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Kingdom Fungi

Stepping back to “the tree”

Fungi are more closely related to animals than plants…

In your groups - discuss:

1. Why they were originally

thought to be more closely

related to plants?

2. Why they are now

considered to be more

closely related to animals?

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Animal Cell

Fungus Cell

Fungi have

filamentous bodies

• Fruiting body

• Mycelium

Made of

hyphae

Anatomy

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Figure 18.1 Masses of hyphae form

mycelia

The dense interwoven mat you see here growing through leaves

on a forest floor is a mycelium made up of microscopic hyphae

Filamentous body

Fig. 22-1

mycelium hyphae

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Filamentous Structural Organization

One cell

of one hypha

thread

of the

mycelium.

8

Septum and pore between cells in a

hypha

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DNA in Chromosomes

Haploid nucleus

Haploid cells have one set of chromosomes

Diploid cells have two sets of chromosomes

Fungi

(1n)

Adult

human

(2n)

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What causes a ‘fairy ring’?

Discuss with your table

Major Fungal Characteristics

Cell wall composition Chitin (with some cellulose), a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide

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Characteristics of the Kingdom Fungi

Reproduction spores

asexual

sexual

Sex: Fungi can be classified

as:

male, female

….. + many more sexes!

Called “mating types”

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Phylogeny of the Major Groups of Fungi

Septation

Chytridiomycota

Most chytrids are aquatic

They are distinguished from other fungi

by forming flagellated spores that

require water for dispersal

They reproduce both asexually and

sexually

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Zygotmycota (Zygomycetes)

1% of known species

Successful, rapid reproducers

Produce and disperse hundreds of spores

from hyphae tips

Bread molds

Zygomycosis- malnourished, diabetics,

burns, weakened immunity systems

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Pilobus crystallinus

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TrKJ

AojmB1Y

Glomeromycota

Live in intimate contact with the roots of plants

Their hyphae penetrate root cells and form

microscopic branching structures inside the cell

Mutualism: Internal mycorrhizae

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Club fungi (Basidiomycota)

25,000 species

Reproductive structures protrude out

from mycelium

“mushrooms”

Caps with gills on

surface that have

spores

Basidiomycota

Cells: Septate

Amanita muscaria

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Basidiomycota

Reproductive structures:

Basidiocarp, basidium,

basidiospore

Ascomycota: Sac fungi Most diverse group

30,000 species

Cells: Septate

Reproductive structures Ascocarp, ascospores develop in

ascus

Symbiotic associations: Endophytic mycorrhizae -

beneficial association with plants

With insects: leaf cutter ants, termites

Peziza sp.

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Ascomycota Sexual reproductive structures:

Ascocarp, asci, ascospores

Ascomycota

Asexual reproduction

Structure: Conidia

Example:

Penicillium

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Diverse lifestyles

Fungi can be:

Decomposers e.g. bread mold

Parasites e.g. Athlete’s foot

Mutualistic symbionts

Decomposers

Angel wings

Pleurocybella porrigens

Chicken of the woods

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Mutualists:

A. Lichens

Lichen A. Lichens are a

composite

organism

(fungus+algae or

cyanobacteria)

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The fungal component is

usually in the Ascomycota

Lichen

Lichen with

basidiomycet

fungi

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Lichen with

Basidiomycota fungi

Ecological Roles of Lichens

Pioneer species: Survive in hostile

habitats and colonize new habitats

Cyanobacteria-containing lichens can fix

nitrogen

Convert atmospheric nitrogen to a form

plants can use

Environmental indicators

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Symbiosis of Fungi with Other Organisms

1. Mutualistic

B. Mycorrhizal fungi

Mycorrhizal fungi

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Symbiosis of Fungi with Other

Organisms

1. Mutualism

C. Endophytic fungi Aphids

Clacvicepts

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Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms

2. Pathogenic

Examples:

Ergot

Salem witch trials?

Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms

2. Pathogenic

Plant diseases caused by

Rusts

Smuts

Examples:

Corn smut

Dutch elm disease

Chestnut blight

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World’s largest

organism?

Pathogenic Fungi

Lobster mushrooms

Parasitize other

fungi!

Pathogenic fungi

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Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms

2. Pathogenic Example:

Chytridiomycosis infectious skin disease that

affects amphibians

worldwide

Caused by a Chytrid fungus

Chytrid life cycle

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Chytrid infection

The pathogenic chytrid, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,

has infected this frog

Symbiosis of fungi with other

organisms: Pathogenic

White nose syndrome:

Geomycets destructens

Bat populations in the

east are devistated!

Globalization—from

Europe

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Cordyceps/ Phasyrum and

Insects

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RuopJ

YLBvrI&feature=related

Can fungi help save the world? Fungi can be used to restore the environment with:

1. Livestock i. Kill off pathogens like Plasmodium

(Malaria) and coliform bacteria!

ii. Soak up toxic levels of copper & Zinc from manure

2. Oil , Mining, & Toxic waste i. Break down waste petroleum

hydrocarbons

ii. Collect heavy metals

3. Farming i. Break down some pesticides

ii. Stabilize soil, reducing erosion– use in no till farming

4. Biological control

http://www.ted.com/talks/p

aul_stamets_on_6_ways_

mushrooms_can_save_th

e_world.html

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Why not filer manure run-

off with mushrooms?!

Aka Mycofiltration

• Farms

• Urban areas

• Factories

• Watersheds

• Roads

Scanning electron microscope image 0.5-2 μm

thick

Turkey tail

Trametes

versicolor