Bronze Age Greece

Ionian Greek

colonies

Athens

Piraeus, Athens Harbor

Persian Empire

“Earth and Water”

• In 492 B.C. King Darius I of Persia demanded “earth and water” from the Greek city-states.

• Athens and Sparta REFUSED!

• Persians conquered the city-states of Ionia.

• In 499 B.C. the Ionian Greeks revolted against Persia. Athens (wealthiest Greek city-state) sent ships to Ionia to help them!

• King Darius I was furious at Athens. . .

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Marathon 490 BCE

26 miles from Athens

• Thermopylae 480 BCE

300 Spartans at the pass

Naval battle

• Salamis 480 BCE

Largest naval battle in ancient history

• Plataea 479 BCE

Final land battle

Combined Greek city-state victory

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Marathon 490 BCE

26 miles from Athens

• Thermopylae 480 BCE

300 Spartans at the pass

Naval battle

• Salamis 480 BCE

Largest naval battle in ancient history

• Plataea 479 BCE

Final land battle

Combined Greek city-state victory

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Marathon 490 BCE

26 miles from Athens

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Marathon 490 BCE

26 miles from Athens

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Marathon 490 BCE

26 miles from Athens

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Marathon 490 BCE

26 miles from Athens

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Thermopylae

480 BCE

-300 Spartans at

the pass

-Naval battle

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Thermopylae

480 BCE

-300 Spartans at

the pass

-Naval battle

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Thermopylae

480 BCE

-300 Spartans at

the pass

-Naval battle

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Thermopylae 480

BCE

-300 Spartans at the

pass

-Naval battle

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Salamis 480

BCE

-Largest naval

battle in ancient

history

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Salamis 480

BCE

-Largest naval

battle in ancient

history

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Salamis 480

BCE

-Largest naval

battle in ancient

history

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Salamis 480

BCE

-Largest naval

battle in ancient

history

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Salamis 480

BCE

-Largest naval

battle in ancient

history

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

• Salamis 480

BCE

-Largest naval

battle in ancient

history

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Plataea 479 BCE

Final land battle

Combined Greek

city-state victory

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Plataea 479 BCE

Final land battle

Combined Greek

city-state victory

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Plataea 479 BCE

Final land battle

Combined Greek

city-state victory

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles• Plataea 479 BCE

Final land battle

Combined Greek

city-state victory

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

Short term results:

Persia:

• Defeated Greeks at Thermopylae

• Sacked Athens

• Gained temporary foothold in Europe north of city-states

back to the Hellespont

• Gained control of several western Aegean islands

City-States:

Defeated Persians at Salamis, Plataea

Persian Wars: Invasions, Battles

Long term results:

• Persia withdrew, regrouped to invade, internal problems

• City-states began to prepare for next invasion

• Athens formed Delian League-alliance against Persia

• Sparta suspicious Delian League power play to control all city-

states

• Mistrust between Athens and Sparta: separate alliances

• City-states divided between Athens and Sparta

• Peloponnesian League controlled by Sparta

• Persia never invaded again

• Athens began to be an “Empire”

Greece during the Peloponnesian War

Greece during the Peloponnesian War:

Phase 1• Sparta launched repeated

invasions of Attica• Citizens lived inside city walls• Navy supplied city• 1/3 of the population died from

disease and overcrowding Pericles

• Athens took advantage of its naval supremacy to raid the coast of the Peloponnese

Greece during the Peloponnesian War

Greece during the Peloponnesian War:

Pericles gives his famous speech, "The Funeral Oration“

Acknowledge the citizens Athens and reminded them of the power they hold in their own government

Encouraged the people of Athens to uphold their democratic social order and take pride in their system and what it represents

Greece during the Peloponnesian War:

Phase 2• Athens voted and sent a massive

naval invasion force to attack Syracuse in Sicily

• Total failure, destruction of entire force

Greece during the Peloponnesian War:

Phase 3• Sparta, receiving support from

Persia, supported rebellions in Athens' subject states in the Aegean Sea and Ionia

• Destruction of Athenian fleet at Aegospotami, 9 ships escaped

• Athens surrendered

Greece during the Peloponnesian War:

Results:

• Peloponnesian War lasted over 27 years• Cities, crops were destroyed; thousands of Greeks died• All the Greek city-states suffered economic, military losses• King Philip II of Macedon came to power in 359 B.C

• Macedon was kingdom north of Greek city-states• Philip planned empire, looked south to weakened

Greek city-states

Greece during the Peloponnesian War:

Results:

• Next 30 years Sparta dominated Greek city-states, but very unpopular, rebellions

• Athenian government changed to oligarchy controlled by Sparta, but remained unchanged culturally

• Athens = cultural, intellectual, philosophical, scientific, mathematical, theatrical, historical, geographic, medical, architectural, sculptural, best way of living life navel of the world