and validation measurementsmeasurements and validation measurements
DRI Core
DRI Core + continuous
SCAQMD (tentative)
DRI Passive only
Port of Los Angeles
Port of Long Beach
Note: DRI’s sampling locations are preliminary and are subject to change.
Revised 1/16/07
FD13
Res1
OCN
HES
BFL
W710E710
SE
Res4
Res2
Res3
Res5Res6
FD49AQMD
Res11
RES9
E110
Res10
PLAB
Res8
Res7
Task III Initial Task III Initial ResultsResults
Week III VOC QA
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
bud13 benze tolue etbz mp_xyl o_xyl
Concentration (ppbv)
WeekIII Can
WeekIII Radiello
Task III Initial Task III Initial ResultsResults
Week IV VOC QA
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
1.00
1.20
1.40
1.60
1.80
2.00
bud13 benze tolue etbz mp_xyl o_xyl
Concentration (ppbv)
WeekIV Can
WeekIV Radiello
Task III Initial Task III Initial ResultsResults
Average VOC Concentration by Site
0.00
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
1a-AQMD H1b-AQMD H1c-AQMD H
4-Sante Fe-PR1
5-Nursery6-Westside7-Berns Forklift
8-710 West9-710 East10-Superior11-LBPW
2-AQMD SW12-Gulf-PR213-Lakeme-PR3
14-Colon-PR415-McDonald-PR6
16-Pioneer-PR817-Marine-PR718-Emden-PR919-110 East
20-Fstreet-PR1021-McFarland-PR5
22-FireStation23-Elberon-PR11
ppbv
o_xyl
mp_xyl
etbz
tolue
benze
bud13
Task III Initial Task III Initial ResultsResults
Average H2S Concentration by Site
0.000
0.100
0.200
0.300
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
1a-AQMD H 1b-AQMD H 1c-AQMD H18-Emden-PR9 20-Fstreet-PR10
ppbv
Task III Initial Task III Initial ResultsResults
VOC, H2S Concentration vs. Week
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
I II III IV
Week (2/13/07-3/13/07)
bud13
benze
tolue
etbz
mp_xyl
o_xyl
H2S
ConclusionsConclusions Radiello and Ogawa passive samplers Radiello and Ogawa passive samplers have shown throughout all experiments have shown throughout all experiments to be precise, accurate, and sensitive.to be precise, accurate, and sensitive.
Low wind speeds have little effect on Low wind speeds have little effect on the sampling rate for all sampler typesthe sampling rate for all sampler types
Future workFuture work Identify sampling rate for 1,3-butadiene in Identify sampling rate for 1,3-butadiene in chamber exposureschamber exposures
Identify effect of storage time on recoveryIdentify effect of storage time on recovery Develop a method for passive collection of Develop a method for passive collection of aldehydes using PFPH with analysis by aldehydes using PFPH with analysis by thermal desorption GC/MSthermal desorption GC/MS
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
• California Air Resources BoardCalifornia Air Resources Board• Thanks to Barbara Zielinska, Thanks to Barbara Zielinska, Eric Fujita, Dave Campbell, Eric Fujita, Dave Campbell, Larry Sheetz, Katy Rempala, Larry Sheetz, Katy Rempala, Anna Cunningham, Mark McDaniel, Anna Cunningham, Mark McDaniel, and Mike Keithand Mike Keith
• Questions?Questions?