Post on 19-Mar-2020
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BIOLOGY NOTES
CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
SUBTOPIC : 16.1 Types of respiration: aerobic and anaerobic
LEARNING OUTCOMES: (a) State the needs for energy and the role of respiration in living organisms.
(b) Describe aerobic and anaerobic respiration and the requirement for such
conditions.
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Respiration
The __________________ of aerobic and anaerobic
respiration, which involves the _______________ of
organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for
the __________________.
Function
Essential to get energy in the form
_________________________from ________________
produced by food digestion.
Organelle Mitochondria
Equation and
redox reaction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Types of
production of
ATP
(a) ____________________________ phosphorylation
(b) __________________ phosphorylation (almost 90%
of ATP)
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
2 types of
cellular
respiration
(a) Aerobic respiration – A catabolic pathway for
_____________________ such as sugar, using
______________ as the final electron acceptor in an
electron transport chain and ultimately producing
_____________.
Involves 3 stages:
(i) ____________________________ (in cytosol)
(ii) ________________ (in matrix of mitochondrion)
(iii)
_______________________________________
_______ (in cristae or inner membrane of
mitochondrion)
(b) Anaerobic respiration – involves _______________of
glucose into carbon dioxide and water and releases
_________energy in the _________________________.
Involves 2 stages:
(i) _____________________________ (in cytosol)
(ii) Fermentation, eg. _____________________
fermentation and ____________________ fermentation
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BIOLOGY NOTES
CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
SUBTOPIC : 16.2 Aerobic respiration
16.2.1 Glycolysis
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation.
(a) Describe glycolysis pathway: (from glucose to pyruvate).
(b) Describe link reaction: (conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A).
MAIN
IDEAS /KEY
POINT
EXPLANATION NOTES
Stage 1 :
Glycolysis
Meaning - “Splitting of Sugar” because glucose which is a
6-carbon sugar is split into _____________________
___________________________________________.
Location – _______________________________________
Condition - _______________________________________
Refer
Diagram 3
(a) Energy investment phase
- 2 ATP used
- 5 steps:
(1) Phosphorylation of sugar by ATP converts
___________to ___________________ (by ___________).
Releases 1 ADP from 1 ATP. _______ is used.
(2) Rearrangement of ___________________ to its isomer
which is ___________________ .
(3) ___________________ is converted to
___________________ (by ___________________).
Releases 1 ADP from 1 ATP. _______ is used.
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MAIN
IDEAS /KEY
POINT
EXPLANATION NOTES
(4) ___________________split into
___________________ (DHAP) & ___________________
(G3P).
(5) Conversion between ___________________ and
___________________ . Never reach equilibrium.
Refer
Diagram 4
(b) Energy payoff phase
- 4 ATP yield
- 5 steps:
(6) ___________________ is oxidized to
___________________ . NAD+ is reduced to
___________________.
(7) ___________________ is converted to
___________________ . ___________________
phosphorylation occurs which produces
___________________ from 2ADP.
(8) ___________________ is converted to
___________________ .
(9) ___________________ is converted to
___________________. Secretes water.
(10) ___________________ is converted to 2
___________________ . ___________________
phosphorylation occurs which produces
___________________ from 2ADP.
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MAIN
IDEAS /KEY
POINT
EXPLANATION NOTES
Products -
__________________________________________
__________________________________________
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+):
- as ________________________
- as ___________________ or ___________________.
- NAD+ (___________________ agent) received electrons
from organic compounds and reduced to NADH + H+
(___________________ agent)
Link
Reactions
Refer
Diagram 5
In the ________________________ . Pyruvate from
Glycolysis enters the mitochondrion by
________________________.
Occur ________________________ per glucose
molecule.
Because ________________________ produced
from one molecule of glucose (Glycolysis).
1. Decarboxylation
Enzyme removes ________________________from
pyruvate and produced
________________________.
Given off as a ________________________.
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MAIN
IDEAS /KEY
POINT
EXPLANATION NOTES
2. Oxidation
Remaining 2-carbon fragment is oxidized forming
________________________.
Hydrogen or electrons transferred to
________________________produce
________________________.
3. Attachment of CoA
Finally ________________________ attached to
________________________ forming
________________________
________________________enters the Krebs cycle.
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BIOLOGY NOTES
CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
SUBTOPIC : 16.2 Aerobic respiration
16.2.2 Krebs cycle
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation
(a) Describe Krebs cycle:
(oxaloacetate > citrate > isocitrate > -ketoglutarate > succinyl CoA > succinate >
fumarate > malate).
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Stage 2 :
Krebs cycle
Refer
Diagram 6
Also known as ________________________or
________________________
Occur in ________________________in eukaryotic cells
and in the ________________________of prokaryotes.
Generating
____________________________________________
per turn.
