Post on 20-May-2015
Biotechnology
What Is Biotechnology? Using scientific methods with organisms to
produce new products or new forms of organisms
Any technique that uses living organisms or substances from those organisms to make or modify a product, to improve plants or animals, or to develop microorganisms for specific uses
What Is Biotechnology? GMO- genetically modified organisms. GEO- genetically enhanced organisms. With both, the natural genetic material of
the organism has been altered. Roots in bread making, wine brewing,
cheese and yogurt fermentation, and classical plant and animal breeding
What Is Biotechnology? Manipulation of genes is called genetic
engineering or recombinant DNA technology Genetic engineering involves taking one or
more genes from a location in one organism and either Transferring them to another organism Putting them back into the original organism in
different combinations
What is the career outlook in biotechnology? Biotech in 1998
1,300 companies in the US 2/3 have less than 135 employees 140,000 jobs
Jobs will continue to increase exponentially Jobs are available to high school graduates
through PhD’s
What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology? Multidisciplinary- involving a number of
disciplines that are coordinated for a desired outcome
Science Life sciences Physical sciences Social sciences
What Subjects Are Involved With Biotechnology? Mathematics Applied sciences
Computer applications Engineering Agriculture
What Are the Stages of Biotechnology Development Ancient biotechnology- early history as
related to food and shelter; Includes domestication
Classical biotechnology- built on ancient biotechnology; Fermentation promoted food production, and medicine
Modern biotechnology- manipulates genetic information in organism; Genetic engineering
What Are the Areas of Biotechnology? Organismic biotechnology- uses intact
organisms; Does not alter genetic material Molecular biotechnology- alters genetic
makeup to achieve specific goals Transgenic organism- an organism with
artificially altered genetic material
What Are the Benefits of Biotechnology? Medicine
Human Veterinary Biopharming
Environment Agriculture Food products Industry and manufacturing
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Anton van
Leeuwenhoek Discovered cells
Bacteria Protists Red blood
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Gregor Johan Mendel Discovered genetics
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Walter Sutton Discovered
Chromosomes
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Thomas Hunt Morgan Discovered how
genes are transmitted through chromosomes
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Ernst Ruska Invented the electron
microscope
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Sir Alexander
Fleming Discovered penicillin
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Rosalind Elsie
Franklin Research led to the
discovery of the double helix structure of DNA
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? James Watson and
Francis Crick Discovered DNA
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Mary-Claire King Mapped human genes
for research of cancer treatments
What Did These Individuals Contribute to Biotechnology? Ian Wilmut Created the first true
clone, the Dorset ewe Dolly
What Is Molecular Biology? Molecular biology- study of molecules in
cells Metabolism- processes by which organisms
use nutrients Anabolism- building tissues from smaller
materials Catabolism- breaking down materials into
smaller components
What Is a Cell? Cell- a discrete unit
of life Unicellular organism-
organism of one cell Multicellular
organism- organism of many cells
Prokaryote- cells that lack specific nucleus
Eukaryote- cells with well-defined nucleus
What Is a Cell? Cells are building blocks:
Tissue- collection of cells with specific functions
Organs- collections of tissues with specific functions
Organ systems- collections of organs with specific functions
What Are the Structures in Molecular Genetics? Molecular genetics- study of genes and
how they are expressed Chromosome- part of cell nucleus that
contains heredity information and promotes protein synthesis
Gene- basic unit of heredity on a chromosome
DNA- molecule in a chromosome that codes genetic information
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)? Transcription- process of RNA production
by DNA DNA-thread-like molecule which decodes
DNA information
What Is Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)?
Kinds of RNA: mRNA- RNA molecules that carry information
that specifies amino acid sequence of a protein molecule during translation
rRNA- RNA molecules that form the ribosomal subunits; Mediate the translation of mRNA into proteins
tRNA- molecules that decode sequence information in and mRNA
snRNA- very short RNA that interconnects with to promote formation of mRNA
What Are Genetic Engineering Organisms? Genetic engineering- artificially changing
the genetic information in the cells of organisms
Transgenic- an organism that has been genetically modified
GMO- a genetically modified organism GEO- a genetically enhanced organism
How Can Genetically Engineered Plants Be Used? Agriculture Horticulture Forestry Environment Food Quality
How Do We Create Transgenic Organisms? Donor cell- cell that provides DNA Recipient cell- cell that receives DNA Protocol- procedure for a scientific process Three methods used in gene transfer
Agrobacterium gene transfer- plasmid Ballistic gene transfer- gene gun Direct gene transfer- enzymes
How Does Agrobacterium Gene Transfer Work?
