BIOLOGY EOCT REVIEW

WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF CELLS?

Eukaryotic cells

•true nucleus and organelles•plants, animals, protists, and fungi are eukaryotesProkaryotic cells •lack a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

•bacteria

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS? Cell membrane -passage of materials into

and out of the cell

Nucleus - controls cell functions; DNA

Nucleolus – produces ribosomes

Mitochondria- cell energy

Ribosome- protein synthesis

Vacuole- cell storage

Lysosome- cell digestion

WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF CELLS? (CONTINUED)

Endoplasmic reticulum- chemical synthesis

Golgi apparatus- packages proteins for secretion

Cell wall (plants )- rigid outer wall

Chloroplasts (plants only)- photosynthesis

Centrioles (animals only) - cell division

Cilia – short hair like structures

Flagella – long whip like tails

THE CELL - ANIMAL

THE CELL - PLANT

WHAT IS THE CELL THEORY? All organisms are made up of one or more cells.

The cell is the basic unit of organization of all organisms.

All cells come from other cells all ready in existence.

HOW ARE CELLS ORGANIZED? Cell

Tissue – functioning group of cells

Organ – functioning group of tissues

Organ System – functioning group of organs

Organism – functioning group of organ systems

WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS? Homeostasis Steady State Self-adjusting mechanism that helps to maintain your internal environment

HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT MATERIALS? Diffusion- movement of materials form a higher concentration to a

lower concentration Hypertonic Hypotonic Isotonic

Osmosis- diffusion of water through a Membrane

HOW DO CELLS TRANSPORT MATERIALS?

Passive transport is the movement of materials without energy Diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

Active Transport requires energy Pumps, exocytosis, endocytosis

WHAT ARE THE CHEMICALS OF LIFE?

ElementsElements Building Building BlocksBlocks

UsesUses

CarbohydratCarbohydratesesEx-sugar,starchEx-sugar,starch

C,H,OC,H,O Mono-Mono-saccharidesaccharidess

EnergyEnergy

LipidsLipidsEx-butter, oilEx-butter, oil

C,H,OC,H,O Fatty Acids Fatty Acids & glycerol& glycerol

EnergyEnergy

ProteinsProteinsEx-meat, Ex-meat, cheesecheese

C,H,O,N,SC,H,O,N,S Amino Amino AcidsAcids

Structure, Structure, growth & growth & repairrepair

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Ex-DNA,RNAEx-DNA,RNAC,H,O,N,PC,H,O,N,P NucleotideNucleotide

ssGenetic Genetic InformatioInformationn

WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

6 CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

Occurs in chloroplasts Two parts:Light reactionCalvin cycle (dark reaction)

WHERE DOES A CELL GET ENERGY? Cellular

respiration, glucose is broken down to a form the cell can use. Energy is stored in an ATP molecule (adenosine triphosphate) .

WHAT IS RESPIRATION?

The process of breaking down food molecules to release energy Occurs in the mitochondria Two types:Aerobic – requires oxygenAnaerobic – occurs without oxygen

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION

Inseparable cycles

HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?

The Cell Cycle

Interphase

Mitosis PMAT

Cytokinesis

Somatic Cells

HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE?

ReproductiveCells

ASEXUAL VS. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Asexual Diploid cells produced by mitosis, binary fission

Identical copy produced

Sexual Gametes, haploid cells, produced by meiosis

Gametes combine during fertilization to produce diploid cell

First diploid cell known as a zygote

Zygote grows into an embryo through mitosis

Infinite possibilities

WHAT IS DNA? DNA - blueprint for life

Double helix

Nucleotides are the building blocks

Contains a deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and

4 bases:

Adenine - ThymineCytosine – Guanine

Copies itself by Replication

HOW ARE DNA & RNA DIFFERENT?

DNA Deoxyribose

Thymine

Double stranded

Found only in nucleus

RNA Ribose

Uracil

Single stranded

HOW DOES DNA CONTROL PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

TranscriptionmRNA copies the message from DNA in the nucleus

TranslationForms a protein by translating the message on RNA into an amino acid sequence

HEREDITY AND GENETICS A TRAIT is each variant for a characteristic. For example, a

flower’s color may be red of white (trait).

