Biologymidterm review

Levels of organization Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ

system Organism Population Community Ecosystem

Plant cell

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

jelly-like material

control center

green organelle

cell wall

cytoplasm

nucleus

vacuole

chloroplast

Plants

MulticellularCarry out photosynthesisExamples: corn (maize), beans and peas

Animals

MulticellularDo not carry out photosynthesis

Animals

What are the two main types?

Invertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfish

Vertebrates: Backbone – fish, frogs, reptiles, birds and mammals

Invertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfishInvertebrates: no backbone – insects, worms, starfish

Fungi

Some are multicellular

Some are unicellular (one celled)

Never have chloroplasts – cannot photosynthesise

Protoctists

Organisms that don't fit into the plant, animal or fungus kingdoms.

Some are unicellular, some are multicellular

Examples: Amoeba, algae

Bacteria

UnicellularMost are much smaller and simpler than the cells of plants, animals, or protoctist.

viruses

All are parasites: can only reproduce inside a living cell.

Much smaller than bacterial cells.

viruses

Very simple structure:

DNA or RNA inside a protein shell.

Do not feed, excrete, respire, move, grow or respond.

Do reproduce by taking over the cells of a larger organism.

_________: Disease causing organism or virus.

May be fungi, bacteria, protoctist or virsuses

Pathogen

__________: process that moves air in and out of the lungs.

ventilation

___________: more common term for ventilation.

breathing

___________: process that releases energy from foods.respiration

1

2

3

4

trachea

diaphragm

bronchioles

lung

???alveoli

The inner trachea is covered with a thin layer of __________,

What does this do?

mucus

It traps dirt and bacteria.

Chapter 3

The cilia ____________________________________________.

This prevents the dirt and bacteria from entering the lungs.

Some cells inside the trachea have _________, small hair-like structures.

cilia

sweep back and forth,moving the mucus towards the mouth.

Chapter 3

Smoking ________________ the cilia.destroys

What two gases are exchanged in the alveoli?

This means the lungs are removing

__________________ from the blood and

absorbing _______________ into the blood.

oxygen and carbon dioxide

carbon dioxide

oxygen

__??????__

Smoking damages the walls of the alveoli, which break down and join together.

__emphysema__

alveoli

What is the highly addictive drug in cigarette smoke?

nicotine

Cigarette smoke contains __________________ which bonds with your blood more strongly than oxygen. This stops oxygen from entering your blood.

carbon monoxide

Chapter 3

Cigarette smoke contains

hundreds of chemicals,

at least 17 are known to cause

or increase your risk for __________.cancer

Because of a sharp increase in cigarette sales in the last 30 years, around 2,000 people a day are currently dying of smoking in China.

What nation has the largest number of smoking-related deaths in the world?

China

Define diet:

The food and drink we consume (eat and drink).

A healthy diet has a balance of five food substances, what are they?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins

Which of the five substances is the body's main fuel?

carbohydrates

What are carbohydrates made of?

Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

What are the two kinds of carbohydrates?

Simple and complex.

Fats and oils are also know as _______.lipids

Proteins

What plant foods are good sources of protein?

Beans, peas and nuts have protein.

Our bodies are made up mostly of which four elements?

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

What are minerals?

Minerals are the other elements our body needs. (not carbon, hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen)

Name some important minerals.

Calcium Ca

Iron Fe

Sodium Na

False!

Most of us eat more sodium than is healthy.

Too much can lead to high blood pressure.

True of false:Most of us do not get enough sodium in our diets.

Vitamins

False!

Vitamins are different chemically from the other food substances (including lipids).

True or false:

All vitamins are lipids.

Vitamin D: needed for good bones, a healthy

immune system and other things.

Vitamin D:

Name a vitamin and one use in the body

Vitamin A: for healthy eyes.

Vitamin C: connective tissue, healing of

wounds and cuts

mouth

esophagus

stomach

sm. intestine

lg. intestine

rectum

anus

Parts of the digestive system

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

large intestine

rectum

anus

liver

gall bladder

pancreas

What are the three kinds of blood vessels?

What are the three kinds of blood vessels?

1. arteries

2. veins

3. capillaries

In which blood vessel is the blood flowing towards the heart ?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

In which blood vessel is the blood flowing towards the heart ?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

In which blood vessel is the blood flowing away from the heart ?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

In which blood vessel is the blood flowing away from the heart ?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

Which blood vessel connects the other two kinds?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

Which blood vessel connects the other two kinds?

a. arteries

b. veins

c. capillaries

How many chambers does the heart have?

The heart has four chambers.

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

Name the four chambers.

left ventricle

1

2

3

4

Which chamber?

The ______________ receives oxygen-poor blood from the rest of the body.

The ______________ pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

right atrium

right ventricle

The _____ ________ receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

The ____ _________ pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.

left atrium

left ventricle

Blood is a tissue made up of four components. What are they?

1. plasma

2. red blood cells

3. white blood cells

4.platelets

____________ contains proteins, sugar,

hormones and gases; and makes up

most of the blood.

Plasma

plasma

____ ______ ______ carry oxygen to other cells of the body.

blood cellsRed

_____ ____ ____ help your body fight

infection..

blood cellsWhite

___________ are large cell fragments that

help form blood clots.

Platelets

______ ________ is the force that blood exerts on blood vessels.

Blood pressure

_______ blood pressure can keep oxygen and other materials from other cells.

Low

__________ blood pressure causes strain on arteries and veins and can cause the heart to work harder than it should.

High

Name the four differentblood types

ABABO

Blood Types

Each red blood cell contains _______ that

determine blood type.

proteins

Blood Types

People without either A or b protein have

type ____ blood.O

Blood Types

Some people have both A and B proteins,

resulting in type ____ blood. AB