Post on 31-Mar-2015
Basic concepts
in nursing science
Li Xiaohan
School of Nursing
China Medical University
• Introduction
• Human being
• Environment
• Health
• Nursing
Definition of nursing science
Introduction
Four basic concepts that affect and determine the nursing practice
Human being
Environment
Health
Nursing
Human being
1. The human being is a uniform whole
2. Basic needs of human being
3. Growth and development of human being
4. Self-concept of human being
(1) Concept of a whole
1. The human being is a uniform whole
(2) The uniform whole of human being
(3) The human being is an open system
(4) The scope of human being in nursing
Physiological
Psychological
Social
Spiritual
Cultural
The uniform whole of human being
The human being is a open system
Closed system
Open system
Individual
The scope of human being in nursing
Family
Community
Society
Basic goal of human being
Balance among subsystems of organism
To maintain the balance of organism
Balance between organism and its environment (internal and external environment)
2. Basic needs of human being
（ 1 ） Definition of basic needs
（ 2 ） Types of basic needs
（ 3 ） Characteristics of basic needs（ 4 ） Factors that affect meeting needs（ 5 ） The theory related to basic needs
(1) Definition of basic needs
Need
Basic needs of human being
(2) Types of basic needs
Physiological needs
Social needs
Affective
needsCognitive
needsSpiritual
needs
(3) Characteristics of basic needs
1 ） Approximately same basic needs
2 ） The importance of each need for
each person is different
3 ） All the basic needs are
interconnected and interactive
(4) Factors that affect meeting needs
Physiological factors
Emotional factors
Knowledge and intellect
factors
Social factors
(4) Factors that affect meeting needs
Environmental factors
Individual factors
Cultural factors
(5) The theory related to basic needs
—Maslow’s hierarchy theory
of Basic needs for Human
Being
Maslow’s theory
(a) Basic content
(b) Basis for need’s hierarchy
(c) General rules
(d) Significance to nursing
Basic content
Physiological needs
Safety needs
Love and belongingness
needs
Self-esteem needs
Needs for self-actualization
Basis for need’s hierarchy
Importance of needs
Sequence of need’s
appearance
Significance to nursing
a) To identify client’s unmet needs
b) To realize and understand
client’s words
and behaviorsc) To predict client’s unspoken
needs
d) To collect client’s data
comprehensively
e) To put client’s nursing
problems in
adequate order
Significance to nursing
3. Growth and development of human being
(1) Definition of growth and development
(2) Content of growth and development
(3) Basic principles of growth and development
(4) Factors that affect growth and development
Definition of growth and development
Growth
Development
Maturation
Growth:
a increase on amount
in physiological
aspect
Development:
A changing process in physical and
psychological aspect along with
age’s increase and interaction
between individual and its
environment.
Definition of development
Characteristics of development:
in order
predicted
persistent
as a result of learning and a symbol of maturation
holistic
(physiological, psychological, social )
Maturation:
Narrow definition
Generalized definition
Narrow definition
the process of the growth in
physiological aspect and the
potential in developmental
aspect were exerted fully
Generalized definition
a individual has not only
obtained full development in
physiological aspect, but
also put up many mature
behaviors.
Content of growth and development
Physiological
Cognitive
Social
Affective
Spiritual
Moral
Basic principles of
growth and development
1) Persistent, in sequence, regular, predicted.2) Common development process3) Passing each developmental stage in
unique manner and speed.
5) Development in infant phase will
affect the following basic attitude,
temperament, life style and
behaviors.
4) Character and definite developmental
tasks in each developmental stage
6) Development is obtained by
gradual maturation and constant
learning.
Factors that affect
growth and development
Heredity
Environment
4. Self-concept of human being
(1) Definition of self-concept
(2) Generation of self-concept
(3) Components of self-concept
(4) Importance of self-concept
Definition of self-concept
a person’s attitude
towards to himself
(herself )
Generation of self-concept
the combination of other’s
opinion to a person and a
person’s self-detection and
self-cognition.
