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All organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen.

Many also contain oxygen and nitrogen

Other elements may also be present.Phosphorous, halogens and/or metals

Most compounds are composed of carbon chains bonded with hydrogen

H H H H H | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – H| | | | |

H H H H H

A carbon / hydrogen chain (organic)

H H H H H | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – O - H| | | | |

H H H H H

A carbon / hydrogen chain containing oxygen

Carbon can make four (4) bondsHydrogen can make one (1) bondOxygen can make two (2) bonds

Nitrogen can make three (3) bondsSulfur can make two (2) bonds

Halogens can make one (1) bond

| – C – |

H –

- O -

– N – |

- S –

Cl -

| – C – H |

– C = O

|

C N

Carbon can make single, double or triplebondsHydrogen can make only single bonds

Oxygen can make single or double bonds

– C = O

|

| |C – O - C

| |

Nitrogen can make single, double or triplebonds

Sulfur can make single or double bonds

Halogens can make only single bonds

H– N – H |

H

– C = N |

C N

| | - C – S – C -

| |

– C = S |

| - C - Br

|

Naming Organic Compounds

Meth = 1 CEth = 2 C

Prop = 3 CBut = 4 CPent = 5 CHex = 6 CHept = 7 COct = 8 CNon = 9 CDec = 10 C

Study thisSlide and

then click hereTo continue

Aliphatic Hydrocarbons

Alkanes – All single bond between carbons

(name ends in “ane”)

Alkenes – contains double bonds between carbons

(name ends in “ene”)

Alkynes – contains triple bonds between carbons

(name ends in “yne”)

Naming hydrocarbons starts with selecting the longestChain (even around corners).

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H

| | | | |

H H H H H - C - H

|

H - C – H

|

H

7 Cchain

Not 5 C chain

Name starts with “hept” (7C)

All single bondsName ends with

“ane”

Heptane

|H

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H

| | | | |

H H H H H - C - H

|

H - C – H

|

H

|H

Naming the Side Chain

Side Chain

H- C- C -C -

H H H | | |

H H H | | |

H H H H | | | |

H H H H | | | | H- C- C -C -C -

-C -

H

H H |

|

-C -

H

H H |

| CH- -H|

MethylCH3

EthylC2 H5

PropylC3 H7

ButylC4 H9

Some Common Side Chains

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H

| | | | |

H H H H H - C - H

|

H - C – H

|

H

|H

-C -

H

H H |

|

Methyl

Methyl Heptane

But where is the methylGroup attached?

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H

| | | | |

H H H H H - C - H

|

H - C – H

|

H

Count from the Short end of

The chain

Methyl group isattached to the

third carbon thus3 methyl heptane

3 methyl heptane

|H

H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – C - H

| | | | |

H H H H H - C - H

|

H - C – H

|

H

-C -

H

H H |

|

|H

Two side chains

The first methylgroup is onthe second

Carbon countingfrom the short

end!

The second methylgroup is on

the fifth Carbon countingfrom the short

end!

2, 5 dimethylheptane

Alkenes (Double bonds)

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C = C – C - H

| | | |

H H H H

|H

A six Carbon chain – “hex”

Alkene – ends in “ene”

Double bond on second CarbonFrom shortest end of chain

2 hexene

H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C = C – C – C – C – C - H

| | |

H H H - C - H

|

H - C – H

|

H

-C -

H

H H |

|

|H

2, 5 dimethyl 1 heptene

Alkene with two side groups

H H H H H H

| | | | | |

H - C – C – C – C – C – C – C C-H

| | | | |

H H H H H - C - H

|

H - C – H

|

H

|H

Longest chain8 Carbons

(oct)

2 Carbon Side chain(ethyl) onC atom 4

Triple bondon C atom 1

(“yne”)

Alkynes (triple bond)

4 ethyl 1 octyne

Alkynes (triple bonds)

Alkenes (Double bonds)

Alkanes (Single bonds) Cn H(2n +2)

Cn H2n

Cn H(2n -2)

General Formula

C3 H8

C3 H6

C3 H4

Propane

Propene

Propyne

|

O -H

– C = O |O |

Hydroxyl

Ester Linkage

– N – H |

HAmine

CommonOrganic Groups

– C = O

O -H

|

Carboxyl

– C = O |

Carbonyl

| |

- C – O – C -

| |

Ether Linkage

Amide

– C

= O

| N – H |

H

C

– C = O |

Carbonyl

| |

- C – O – C -

| |

Ether Linkage

+ =– C = O

|O |

Ester Linkage

Some functional groups are combinations of smallerfunctional groups

|

O -HHydroxyl

+– C = O

|

Carbonyl

=– C = O

O -H

|

Carboxyl

– N – H |

HAmine

– C = O |

Carbonyl

+ = – C

= O

|– N – H|

H

C

Amide

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

Alcohols-O-H

End in “ol” -C -

H

H H |

| CH- -H|

EthylC2 H5

O-H

Ethyl Alcohol

Ethanol

Common nameGrain alcohol

R –OHR = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

ketones– C = O

|

End in “one”

Methyl ethyl ketone

Butanone

2 butanone is incorrectSince counting from eitherend would put the carbonyl

On the second Carbon

R– C = O | R

R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

-C -

H

H H |

| C = O -C -

H H |

| CH- -H|

H

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

Aldehydes – C = O

| H

End in “al”

-C -

H

H H |

| C=OH -

Ethyl Aldehyde

Ethanal

Common nameAcetaldehyde

R – C = O |

H R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

Acids– C = O

| O -H

End in “oic”

-C -

H

H H |

|

|

Acetic Acid

Ethanoic Acid

Common nameVinegar

R– C = O | O -H

R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain

C = O

O -H

Compounds Containing Functional Groups

Structural Isomers

Same formula but different arrangement of atoms

H H H H | | | |

H H H H | | | | H- C- C -C -C -H

ButaneC4 H10

H H H | | |

H | H | | |

H- C- C -C -H

Methyl PropaneC4 H10

H – C – H|

H

Propanone Propanal

Chiral Carbons

Mirror Image molecules

Out of screen Into screen

Molecules Cannot be Superimposed!

Cis and Trans Isomers

cis-butenedioic acid (maleic acid)

trans-butenedioic acid (fumaric acid)

Double bond

“cis” like scissors (next to) “trans” across form

Aromatics

Aromatics are compounds that contain a benzene ring as part of their structure

C6 H6

DelocalizedElectron

cloud

Resonance structure

Different symbols for the Benzene Ring

Aspirin

Some Common Aromatics

Cyclics and Aromatics

At first glance they look the same but aren’t

C6 H6