Brick and pvcPresented by:

Khushbu bansal

Nemat dhesi

Nikhita malhotra

Pallav bansal

Parul gupta

Prerna jain

Vijay karan singh

BRICK IS AN BUILDING MATERIAL

THIS MATERIAL IS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION BECAUSE OF BEING CHEAP,DURABLE,AND

EASY TO HANDLE AND WORK WITH.CLAY BRICKS ARE USED FOR BUILDING- UP EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR WALLS,PARTITIONS,FOOTINGS AND OTHER LOAD BEARING STRUCTURES.

A BRICK IS RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE AND SIZE THAT CAN BE CONVINIENTLY HANDLED WITH ONE HAND

LENTH OF BRICK =2 X WIDTH OF BRICK+TCKNESS OF MORTOR

HEIGHT OF BRICK=WIDTH OF BRICK

STANDARD SIZE OF A BRICK

19 X 9 X 9 CM

THE SURFACES OF A BRICK HAVE NAMES:

TOP AND BOTTOM SURFACES ARE BEDS.

ENDS ARE HEADERS AND HEADER FACES.

SIDES ARE STRETCHERS OR STRETCHER FACES.

A STANDARD METRIC BRICK HAS COORDINATING DIMENSIONS OF 225 X 112.5 X 75 MM (9''×4½" ×3“)

CALLED NOMINAL SIZE AND

WORKING DIMENSIONS (ACTUAL DIMENSIONS) OF 215 X 102.5 X 65 MM (8.5“ * 4 *2.5) CALLED ARCHITECTURAL SIZE

I. SOLID BRICKS

SOLID BRICK SHALL NOT HAVE HOLES, CAVITIES OR DEPRESSIONS.

PERFORATED BRICK SHALL HAVE HOLES NOT EXCEEDING THE 25% OF THE GROSS VOLUME OF THE BRICK; MINIMUM 30% SOLID ACROSS THE WIDTH OF BRICK.

FROGGED BRICKS

FROGGED BRICKS SHALL HAVE DEPRESSIONS IN ONE OR MORE BED FACES BUT THEIR TOTAL VOLUME SHALL NOT EXCEED 20% OF GROSS VOLUME OF A BRICK.

IV. CELLULAR BRICKS

CELLULAR BRICKS HAVE CAVITIES OR DEPRESSIONS EXCEEDING 20% OF THE VOLUME IN TOTAL.

FIRST CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE THOROUGHLY BURNT AND OR OF DEEP RED

,CHERRY COLOUR. THESE SHOULD BE FREE FROM FLAWS ,CRACKS AND

STONES. THE SURFACE SHOULD BE SMOOTH AND RECTANGULAR

,WITH PARALLEL ,SHARP AND STRAIGHT EDGES AND SQUARE CORNERS

THESE SHOULD HAVE UNIFORM TEXTURE WATER ABSORPTION SHOULD BE

12-15% OF ITS DRY WEIGHT WHEN IMMERSED IN COLD WATER

FOR 24 HOURS.USES:

THESE BRICKS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR POINTING,EXPOSED FACEWORK IN MASONRY STRUCTURES.

SECOND CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE SUPPOSED TO HAVE THE SAME

REQIREMENTS AS THE FIRST CLASS BRICKS

1. SMALL CRACKS AND DISTORTIONS ARE PERMITTED.

2. A LITTLE HIGHER WATER ABSORPTION OF ABOUT 16-20% OF ITS DRY WEIGHT IS ALLOWED

3. THE CRUSHING STRENGTH SHOULD NOT BE LESSTHAN

7.0 N/mm^2.

USES:

THESE ARE RECOMMENDED FOR

ALL MASONRY WORKS

THIRD CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE UNDERBURNT.

THEY ARE SOFT AND LIGHT COLOURED PRRODUCING A DULL SOUND

WATER ABSORPTION IS ABOUT 25% OF DRY WEIGHT

USES:

IT IS USED FOR BUILDING TEMPORARY

STRUCTURES

FOURTH CLASS BRICKS THESE ARE OVERBURNT AND BADLY DISTORTED

IN SHAPE AND SIZE AND BRITTLE IN NATURE.

USES:

THE BALLAST OF SUCH BRICKS IS USED FOR FOUNDATION AND ROAD METAL.

USES: COMMON BRICK: IT IS A GENERAL MULTIPURPOSE

UNIT MANUFACTURED ECONOMICALLY WITHOUT SPECIAL REFERRENCE TO APPEARANCE

FACING BRICK:THESE ARE MADE PRIMARLY WITH A VIEW TO HAVE GOOD APPEARANCE AND TEXTURE

ENGINEERING BRICKS:THESE ARE STRONG IMPERMIABLE SMOOTH TABLEMOULED.

ENGLISH BOND

THE FACING BRICKS ARE LAID IN ALTERNATE COURSES OF HEADERS AND STRETCHERS.

QUEEN-CLOSER INSERTED NEXT TO QUOIN-HEADERS TO PRODUCE OVERLAP.

