BIOLOGY

First Semester

Review

Study Tips:1.Refer to the review sheet.

2. Organize your assignments.3. Highlight learning targets.

4. Make flash cards for vocab.5. Review this ppt. on-line

6. Study longer then you want to.7. Get a good nights sleep.

8. Eat healthy.

Cells

Unit Target: Describe how the structure of a cell is related to its function as the basic unit of all living things.

A(n) ______________ is the basic unit of all living things that can carry out all the functions of a living thing.

a. atomb. organc. macromoleculed. cell

Answer: d

Learning Target: State the cell theory. (knowledge)

Which of the following is a component of the cell theory?

a. all living things are made of cellsb. atoms are the basic unit of structure and

function in an organismc. new cells are produced from existing

atomsd. cells can move

Answer: a

Does the cell theory apply to all living things?

yes

• What type of cell is small and does not have a nucleus to hold the genetic material- prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Prokaryotic cell

What type of cell is larger in size, has complex structures and a nucleus to hold the genetic material- prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

eukaryotic

Which cell is a prokaryotic cell?

Learning Target: Label cell organelles in diagrams of plant and animal cells. (knowledge)

1

2

3 45

6 7

8

9

10

11

12

Learning Target: Investigate how the structure of cell organelles relate to their specific function. (reasoning)

mitochondria a. controls what goes in and out of Golgi apparatus the cellnucleus b. stores nutrients and watercell membrane c. control center of the cellgenetic material d. stores instructions for cell activitiesvacuole e. place where proteins are made ribosome k. produces energy for the cellcell wall l. produces and stores RNAlysosome m. a system of tubes that transports endoplasmic reticulum proteinsnucleolus n. uses enzymes to break down

macromoleculeso. modifies, sorts and packages proteinsp. support and protection for a plant cell

Learning Target: Relate the structure of the cell membrane to its function of maintaining homeostasis with a cell. (reasoning)

Cell membranes control which substances pass in and out of the cell. This is known as selective permeability.

Why is selective permeability important?a. It gives the cell rigidityb. It helps the cell maintain homeostasis.c. It controls the functions of the celld. It helps the cell break down wastes.

b.

There are two ways substances can move across a cell membrane- active transport or passive transport. Which way does not require energy?

Passive transport.

Is this an example of passive transport?The movement of Na+ ions across the concentration gradient.

No- this would require energy because the ions are trying to move from low to high concentrations.

Match each description with the method substances use to move across the cell membrane

Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

Na/K Pumps

Osmosis

Diffusion of water

Proteins use energy

Movement of substances from high to low concentrations

Which column represents passive transport mechanisms and which column represents

active transport mechanism?

• Diffusion• Facilitated diffusion• Osmosis

• Na/K pumps• Endocytosis• Exocytosis

Passive- Active-no energy required energy required

Learning Target: Identify key ideas presented in an opposing viewpoint article on stem cells. (skill)

Stem cells

a.Include the fertilized egg and the cells produced during the first few divisions.

b.Are unspecialized

c.Are totipotent (can become any type of cell in the body).

d.All of the above

d.

Truth or Baloney:

Stem cells are currently used to cure diseases such as leukemia.

True

An ethical issue associated with using totipotent stem cells is that an embryo is destroyed in the process.

True

Homeostasis

Unit Target: Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis.

Define Homeostasis

• The set of stable internal conditions maintained by organisms.

Scientific Method an experiment in which

only 1 variable is changed

Controlled experiment

responding variable

Independent variable

a series of steps used

Dependent variable to solve a problem

Quantitative Data A measurement

Qualitative Data a deliberately changed

variable

Descriptive data

Explain the importance of controls in an experiment.

They allow us to determine what variable is responsible for causing the results.

Group #

Heart Rate Before

Exercise(Beats Per Minute)

Heart Rate After

Exercise(Beats Per Minute)

1 65 1102 60 1003 70 120

Avg. 65 110

Comparison of Heart Rate Before and After Exercise

What is the independent variable?Exercise

What is the dependent variable?Heart rate

What are the units?Beats per minute

Is this quantitative data?Yes

How would you improve this graph?

Title: More informative, Never use “I”.

Y axis- Label

What is the independent variable on this graph?

Days

Is the x axis represented by Degrees in Fahrenheit or Days?

Days

On what day did the temperature reach 50 degrees?

Day 3

Cell Reproduction

Unit Target: Use a model to illustrate the role of cellular division (mitosis)

Learning Target: Define the following key terms. (K)

Circle the best answer.

The series of steps a cell goes through as it grows and develops is called

( the cell cycle / mitosis )

Cells that divide by a process called binary fission are

( prokaryotes / eukaryotes ).

The division of nuclear material that results in 2 identical daughter cells is called

(mitosis / meiosis ).

Genetic information is bundled into packages of DNA known as

( daughter cells / chromosomes ).

Reproduction that results in the formation of gametes is called

(asexual reproduction / sexual reproduction ).

The (surface area / volume ) is how much space an object takes up in two dimensions and (surface area / volume ) is how much space an object takes up in three dimensions.

Describe the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes and their behavior during the stages of the cell cycle. (knowledge)

How is the prokaryotic chromosome different from the eukaryotic chromosome?

