Blood Groups

http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~umyeungr/

Blood Groups

Prepared by Mr.Yeung

BIO30S

Blood types were discovered…

Discovered by Karl Landsteiner Won Nobel Prize 1930 Why is finding out your

blood type important?

But now …

How did he discover them?

What he did…

He had a bunch of different vials of blood

1 2 3 4

And then he just mixed them together

Like so…

It CLUMPED!

What about?

It CLUMPED too!

So… what do you think..?

No Clumping eh?

What about…?

What the?? CLUMPING?

So what do we have?

We have some that clump. And some that don’t clump.

1 2 3 4

What he found was…

Clumping was due to an immune response caused by antibodies

There were antibodies that were specific to some certain type of blood, which caused the clumping

He then found out the antigens (A & B) on the surface of the red blood cells stimulated the antibody response

He classified the 4 blood types A, B, AB, O

So what he found was

OB ABA

Antigens

Antibody

No antigens for antibodies to bind

Either one can bind

Antigens on the surface of red blood cells.

Antibodies that were specific to the antigens

The combination of both causes CLUMPING! Or agglutination

Blood types

What does it mean to have different blood types? Defined by the type of antigens (foreign stuff

or anything that triggers WBC to take action) attached

If I have type A blood, I have “A” antigen If I have type B blood, I have “B” antigen If I have type AB blood, I have both“A + B”

antigen If I have type O blood, I have No antigen

Blood types

Other than the antigens (bad guys that cause an immune response (antibodies to take action)

You also have antibodies (good guys – seeks out the antigens)

The antibody acts as “special police” in our blood stream and binds on to anything that they are specific to.

So an antibody B will stop and bind to B antigens and antibody A will stop and bind to A antigens

OB ABA

Antigens

Antibody

Either one can bind

Blood types

In blood, if they bind together … If antibody A binds with antigen A (type A

blood) it will… agglutinate or clump together. If antibody B binds with antigen B (type B

blood) it will… Agglutinate or clump together

If antibody B binds with antigen B in AB blood it will…

Agglutinate or clump together

OB ABA

Antigens

Antibody

Either one can bind

Clumping!Clumping!

Clumping!No Clumping cause There is no binding

Blood types

In real life… If clumping occurs in our blood stream it will

cause serious complications. That’s why…

When you receive blood, they always make sure that your blood is compatible

Blood types

There are 4 blood types A, B, AB, O Type A has “A” antigen, and B antibodies Type B has “B” antigen, and A antibodies Type AB has “A” and “B” antigen, and NO

antibodies Type O has NO antigen and “A” and “B”

antibodies

How do you find out your blood type?

Since there are only two antibodies that stimulate a response in our blood, we use type A and type B antibody to test our 4 combinations

Place a drop of blood on to antibody A and see if there is a reaction.

Place a drop of blood on to antibody B and see if there is a reaction.

If there is a reaction in antibody A, and not in B then you know it is blood type A because there is only A antigen on the red blood cell.

Blood Typing

My blood Type A

Antibody A Antibody B

My blood

Antibody BAntibody A Clumping

Blood Typing

What type is this?

My blood

Antibody A Antibody BClumping

Type B

Blood Typing

What about…

My blood

Clumping Clumping

Type AB

Blood Transfusion

What about…

My blood

Antibody A Antibody BNo Clumping No Clumping

What blood type is this?Type O – O doesn’t have any antigens

Reaction of Blood when mixed with A and B Antibodies

Sample Mixed with Anti A

Sample Mixed with Anti B

Antigens present in Red Blood Cells

Blood Type

No Clumping No Clumping None O

No Clumping Clumping B B

Clumping No Clumping A A

Clumping Clumping A and B AB

Questions

1. What causes clumping to occur in blood transfusion?

2. What are the 4 blood types? 3. What antibody(ies) is found on blood type O? 4. What is your blood type if there is clumping in the

anti-A, and anti-B serum? 5. What is your blood type if there is no clumping in

both your anti-A and anti-B serum? 6. How can you cause someone’s blood to clump if

you knew his blood type. 7. There is clumping in anti-A but not anti-B serum,

what blood type do you have? 8. What antibodies are found on type AB blood?

Blood transfusion

Now we know our blood have antigens and antibodies in it how can we make transfusing blood safer?

We know blood type A can be transfused with blood type A, but what about the others?

Let’s think…

Blood Stream with Type A blood

Your blood stream…

If your blood type is A, you will have anti-B antibody.

So what can be donated to this blood stream?

Type A?Type B?Type AB?

Type O?

Anti-B antibody

Blood Stream with Type A Blood

Transfuse with Type B?

What is in Type B blood?

B antigen

CLUMP!

Anti-B antibody

What is in Type A blood?

Anti B antibody

Blood transfusion

Transfuse with Type AB?

What is in Type AB blood?