ENGLISH BOND IS THE STRONGEST. a. AVOIDS CONTINUOUS VERTICAL JOINTS.

DISADVANTAGE: PENETRATION OF DAMP THROUGH TRANSVERSE

JOINTS. APPEARANCE NOT AS GOOD AS FLEMISH BOND.

FLEMISH BOND IN THIS BOND A QUEEN CLOSER IS PROVIDED AFTER EVERY

QUEEN HEADER IN THE ALTERNATE COURSES TO BREAK THE CONTINUITY OF VERTICAL JOINTS.

BRICK BATS ARE TO BE USED FOR FORMING THIS BOND WHEN THICKNESS OF WALL IS MULTIPLE OF HALF BRICK.

HEADING OR HEADER BOND

HEADING OR HEADER BOND IS LAID ON HEADERS.

USED FOR ROUND QUICK SWEEPS, AS IN FIG. 4.

SHOULD NEVER BE USED IN STRAIGHT WORK, AS IT IS VERY WEAK

STRETCHING OR STRETCHER BOND BRICKS ARE LAID IN STRETCHERS, AS IN THE FIGURE

BELOW.

USED IN WALLS OF HALF-BRICK IN THICKNESS.

DUE TO ITS CONSTANT OCCURRENCE IN THE LAST POSITION IT IS ALSO CALLED CHIMNEY BOND.

GARDEN-WALL BOND

USED FOR 9 INCH WALLS.

USED WHEN A FAIR FACE IS REQUIRED ON BOTH SIDES.

WALL IS COMPOSED OF THREE OR FOUR COURSES OF STRETCHERS ALTERNATING WITH ONE OF HEADERS, AS IN THE FIGURE BELOW.

RAT TRAP BOND

IT IS MADE BY PLACING THE BRICKS ON THEIR SIDES HAVING A CAVITY OF 4″ (100 MM)

ALTERNATE COURSE OF STRETCHERS AND HEADERS.

IT IS STILL USED IN INDIA AS AN ECONOMICAL BOND.

DONOT BURN, BUCKLE OR MELT.

DONOT ROT AND ALLOW TERMITES TO INVADE.

DONOT RUST AND CORRODE.

DONOT DENT.

DONOT FADE FROM THE SUN'S UV RAYS.

WILL NOT BE DAMAGED BY HIGH WINDS, RAIN OR HAIL.

DONOT REQUIRE CONSTANT MAINTENANCE.

DNOT DEVALUE.

DONOT LIMIT YOUR PERSONAL EXPRESSION.

DONOT LIMIT YOUR DESIGN OPTIONS.

LOAD BEARING MASONRY HAS A HIGH SELF-WEIGHT OR LOW STRENGTH-TO-WEIGHT RATIO.

LABOUR INTENSIVE CONSTRUCTION

MOISTURE PENETRATION.

THERMAL EXPANSION

A SLOW AND TEDIOUS PROCESS.

REQUIRES SKILLED MASONS.

LOW TENSILE STRENGTH, CAN FAIL DURING EARTHQUAKES.

STRUCTURAL LIMITATIONS : MASONRY HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH UNDER

VERTICAL LOADS BUT HAS LOW TENSILE STRENGTH (AGAINST TWISTING OR STRETCHING) UNLESS REINFORCED.

THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF MASONRY WALLS CAN BE INCREASED BY THICKENING THE WALL, OR BY BUILDING MASONRY PIERS (VERTICAL COLUMNS OR RIBS) AT INTERVALS.

SIZE AND SHAPE

THE BRICKS SHOULD HAVE UNIFORM SIZE AND PLANE,RECTANGULAR SURFACES WITH PARALLEL SIDES ANDSHARP STRAIGHT EDGES

COLOUR

THE BRICK SHOULD HAVE A UNIFORM DEEP RED OR CHERRY COLOUR AS INDICATIVE OF UNIFORMLY IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

TEXTURE AND COMPACTNESS

THE SURFACES SOULD NOT BE TOO SMOOTH TO CAUSE SLIPPING OF MOTOR

THE BRICK SHOULD HAVE PRECOMPACT AND UNIFORM TEXTURE

HARDNESS AND SOUNDNESS THE BRICK SHOULD BE SO HARD THAT

WHEN SCRATCHED BY A FINGERNAIL

NO IMPRESSION IS MADE

WATER ABSORPTION IT SHOULD NOT EXCEED 20% OF ITS

DRYWEIGHT WHEN KEPT IMMERSED IN

WATER FOR 24 HOURS

CRUSHING STRENGTH

IT SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 10N/MM^2

BRICKEARTH

IT SHOULD BE FREE FROM STONES , KANKARS,ORGANICMATTER ,SALTPETRE ETC

PVC IS REPLACING TRADITIONAL BUILDING MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, METAL, CONCRETE AND CLAY IN MANY APPLICATIONS.

