BIOLOGY 1010 Foundations of Biology

Donna Daugherty

ddaugher@mail.fc.peachnet.edu

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• WWW sites– Biology Homepage– BIO 1010 Homepage

• CD- ROM Highlights

• email:– ddaugher@mail.fc.peachnet.edu

• WWW Discussion Board

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Biology - Past, Present, Future

Introduction

A. Science of Biology

1. Biology is the study of life

2. Life

a. method of capturing energy and materials

b. growth and development

c. capacity of reproduction

d. adjustment to changing conditions

B. Shared Characteristics of Life

1. DNA is the hereditary material

2. Life is organized into levels (fig 1.4)

elements - compounds - cells - tissues -

organs - organ systems - organisms -

populations - communities - ecosystems-

biomes - biosphere

3. Life involves metabolism

metabolism is the ability to extract energy and nutrients from the environment

4. All organisms are interconnected

a. plants - producers

photosynthesis

b. animals - consumers

aerobic respiration

c. fungi - decomposers

5. Response to change in the environment

6. Reproduction

7. Patterns of Inheritance

B. Diversity of Life

1. Life has been classified by similarities in shared characteristics

a. taxonomy - classification

2. Organisms are identified by genus and species.

ex: Homo sapiens

Drosophila melanogaster

3. Groupings:

Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order - Family - Genus - species

ex: Animalia - Chordata - Mammalia -

Carnivora - Felidae - Panthera -pardus

common name: leopard ex

4. Kingdoms of Life

a. Monera - bacteria

b. Archae - sulfur bacteria

c. Protista - one celled organisms

d. Fungi - molds and mushrooms

e. Plantae - multicellular plants

f. Animalia - multicellular animals

C. Biology & Evolution

1. Evolution is the central theme of biology

2. mutation as the mechanism of variation

a. genetic differences in the DNA sequence

b. may be beneficial, harmful or neutral

3. Darwin & Natural Selection

a. members of a population vary in form and behavior.

b. more offspring are produced than the environment can support.

c. some variation may produce a selective advantage.

d. individuals who survive may pass these traits onto the next

generation.

4. Macro versus micro evolution

a. macroevolution

b. microevolution

5. Modern evidence of evolution

a. fossil record

b. comparative anatomy

c. geologic time

d. molecular biology

e. developmental biology

f. modern agriculture

C. Scientific Method

1. biology is the study of life

2. Biologists use observations to explain general principles (inductive reasoning)

a. logic

b. differences to deductive reasoning

3. Observations lead to hypotheses

a. hypothesis definition

4. Hypotheses are tested by experimentation

a. most hypotheses are proved wrong

b. control groups and variables

5. Repeated confirmation of a hypothesis may lead to the formation of a theory

6. facts?

7. pseudoscience