A & B antigen

CLUMP!

B antibody

Blood transfusion

Type O?What is in Type O blood?

No antigen

NO CLUMPING!

B antibody

Therefore…

You can only donate type A and type O blood to type A blood.

What about if your blood is…

Type B?

Blood Type B transfusion

Your blood stream…

If your blood type is B, you will have anti-A antibody.

So what can be donated to this blood stream?

Type A?Type B?Type AB?

Type O?

Anti-A antibody

Blood type B transfusion

Type A?What is in Type A blood?

A antigen

CLUMP!

Anti-A antibody in Type B blood

Type AB?What is in Type AB blood?

A & B antigen

CLUMP!

Type O?What is in Type O blood?

No antigen

NO CLUMPING!

B Anti A Antibody in type B blood

Therefore

You can only donate type B blood and type O blood to type B blood.

What about type AB?

Who can donate to type AB? What does type AB blood contain?

A & B antigen, and no antibodies

Any blood can donate to type AB

Or known as Universal RecipientBecause there are no antibodies to clump

What about type O?

Who can donate to type O? What does type O blood contain?

No antigens but both A & B antibodies

Only type O can receive type O blood because type O has Both antibodies.

It will cause clumping if any A or B or both A & B blood comes in contact with type O.

But who can type O donate to…?

Since type O doesn’t have any antigens…type O can donate to any blood type because other blood types do not have the antibodies AGAINST type O

Hmph…nothing

to bind to

Summary

O = universal donor – can donate to all types of blood because other types of blood do not have antibodies against O to cause clumping.

AB = universal recipient – can receive any type of blood because there are no antibodies against the incoming blood.

A = Specific – get blood from O or A B = Specific – get blood from …O or B

Rh Factor

Another antigen found on the surface of red blood cells.

Found 85% of the population in Canada Denoted as + (Rh Positive) for having the Rh

antigen Denoted as – (Rh negative) for NOT having

the Rh antigen Rh factor is an additional antigen and it

makes our blood type to have either + or – Ex. A+ AB- O- O+ etc…

Rh factor

In addition to the A, B, AB, and O blood types.

Blood transfusion with Rh factor must be taken into consideration

Rh- blood can donate to Rh+ blood Rh+ blood can receive blood from any Rh+/-

blood If Rh+ is transfused with Rh-, then an antibody

will be formed against Rh+. Rh+ can received any Rh blood because it

doesn’t have the antibodies against anything.

Type You Can Give Blood To You Can Receive Blood From

A+ A+ AB+ A+ A- O+ O-

O+ O+ A+ B+ AB+ O+ O-

B+ B+ AB+ B+ B- O+ O-

AB+ AB+ Everyone

A- A+ A- AB+ AB- A- O-

O- Everyone O-

B- B+ B- AB+ AB- B- O-

AB- AB+ AB- AB- A- B- O-

Rh Factor problem

Problem comes during pregnancies Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+ (got it from the father) Blood from child (Rh+) could cross the placenta and

transfuse into mother The foreign blood of the child with Rh+ antigen will

cause the mother to make antibodies against the antigen.

Doesn’t affect the current baby, because the mother does not have the antibodies yet.

But in later pregnancies, the new developed antibodies could cross the blood lining and get into the baby’s blood stream.

Causing swelling and anemia by attacking the baby’s red blood cells

Treatment to Rh problem

Inject mother with Rh immunoglobulin (antibody) at 28 weeks gestation and within 72 hours of delivery.

Prevents antibodies from being formed in the mother.

Mother is Rh- and child is Rh+

During delivery, the baby’s blood enters the mother’s blood streamCausing antibodies against the Rh factor to form

In later pregancies, the antibody developed from the previous pregnancyCould enter the baby’s blood stream causing anemia and swelling.

Questions 1. Your blood typing test shows clumping in your anti-A serum but

not anti-B, what blood type do you have? 2. Your blood typing test shows clumping in both your anti-A and

anti-B serum, what blood type do you have? 3. Your blood typing test did not show any clumping in both anti-A

and anti-B serum, what blood type do you have? 4. You want to donate blood to your brother who has type B blood,

what blood type do you have to be to donate blood to him? 5. You want to donate blood to your sister who has type AB blood,

what blood type do you have to be? 6. What are antigens and antibodies in blood clumping sense? 7. You have type O blood, who can you donate your blood to? 8. What kind of antibodies do you have in type AB blood, type O

blood and type A blood? 9. What kind of antigens are found on the surface of type A, B, AB,

and O red blood cells? 10. You did a blood transfusion on a patient, and his blood clumped.

You found out he has type B blood, what could have been the blood types that caused this clumping?

Answers

1. O- 2. B- or O- 3. A- or O- 4. All 5. A B AB O negatives 6. A +/- 7. A- B – AB- O- 8. O- 9. B+/- O+/- 10. A+/- O+/-

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