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, PVC, IS ONE OF THE MOST POPULAR PLASTICS USED IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION. IT IS USED IN WINDOW FRAMES, FLOORING AND ROOFING FOILS, WALL COVERINGS, CABLES AND MANY OTHER APPLICATIONS

AS IT PROVIDES A MODERN ALTERNATIVE TO TRADITIONAL MATERIALS SUCH AS WOOD, METAL, RUBBER AND GLASS

MADE FROM SALT (57 PER CENT) AND OIL/GAS (43 PER CENT).

WAS FIRST PRODUCED COMMERCIALLY IN THE LATE 1920S.

PVC IN MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

PVC IN TRANSPORT

PVC IN BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

PVC IN TOYS

PVC IN CONSUMER GOODS AND EVERYDAY LIFE

PVC IN PACKAGING

PVC IN ART AND DESIGN

DURABLE, STRONG, LIGHTWEIGHT

LOW MAINTANENCE REQUIRED

ONE OF THE MOST WIDELY RECYCLED PLASTICS

HIGH PERFORMANCE AT LOW COST

HELPS CONSERVE ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES

SAFE AND INERT TO USE (PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN SAVING PEOPLE’S LIVES)

DOESN’T SUPPORT COMBUSTION (INHERENTLY FIRE RESISTANT)

MAJOR APPLICATIONS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE:

WINDOW FRAMES

DRAINAGE PIPES

WATER SERVICE PIPES

RESILIENT FLOORINGS

ROOFING MEMBRANES

WINDOW PROFILES

PVC REPRESENTS A GOOD ECONOMIC AND

ECOLOGICAL BALANCE COMPARED TO ALTERNATIVES

AND, BECAUSE LITTLE MAINTENANCE IS REQUIRED,

PVC AVOIDS THE NEED FOR CLEANING

CHEMICALS, SOLVENTS AND PAINT.

CLADDING

PVC CLADDING IS AN ATTRACTIVE WAY OF ADDING

VALUE TO A PROPERTY. IT OFFERS HIGH RESISTANCE TO

THE ELEMENTS AND REQUIRES LITTLE MAINTENANCE.

ROOFLINE DRAINAGE, DRAINPIPES,

SOFFITS, BARGEBOARDS

CONSERVATORIES AND ATRIA

PVC IS A STRONG AND DURABLE CONSTRUCTION

MATERIAL ALLOWING MASS-PRODUCED OR

ONE-OFF DESIGNS FOR APPLICATIONS SUCH AS

CONSERVATORIES, SWIMMING POOL ROOMS

AND ATRIA.

WALLCOVERINGS

PVC WALLCOVERINGS OFFER THE WIDEST VARIETY OF

FINISHES IN DOMESTIC OR COMMERCIAL

BUILDINGS. FROM FASHIONABLE PRINTED VINYL

WALLPAPER TO HIGH-TECH SPECIALIST

COVERINGS IN AREAS SUCH AS OPERATING THEATRES.

DAMP-PROOF COURSE

PVC IS IMPERVIOUS SO AN IDEAL MATERIAL FOR DAMP-PROOFING WALLS

CABLING

DUCTING FOR CABLES LIGHTWEIGHT, MODULAR DUCTING ALLOWS EASY ACCESS TO BUILDING SERVICES INCLUDING WATER, POWER AND TELECOMS.

PIPES AND FITTINGS

ECONOMY, EASY INSTALLATION, CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, GOOD FLOW PROPERTIES, AND MINIMAL MAINTENANCE ALL MEAN SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES FOR PVC PIPES AND FITTINGS IN CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS.

CABLING FOR TV

DOORS

BETTER SOUND AND HEAT INSULATION TOGETHER

WITH IMPROVED SECURITY ARE JUST SOME OF

THE BENEFITS OF A WELCOMING PVC DOOR.

FLOORING

THIS RANGE IS USED IN DECORATING HOMES, WALL CLADDING AND POSSESS PIVOTAL FEATURES THAT ENHANCE THE APPEAL OF A ROOM.

THESE WALL PANELS ARE HIGHLY DEMANDED BY CUSTOMERS FOR GIVING THEIR INTERIOR A ELEGANT AND STYLISH LOOK.

STRONG AND LIGHTWEIGHT

EASY TO INSTALL

DURABLE

COST-EFFECTIVE

SAFE MATERIAL

FIRE RESISTANT

GOOD INSULATOR

VERSATILE

joined easily in a variety of styles. Its light weight

ALL PVC WALL CLADDING PRODUCTS HAVE SILVER IONS EMBEDDED AT THE TIME OF MANUFACTURE MEANING THAT IT HAS ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION THROUGHOUT THE SHEET

THIS MEANS THE BIOCLAD PVC CLADDING SYSTEM WILL REMAIN EFFECTIVE EVEN WHEN SCRATCHED AS THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROTECTION CANNOT BE WASHED AWAY LIKE OTHER SYSTEMS.

THE BIOCLAD PVC CLADDING SYSTEMS HAS BEEN PROVEN TO BE EFFECTIVE IN REDUCING BACTERIA, MICROBES, PROTOZOAN AND FUNGI.