________________________ and
________________________ produced by the cycle
relay electrons extracted from food to the
________________________.
- 8 steps:
1. The acetyl group (2C) of acetyl CoA joins the cycle by
combining with ________________________ (4C)
forming ________________________ (6C).
2. ________________________ (6C) will change to its
isomer, ________________________ (6C). By removal
& addition of water.
3. Isocitrate is oxidized by NAD+. NAD+ reduced to NADH.
Release ________________________ forming
________________________ .
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Process : ________________________
4. ________________________ (5C) is oxidized by NAD+
.NAD+ is reduced to NADH. Release
________________________. Remaining molecule is
then attached to ________________________
forming ________________________ (4C).
Process : ________________________
5. CoA is displaced by phosphate group, which is
transferred to GDP forming GTP. GTP transferred
phosphate group to ADP. Forming ATP by
________________________ and producing
________________________ (4C).
6. ________________________ (4C) is oxidized to
________________________ (4C). Two hydrogens are
transferred to FAD forming FADH2.
7. Addition of H2O molecule rearranges bonds in the
________________________ (4C) forming
________________________4C).
8. ________________________ (4C) is oxidized, reducing
NAD+ to NADH. Regenerating
________________________ (4C).
9. The cycle repeat.
Products:
One turn of cycle
(1 molecule of pyruvate)
Twice turn of cycle
(1 molecule of glucose)
__ CO2.
__ (NADH + H+)
__ FADH2
__ ATP (by
(___________________
Phosphorylation)
__ CO2.
__ (NADH + H+)
__ FADH2
__ ATP (by
(__________________
Phosphorylation)
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BIOLOGY NOTES
CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
SUBTOPIC : 16.2 Aerobic respiration
16.2.3 Oxidative Phosphorylation: Electron Transport Chain and chemiosmosis
LEARNING OUTCOMES: Describe the oxidation of glucose which involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation
(a) describe electron transport chain: The pathway of electron transport is NADH
dehydrogenase, Ubiquinone /CoQ, cyt c reductase, cyt c, cyt c oxidase.
(b) explain chemiosmosis : proton motive force.
(c) explain complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose in active cells.
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Stage 3 :
Oxidative
Phosphorylation
Definition:
The ________________________ through combination of
________________________ (Hydrogen ions) by Electron
Transport Chain and the action of ________________________.
Electron
Transport Chain
(ETC)
Refer Diagram 7
Definition: A sequence of ________________________
(membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons down a series of
________________________ that release energy used to
make ATP.
Hydrogen atoms carried by
________________________and
________________________ the source of electrons.
These two electron carriers ________________________
to the electron transport chain.
The electron transport chain is in the
________________________ of the mitochondrion.
The chain’s components are proteins which exist in
multiprotein complexes
Used to transport a pair of electrons from NADH + H+ and
FADH2.
The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
accept and donate electrons.
Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain
and are finally passed to O2, forming H2O.
1 NADH + H+ transfer a pair of hydrogen atom generates
____ ATP.
1 FADH2 , transfer a pair of hydrogen atom generates
____ ATP.
Electron carrier in Electron Transport Chain:
Electron Carrier Function
Complex I –
______________________
Transfer electron from
NADH + H+ to Coenzyme
Q.
Complex II –
______________________
Transfer electron from
FADH2 to Coenzyme Q.
Coenzyme Q/CoQ
(ubiquinone) –
______________________
Transfer electrons to
Cytochrome bc1.
Complex III –
______________________
______________________
Transfer electrons to
Cytochrome c.
Cytochrome c –
______________________
Transfer electrons to
Cytochrome oxidase.
Complex IV –
______________________
Transfer electrons to O2,
forming H2O.
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
HOW THE ENERGY FROM ELECTRON TRANSFER IS
UTILIZED TO FORM ATP?
NADH + H+
- NADH + H+ passes ______________________ (Complex I).
NADH+H+ are oxidized to NAD+. At one point, hydrogen atoms
split to form proton and electrons.
- ______________________ (CoQ) then passes the electrons to
______________________ (Complex III - reductase).
-The electron is then carried by ______________________, to the
______________________ (Complex IV). Cytochrome oxidase
passed electron to ______________________.
- Oxygen as a ______________________. Each oxygen then
combines with ______________________ to form water.
FADH2
- FADH2 is formed in the Krebs cycle in the oxidation of succinate
to fumarate passes or lose of hydrogen and its electron to
______________________ (Complex II).
- Transfer the electrons to ______________________ (Complex
III), ______________________ (Complex IV). Cytochrome
oxidase passed electron to ______________________.
- Oxygen as a final electron acceptor. Each oxygen then combines
with ______________________ to form water.
½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O
½ O2 + 2e- + 2H+ H2O
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Chemiosmosis
Refer Diagram 7
Definition: The production ______________________
across a membrane, driven by a ______________________
What is ATP Synthase?
