BIOENERGETIC

• ENERGY IS DEFINED AS THE CAPACITY TO DO WORK

• DIFFERENT KINDS OR STATES OF ENERGY : POTENSIAL, KINETIC, THERMAL, ELECTRICAL AND RADIANT ENERGY

• DIFFERENT KINDS OF WORK: MECHANICAL, ELECTRICAL AND OSMOTIC WORK.

BIOENERGETICS IS THE TERM TO DESIGNATE THE STUDY OF ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS IN LIVING ORGANISMS.

sun

PhotoSyntheticcells

Heterotrophyc cells

Chemical energy

WorkDone In theEnvir.

entrophy

Radiant energy

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respiration

FuelMol AndO2

ATP

Biosynthesis

Mechanical work

TRANSPORT WORK

ADP + PiCO2

H2O

THE SYSTEM FREE ENERGY

ALWAYS DECREASESENTROPY MAY INCREASE,

STAY CONSTANT OR DECREASE

THE SURROUNDINGSENTROPY MAY INCREASE,STAY CONSTANT OR DECREASE

HEAT MAY PASS BETWEEN THE SYSTEM AND THE SURROUNDINGS

ENTROPY : DISORDER/ RANDOMNESS (S)FREE ENERGY (G). G IS THE CHANGES IN FREE ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM ALONE E IS THE CHANGE IN TOTAL ENERGY OF THE SYSTEM G = E –T S

G NEGATIVE = EXERGONIC/ SPONTANT

G POSITIVE = ENDERGONIC

H = ENTHALPY HEAT CONTENT

FREEENERGY

C

A

D

B

HEAT

A+C B+D

• THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS : ENERGY CAN BE NEITHER CREATED NOR DESTROYED THE TOTAL ENERGY OF THE UNIVERSE IS CONSTANT

• THE SECOND LAW :

THE ENTROPY OF THE UNIVERSE ALWAYS INCREASES

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Adenosine 5' triphosphate

                                                                                                     

Phosphoric Acid Anhydride Linkages

Adenosine 5' diphosphate

Hidrolysis ATP

Pyrophosphate

Adenosine 5' monophosphate

Phosphoenol pyruvate

Hydrolysis phosphoenol pyruvate

Creatine phosphate

Acetyl phosphate

COMPOUNDS G

Kcal/mole

Direction of phosphate group transfer

PEP -14.8

1,3-DIPHOSPHO

GLYCERATE

-11.8

PHOSPHO

CREATINE

-10.3

ACETYL PHOSPHATE

-10.1

ATP -7.3G-1-P -5.0

F-6-P -3.8

G-6-P -3.3

3-PHOSPHO

GLYCERATE

-2.4

GLYCEROL-3-P -2.2

ATP-ADP : DONOR AND ACCEPTOR PHOSPHATE INTERMEDIATE

PHOSPHORYLATED COMPOUNDS IN THE CELL

• HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE AND LOW ENERGY PHOSPHATE

• THERE IS NO SUCH SHARP DIVISION

• ATP- ADP SYSTEMACT AS AN INTERMEDIATE LINKING SYSTEM BETWEEN PHOSPHATE COMPOUNDS HAVING A HIGH PHOSPHATE GROUP TRANSFER POTENTIAL AND A LOW ONE.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 5 10 15

DE

LT

A G

(K

CA

L)

PEP1,3-DPGPCACPATPG-1-PF-6-PG-6-P3-PGGLY-3-P

• X-P + ADP X + ATP

• ATP + Y ADP + Y-P

• X-P DENOTES A HIGH ENERGY PHOSPHATE DONOR MOLECULE

• Y IS A PHOSPHATE ACCEPTOR

• ATP IS THE COMMON INTERMEDIATE

3',5'-cyclic Adenosine monophosphate