An ALLELE is an alternative version of a gene.

Two alleles that are the same are said to be HOMOZYGOUS.

Two alleles that are different are said to be HETEROZYGOUS.

A DOMINANT allele is represented by a capital letter (ex. D). A dominant allele always makes its presence known in a phenotype

A RECESSIVE allele is represented by a lower case letter (ex. d). In a heterozygote, it is usually masked by a dominant allele, and only is expressed if both alleles are recessive (ex. dd).

PHENOTYPE is the way an organism looks.

GENOTYPE is the genetic makeup of an organism.

HEREDITY AND GENETICS A Punnett square is used to predict what will happen when a

male and a female reproduce.

MENDEL’S LAWS

Principle of Dominance – some forms of a gene or trait are dominant over the others

Principle of Segregation – when forming sex cells the paired alleles separate so that each egg or sperm carries only on form of the allele

Principle of Independent Assortment – each pair of alleles segregates independently during the formation of the egg or sperm

HOW DO MUTATIONS OCCUR?

Gene mutations – affect individual genesSubstitution GAU instead of GAA – calls for a different amino acid

Frameshift – entire line gets shifted – calls for different amino acid chain

Chromosomal mutations – affect entire chromosomeDuplication – extra chromosomeDeletion – missing chromosomeInversion – chromosome reattaches backwardsTranslocation – segment of chromosome attached to another pair

DNA IN FORENSICS, MEDICINE, AND AGRICULTURE

Forensics - DNA sequence of every person is unique and can be used for identification

Medicine-Diagnosis of genetic diseases and the development of cures and gene therapy

Agriculture-Using genetic technology, plants are mutated to improve disease resistance and crop output

EVOLUTION – DARWIN’S THEORY

Natural selection - how species evolve by adapting to their environment also known as survival of the fittest

EvidenceFossil recordAntibiotic resistanceAdaptationsVestigial organsHomologous structuresEmbryonic developmentGenetic makeup

TAXONOMY Taxonomy – classification of organisms based on structure, behavior, development, genetic make-up Evolutionary theory is the basis for taxonomy Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Aristotle first classified plants and animals Carolus Linnaeus developed basis of system used today

THE EVOLUTION OF THE SIX KINGDOMS

Eubacteria – the earliest

Archaebacteria – closest to eukaryotes

Protista – most diverse, all other eukaryotes evolved from protista

Fungi – decomposers

Plantae – producers

Animalia – Invertebrates & Vertebrates

THE SIX KINGDOMS

ECOLOGY

Individual

Population

Ecosystem

WHAT ARE THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF

ECOLOGY?Population – group of a single species living in the same place

Communities - group of interacting populations

Ecosystem – the community and its environment

Biome – group of ecosystems with the same communities

Biosphere – the circle of life

WHAT DETERMINES A TERRESTRIAL BIOME? Climate – temperature and rainfall

6 major biomes Tundra Coniferous Forest Deciduous Forest Grasslands Desert Tropical Rainforest

WHAT DETERMINES AN AQUATIC BIOME?

Amount of light, oxygen and salinity Lakes Ponds Wetlands

Marshes Swamps Estuaries

Coral Reefs Deep Ocean

HOW DOES MATTER & ENERGY FLOW IN AN ECOSYSTEM? Food Chains – one

path of energy flow Food Webs – complex model that expresses all the possible feeding relationships in a community

WHAT DOES AN ORGANISM NEED TO SURVIVE?

Food

Space

Water

Air

Shelter

WHAT ARE THE TROPHIC LEVELS?

PYRAMID OF ENERGY, NUMBERS, OR BIOMASS

Saprovores

Saprovoresor Carnivores

Carnivores

Carnivores

Herbivoresor omnivores

Herbivores

WHAT ARE THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN ORGANISMS? Predation + - Predator kills the

prey for food Competition - - both compete for same resources Parasitism + - parasite lives in or on host Mutualism + + symbiotic relationship in which both benefits Commensalism + 0 symbiotic relationship in which one benefits and the other is not harmed