- A membrane-bound enzyme in
______________________ and
______________________ that uses the energy of protons
flowing through it to synthesize ATP.
How does the mitochondrion couple this electron transport
and energy release to ATP synthesis?
Answer: ______________________
- The chain uses the exergonic flow of electron to
___________ from the ______________________ to the
______________________ of mitochondrion.
- Concentration of H+ is higher in
______________________.
- High H+ concentration also tend to drive back H+ in the
mitochondrial matrix by diffusion.
- The H+ gradient results is referred to as a
______________________
- Most of protons that re-enter the matrix instead pass
through ______________________.
- ATP Synthase uses the energy of the
______________________to catalyse the synthesis of
______________________ from ADP and Pi.
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Complete
oxidation of one
molecule of
glucose
Refer Diagram 8
During cellular respiration, most energy flows in this
sequence:
Glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-
motive force ATP
Process ATP produce
Glycolysis: Glucose into
pyruvate
___ ATP (Substrate Level
Phosphorylation)
Glycolysis: 2 (NADH +
H+)
(Glycerol shuttle = 4 ATP)
(Malate shuttle = 6 ATP)
In Active Cells
___ ATP or
___ ATP
Link Reaction: Pyruvate
(2) to acetyl CoA yield 2
(NADH + H+)
___ ATP
Krebs Cycle:
2 GTP = ___ ATP
6 (NADH + H+) = ___
ATP
2 (FADH2) = ___ ATP
___ ATP
TOTAL ___ or ___ ATP
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BIOLOGY NOTES
CHAPTER 16: CELLULAR RESPIRATION
SUBTOPIC : 16.3 Anaerobic respiration
LEARNING OUTCOMES: (a) Explain what is meant by fermentation.
(b) State the importance of fermentation in industry.
i. bakery ii. wine, beverage and alcohol production iii. dairy industry - cheese
and yoghurt iv. local examples
MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Fermentation
Most cellular respiration requires O2 to produce ATP.
________________, the electron transport chain will
cease to operate.
In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or
anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.
Less efficient than aerobic respiration.
Only produce ________________ per glucose
molecule.
Definition
Anaerobic Respiration
- A ______________________ in which inorganic
molecules (Sulfate) other than oxygen accept electrons
at the 'downhill' end of ______________________.
(Campbell, 9th edition)
Fermentation
- A ______________________ that makes a limited
amount of ATP from glucose (or other organic
molecules) without ______________________ and
that produces a characteristic end product, such as
______________________or
______________________. (Campbell, 9th edition)
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Types of
fermentation
Refer Diagram
10
Refer Diagram
11
Alcoholic Fermentation
CO2 is released from the pyruvate (3C), converting
pyruvate into ______________________ (2C).
Acetaldehyde (2C) reduced by
______________________to
______________________ (2C).
Importance : Fermentation by yeast (a fungus) is used
in ______________________.
Lactate Fermentation
Pyruvate is reduced by ______________________,
forming ______________________ as an end product,
with no release of ______________________.
Importance: By some fungi and bacteria is used to
make ______________________. Human muscle cells
use lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2
is scarce.
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MAIN IDEAS
/KEY POINT EXPLANATION NOTES
Differences
aerobic
respiration &
anaerobic
respiration
(fermentation).
Aerobic respiration Fermentation
Need the ____________ as
a final electron acceptor
No need ____________
____________ glucose
oxidation
Not complete
Produce ____________ Produce energy,
____________ (animal),
____________in yeast.
More energy per glucose
released.
Less energy released
____________ occurs,
produce many ATP (___
@___ATP)
No ____________,
___ATP produce
Involve ____________ Only ____________, no
Krebs cycle
Reduced products formed :
____________
Reduced products formed:
Reduced organic
compounds
(____________and
____________)
Immediate fate of electron
in NADH + H+ :
Transferred to
____________
Immediate fate of electron
in NADH + H+ :
Transferred to
____________
Mechanism of ATP
Synthesis:
____________________
Mechanism of ATP
Synthesis:
____________________
Terminal electron acceptor
of electron transport chain
is ____________.
No electron transport
chain
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BIOLOGY DIAGRAM
1. Label the structures in Diagram 1
Diagram 1
2. Label the structures in Diagram 2
Diagram 2
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3. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 3.
Diagram 3
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4. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 4.
Diagram 4
5. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 5.
Diagram 5
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6. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 6.
Diagram 6
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7. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 7.
Diagram 7
a h 1
b i 2
c j 3
d k 4
e l 5
f
g
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8. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 8.
Diagram 8
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9. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 9. Complete the diagram by writing the names of the pathways in the
ovals and the names of the molecules in the boxes.
Diagram 9
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10. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 10.
________________ fermentation
Diagram 10
11. Fill in the blanks in Diagram 11.
________________ fermentation
Diagram 11