1. Extract DNA from donor
2. Cut DNA into fragments
3. Sort DNA fragments
4. Recombine DNA fragments
5. Transfer plasmids with bonded DNA
6. Grow transformed (recipient) cells
What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding- improvement of plants by breeding selected individuals to achieve desired goals
Cultivar- a cultivated crop variety
What Are Methods of Classical Biotechnology?
Plant breeding methods; Line breeding- breeding successive
generations of plants among themselves Crossbreeding- breeding plants of different
varieties or species Hybridization- breeding individuals from
two distinctly different varieties Selection
Why Are Plants Genetically Engineered? Resist pests Resist herbicides Improved product quality Pharmaceuticals Industrial products
What Is AI? Artificial insemination- the
transfer of collected semen to a recipient female
Semen is collected from males of desired quality
Semen is graded and stored
What Is AI? Female must be in estrus for
conception Hormone injections may be used
to synchronize estrus Semen is placed in the cervix near
the horns of the uterus
What Is a Test Tube Baby? In vitro fertilization- fertilization of
collected ova outside the reproductive tract; Usually in a test tube Semen is collected from males of
desired quality Ova are removed from females Sperm and ova are placed in a petri dish
or test tube
What Is Gender Reversal? Gender reversal- changing the sex
of an animal Very young animals receive
hormone treatments Most common among selected fish
species
What Is Gender Preselection? Gender preselection- choosing the sex
of offspring Sperm sorted before conception Sperm sorted on basis of chromosome
differences X chromosomes produce female
offspring Y chromosomes produce male offspring
What Is Embryo Transfer? Embryo transfer- removing
fertilized ova (embryos) from donor and implanting in a recipient Surgical and nonsurgical methods
are used to remove and implant A quality donor female can
produce more offspring
What Is Multiple Ovulation? Multiple ovulation- promoting
increased release of ova during estrus Hormone injections administered prior
to estrus Used with embryo transfer AI may be used to fertilize ova After fertilization, embryos are
removed and placed in recipients
What Is Cloning? Clone- new organism that has been
produced asexually from a single parent
Genotype is identical to parent Cells or tissues are cultured
How Are Hormones Used in Animal Production?
Hormone- natural product of glands to produce a response in another part of the body Released by endocrine glands into blood
system Hormones are identified, functions
determined, and isolated Used to increase growth and production rates bST- promotes milk production in cows pST- promotes lean meat production in swine
What Is Bioremediation? Bioremediation- using biological
processes to solve environmental problems
Biodegradation- natural processes of microbes in breaking down hydrocarbon materials
Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by microbes
How Can Bioremediation Be Used? Oil spills Wastewater treatment Heavy metal removal Chemical degradation
What Is Phytoremediation? Phytoremediation- process of
plants being used to solve pollution problems Plants absorb and break down
pollutants Used with heavy metals, pesticides,
explosives, and leachate
What Is Composting? Composting- a process that promotes
biological decomposition of organic matter
Compost bin- a facility that contains materials for composting
In-vessel composting- using enclosed containers for composting
What Are Bioethics? Ethics- knowing right from wrong,
and then doing the right idea Bio- living organisms Bioethics- knowing right from wrong
with living organisms, and then doing the right idea
http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.Home/biotechethics.htm
Creating Bioethics Arguments Read this article from the school
website http://www.oelwein.k12.ia.us/hs/Ag.Home/dwnld/Ethics.in.Biotech.pdf
After you read this article prepare ethical arguments with at least 5 Scientific and Factual claims to support your Premise and Conclusion
Ethical Arguments Create an ethical argument for or
against the following topics Human Cloning Gender Reversal on Livestock Gender Reversal on Humans Genetic Engineering of Plants Genetic Engineering of Humans
Creating a Premise “Human cloning is immoral.” Now you must find Scientific and
Factual Claims to support your Premise
After you have at least 5 Claims, you may conclude, “Therefore, human cloning is immoral.”
You do not have to be for or against any of the topics, it’s your choice!