BLOOD

CARDIOVASCULAR

• Composed of heart, blood vessels and blood also lymph and lymph vessels..

• Heart is the pump

• Blood vessels transport system

• Blood is transport medium

Blood• Blood is connective tissue

• Consists of extracellular liquid matrix (plasma)

• Plasma is 55% of the volume

• Cells - Formed Elements - 45% RBC, WBC, and Platelets.

19-4

Composition of Blood

Formed Elements

• Erythrocytes - red blood cells

• Thrombocytes - Platelets

• Leukocytes - white blood cells– Granulocytes (Neutophils & Eosinophils &

Basophiles)– Granulocytes

FACTS about the BLOOD

• 7 to 9 % of total body weight

• Male 5 to 6 L of blood

• Females 4 to 5 L of blood

• Viscosity 3.5 to 5.5

• pH 7.35 to 7.45

• Temperature 38C (100.4F)

Plasma• 90% water• 7% proteins (albumins, fibrinogen,

globulins)• 3% other solutes

– Electrolytes– Nutrients– Wastes– Gases– Buffers

Functions of the Blood

• 1. Transport– O2 (gases)– Waste– Nutrients– Hormones– enzymes

Functions of the Blood

• 2. Regulate– Blood clotting– Temperature– Acid-base balance (pH)– Water and electrolytes

Red blood cells specialisationsRed blood cells specialisations

2) no nucleus extra space inside

3) contain haemoglobin

the oxygen carrying molecule

250million molecules / cell

1) biconcave shape

increases the surface area so more oxygen can be carried

Functions of the Blood

• 3. Protection–Against harmful microorgisms by

• WBC

• Proteins

• Antibodies

RBC

• Carry CO2 and O2

• Need Hemoglobin

• CO2 combines with H2O to form carbonic acid

• Males have more hemoglobin than females because of testosterone.

HaemoglobinHaemoglobin• gives red blood gives red blood cells their colour cells their colour

• can carry up to 4 can carry up to 4 molecules of Omolecules of O22

• associates and associates and dissociates with dissociates with

OO22

• contains ironcontains iron

19-14

Hemoglobin

• Consists of: – 4 globin molecules: Transport carbon dioxide

(carbonic anhydrase involved), nitric oxide– 4 heme molecules: Transport oxygen

• Iron is required for oxygen transport

Sickle Cell Anemia

• Hereditary disease

• Abnormal type of hemoglobin

• Sickle shape

• 1 in 500 African American

• 1 in 1000 Hispanic

• Stroke is one the most devastating problems

Bilirubin

• By-product of the destruction of RBC

• RBC last 120

• Spleen & liver starts to break down RBC

• Liver bilirubin is excreted out of the body through feces which gives its’ color.

19-17

Erythropoiesis

• Production of red blood cells– Stem cells proerythroblasts early

erythroblasts intermediate late reticulocytes

• Erythropoietin: Hormone to stimulate RBC production

19-18

Hemoglobin Breakdown

19-19

Hematopoiesis

Human blood smearHuman blood smear

X 500

x 1000

plasma (55%)

red blood cells(5-6-million /ml)

white blood cells(5000/ml)

platelets

skool blood plasma

Leukocytes

• WBC Granulocytes have large granules– Neutrophils

• Very mobile, can migrate

– Eosinophhil• Ingest inflammatory chemicals & protiens

– Basophil• Least numerous, motile and capable of

diapedesis

19-24

Leukocytes

Agranulocytes

• WBC that have no granules– Lymphocytes

• Smallest, 2nd most numerous,• T lymphocytes attacking infections & cancer• B lymphocytes produce antibodies

– Monocytes• Largest • Motile, engulf large bacteria

Lymphocyte

MonocytesMonocytes

PhagocytesPhagocytes• Monocytes and macrophages

• Provide a non-specific response to infection

• http://www.microbelibrary.org/images/tterry/anim/phago053.html

Thromocytes

• Platelets (no nucleus)

• Starts with Megokaryoblast

• Breaks up in to Platelets

• Make 2000 to 3000 platetes

• Live 7 days

• Form Blood clots ( coagulate)

• Fibrin material that forms net. Pg 663

19-30

Hemostasis

• Arrest of bleeding

• Events preventing excessive blood loss– Vascular spasm: Vasoconstriction of

damaged blood vessels– Platelet plug formation – Coagulation or blood clotting

19-31

Platelet Plug Formation

19-32

Coagulation

• Stages– Activation of

prothrombinase– Conversion of

prothrombin to thrombin

– Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

• Pathways– Extrinsic– Intrinsic

19-33

Fibrinolysis

• Clot dissolved by activity of plasmin, an enzyme which hydrolyzes fibrin

Blood Types

• A – A antigens

• B – B antigens

• AB – A & B antigens

• O no antigens

Rh Factor

• Rh + has the antigen

• Rh – does not have the antigen

Facts

• 700 RBC to 1 WBC

• CO combines 210 times faster to RBC than CO2

• Most of your blood is located in your veins, 64%

• Veins appear blue because the blood is a dark reddish (bluish) color.

When Things Go Wrong

• Anemia

• Leukopenia – low WBC count

• Myeloma – B lymphocytes cancer

• Leukemia – blood cancer excess count

• Mononucleosis – atypical WBC, Virus

• AIDS