Post on 10-Apr-2018
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 1/15
Chemistry of LifeExploring Life Chapter 4
By M. Donohue
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 2/15
Chemistry in Biology???-Biology is¬and all living things are made up of¬.MATTER!
The study of matter and the changes it under goesAre living things changing?
Anything that takes up space (V) and has mass (g)Composed of one or more elements
Pure substance that cannot be broken down intoother substances by chemical meansbasic ingredients of matter; examples gold, helium, oxygen, nitrogen
Substance containing two OR MORE elements chemically combined in a fixed ratioexample: water, sodium chloride (aka table salt)
Smallest possible particle of an element; building block of matter -derived from Greek word atomos which means indivisible
Chemistry
Matter
Atom
Element
Compound
Isotope An alternate form of an element; same # of protons, different number of electrons
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 3/15
Elements
Pure substances About 25 essential elements to life
Trace elements Make up less than 0.01% of body mass but are critical
-Over 100¬92 naturally occurring and the rest are
synthetic/man-
made-made up of 1 type of atom
Iron
Iodine
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 5/15
Some TerminologyChemical S ymbol
One, two or three letters that represent an element on the periodic table (H,
Al, Uuu)
First letter always capitalized, second (and third) ALWAYS lowercase
Doesn·t always have to be the first letter of the name (ex. Fe for Iron, K for
Potassium)
Chemical Formula
Used to represent a COMPOUND (2 or more elements bonded together)
Subscripts indicate the # of atoms of the preceding element inthat
compound
If there is no subscript, it is 1 atom
Ex. H2O, NaCl, C6H12O6
Chemical Equation
Representation of a chemical reaction
R
eactants go in and products come out
2H2 + O2 2 H2O
H2CO3(aq) H2O(l) + CO2(g)
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 6/15
PHYSICAL CHANGE/ PROPER TIES
Color, shape, texture, amount
The actual make-up of matter/substance does NOTchange
Examples
Ripping a piece of paper
Painting a wall
When two substances arecombined to create a newsubstance with new properties
different from those that made itup¬Combo of different elements
Examples
Water H2O
Sodium chloride NaCl
CHEMICAL CHANGE/ PROPER TIES
Compounds
When 2 or more elements are chemically combined in fixed ratios making a new substancewith new properties
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 7/15
Atomic Theory
1) All matter is made of atoms that are
indivisible and indestructible.
2) All atoms of a given element are identical
in mass and properties
3) Compounds are formed by a combinationof two or more different kinds of atoms.
4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of
atoms.
Dalton·s Atomic Theory
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 8/15
Proton Neutron Electron
Charge POSITIVE + Neutral 0 NEGATIVE -
Location Nucleus Nucleus Electron cloud
around nucleus
Relative size toeach other
Structure of an Atom-smallest unit of matter that retains properties of element-Atom has an electric charge of zero (all positives equal negatives)
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 9/15
Atomic Number = Number of protons
You can find this on the periodic table(smaller # by the element«goes innumerical order)
In a neutral atom: (charge of 0)# of p+ = # of e- -
Mass Number = the number of
protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom (bigger # on PT)
# of neutrons = mass# - atomic#
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 10/15
Periodic Table TerminologyR ows (go left to right) are called PeriodsColumns (that go up and down) are calledGROUPS or FAMILIESNumber your columns¬1(H),2, skip all the
ones that drop down, 3 (B), 4, 5, 6, 7, 8Families share similar characteristics
Groups of friends have similar interests, act the same
Elements in the same group/family have the SAME
CHEMICAL PRO
PERTIES They react the same!!
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 11/15
Opposites attract¬+protonsattract -electrons and hold themin place in the electron cloud
Electrons are arranged in´orbitalsµ around the nucleus
First orbital / ring has a maximumcapacity for 2 electrons
Each ring after has a MAXCapacity for 8 electrons
VALENCE electrons are the onesin the outer most ring!
Columns of the periodictable tell you how manyvalence electrons there are
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 13/15
1. GOLD2.POTASSIUM3.XENON4. GER MANIUM5. TUNGSTEN
For each of the following, determine:a. Atomic Numberb. Mass Numberc. Number of Protonsd. Number of Electronse. Number of neutrons
8/8/2019 Biochemistry Notes Part1
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/biochemistry-notes-part1 14/15
Chemical R eactivityAbility of one substance to combine with anothersubstance and form a new substance
***ELECTRONS*** determinechemical reactivity
With the EXCEPTIO
N of Heand H (why do you thinkthey are by themselves), allatoms want to try and have8 Valence (outer) electrons
H and He only need 2 to behappy
8 valence e- =
2 v.e. = for H and He
Time to play..theR INGS!!!