It is circular

It is not in a nucleus

Prokaryotic cellEukaryotic cell

The cell cycle stage in which the cell grows and prepares for division by copying the DNA is called _________________.

Interphase

The stage of the cell cycle in which the nuclear material divides: _____________

Mitosis

Name each phase of mitosis.

1 2

34

Cytokinesis is division of the cell’s ____________.

Cytoplasm

Truth or Baloney? Cytokinesis results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material.

True

DLT: State the purpose of cell reproduction. (K)

Which is not a reason for cell reproduction?

a. Growth

b. Repair

c. Replacement of old cells

d. To increase volume

d

Learning Target: Explain the problems in maintaining homeostasis associated with increasing cell size. (reasoning)

Which of the following is a demand placed on large cells?a. DNA information crisisb. Ability to transport nutrientsc. Ability to remove wastesd. All of the above

d.

If the cubes to the right represent cells, which cell would have the best change of having nutrients diffuse to inner organelles?

The smallest cell because the nutrients have less distance to travel.

During the “Starburst Analogy”:

What did the Starburst represent?

Nutrients

What did the last person in the row represent?

A cell organelle

What did the candy wrapper represent?

Waste

How did the waste leave the cell?

Through the cell membrane

What was concluded from the “Starburst Analogy”?

A.Larger cells are more likely to receive nutrients and get rid of wastes more efficiently.

B.Small cells are more likely to receive nutrients and get rid of wastes more efficiently.

C.Cell size is unimportant in regard to receiving nutrients and eliminating wastes.

B

Compare or combine data from 2 different data tables. (skill)

According to both graphs the longest phase of the cell cycle is?

Interphase

Genetics

Unit Target: Model ways in which characteristics of one generation relate to the next generation.

Define the following key terms. (knowledge)

Genotype

Phenotype

Tall pea plants

Which word best matches the description?

Dominant trait

Recessive trait

75% of the offspring have this trait.

Homozygous

Heterozygous

RR

Hybrid

Purebred

Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits.

Diploid

Haploid

Number of cells in a gamete.

Gene

Allele

The factors that are passed from parent to offspring.

Meiosis

Crossing-over

The process in which the number of chromosomes per cell is cut in half.

Learning Target: Describe Gregor Mendel’s experiments and the conclusions that he drew from them. (knowledge)

Which of the following are conclusions made by Mendel?a. Genes are passed from one generation to the next.b. Some alleles are dominant and others are recessive.c. During gamete formation, alleles segregate from each

other so that each gamete only carries a single copy of each gene.

d. Genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes.

All are conclusion reached by Mendel

Match each of Mendel’s conclusion with a description.

Principal of

Dominance

Principal of

Segregation

Principal of

Independent Assortment

During gamete formation the alleles for each trait separate.

Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive.

Genes for different traits segregate without dependence on any other trait.

Learning Target: Compare and contrast the processes and products of mitosis and meiosis. (R)

Use the picture on the previous page to answer the following questions.

Which cell division results in 2 identical cells?

Mitosis

Which process requires two divisions?

Meiosis

What does 2N refer to?

Mitosis results in cells that are diploid (having a full set of chromosomes)

Learning Target: Demonstrate how the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring may be predicted using Punnett squares. (R)

What is the genotype of the parents?

Bb

What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring?

75% Purple 25% White

How do you use a test cross to determine the genotype of a parent?

What is the genotype of the white flower?

pp

What are the two possible genotypes of the purple flower?

Pp and PP

If the offspring are white the genotype of the parent must be?

Pp

DNA

Unit Target: Explain why individuals of the same species vary in how they look, function and behave.

Learning Target: Compare and contrast the structures and function of DNA and RNA. (K)DNA or RNA?

Made of:

Phosphate group

Deoxyribose

Nitrogen bases

DNA

DNA or RNA?

Made of:

Phosphate group

Ribose

Nitrogen bases

RNA

DNA or RNA?

Nitrogen bases include:

C G A T

DNA

DNA or RNA?

Shape is a double helix

DNA

DNA or RNA?

Undergoes replication.

DNA

DNA or RNA?

Is transcribed.

RNA

Learning Target: Explain and model how the information contained in DNA is copied. (R)

DNA is unzipped by an enzyme called

A.DNA polymerase

B.Helicase

C.RNA polymerase

B.

Truth or baloney?

DNA replication occurs in the nucleus.

True

DNA replication occurs during mitosis.

Baloney- during interphase

DNA replication allows daughter cells to obtain the same genetic information.

True

DNA replication is semi-conservative.

True- one old and one new strand

Learning Target: Use a diagram to model the roles of molecules and cell structures in protein synthesis. (skill)

NucleusmRNARibosometRNAanticodonCodonmRNA

ABCDEFG

What is asparagine?An amino acid

Learning Target: Use the genetic code to construct a protein’s amino acid sequence. (skill)

DNA CGA TTC

mRNA? GCU AAG

Polypeptide chain?

Alanine-lysine

Learning Target: Explain Biology’s Central Dogma. (knowledge)

Truth or Baloney?

Biology’s central dogma refers to the flow of information through a cell.

True