Body image
Components of self-concept
Role
performance Personal identity
Self-esteem
Importance of positive self-concept
(a) Affecting one’s thoughts and behaviors(b) Affecting one’s choices
(c) Affecting other’s attitude to
oneself(d) Affecting one’s ability of
meeting an emergency when one is
in the face of various changes
Environment
1.Definition of environment
2.Classification of environment
3.Relationship among environment, human being and health
Definition of environment
Roy’s definition of
environment
Henderson’s definition of environment
Roy’s definition of environment
the summation of all
factors that surround and
affect the behaviors and
development of individual
or collectivity.
Henderson’s definition of environment
a general name of all
external factors that
affect the life and
development of organism.
Classification of environment
1. Internal environment
2. External environment
Natural environment
External environment
Humanistic-social environment
Therapeutic environment
Physical environment
Natural environment
Biological environment
Humanistic-social environment
(a) the number of population
(b) cultural education
(c) interpersonal relationship
(d) scientific management
(e) medical care services system
Definition
Therapeutic environment
Function
Requirement
Definition
It is an environment that
created by professionals
aimed to fit the recovery of
clients’ physiological and
psychological health
Functions
(a) To influence clients’
feeling (b) To influence the course
and
degree of disease’s
recovery.
Requirement
(a) safety
a) to prevent the accident’s occurrence
b) to avoid the spread of microorganism
(b) comfort
a) good physical environment
b) good services and attitude
Relationship among environment,
human being and health
(1) Human being and its environment
are interdependent and interacted (2) Human being’s health is closely
linked with the environment
Health
1. Concept of health
2. Concept of disease
3. The relationship between health and illness
Concept of health
(1) Definition of health
(2) Model of health
(3) Factors that affect health
Definition of health
1) Absence of disease
2) Feel comfort
3) Well-balanced functional activities
4) Well-balanced physiological and psychological activities
5) WHO’s definition of health
WHO——The World Health Organization
WHO’s definition of health
“a state of complete physical,
mental and social well-being,
and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity.” (holistic
view of health)
Model of health
——Health-illness continuum model
(1) Definition
(2) Characteristics
(3) Nurses’ responsibilities
Health and illness or disease can be
viewed as the opposite ends of a
health continuum. From a high level
of health a person’s condition can
move through good health, normal
health, poor health, and extremely
poor health, eventually to death.
Definition of health-illness continuum model
People move back and forth within
this continuum day by day. There is no
distinct boundary across which people
move from health to illness or from
illness back to health. How people
perceive themselves and how others
see them in terms of health and
illness will also affect their placement
on the continuum.
Characteristics of health-illness continuum model
(a) At any time any person’
health status holds a place on
certain point between two ends
of health-illness continuum
(b) any point on the health-
illness continuum is a
synthetical representation of
various (all) aspects of
individual in physiology,
psychology, and society.
Nurses’ responsibilities
(a) to help the clients to identify
their place (location) on the
health-illness continuum
(b) to assist the clients to adopt some
measures (take actions) in order to
reach a well state of health.
Factors that affect health
(2) Environmental factors
(3) Life style
(4) Psychological factors
(1) Biological factors
1 ） Pathogenic
microorganism
2 ） Biologic-heredity
factor
3 ） Other factors
Biological factors
1) Natural environment:
2) Social environment:
Environmental factors
Concept of disease
(1) Definition of disease
(2) Effect of disease
(3) Measures of preventing disease
Definition of disease
1) Ancient view of disease
2) Modern view of disease
Ghosts and gods attach to the body
Ancient view of disease
Unbalance between negative and positive
Modern view of disease
(a) A state that is treated by physician and falls short of the needs of human being
(b) Be discomfort, suffering and pain
(c) A loss and change of social behaviors, especially the loss and change of labor force
(d) An abnormity of function, structure
and shape of organism
(e) The destroy of homeostasis of organism
(f) A reaction of the organism to harmful
factors
Effect of disease
1) The effect on individual
2) The effect on family
3) The effect on society
1 ） Positive effect
2 ） Negative effect
The effect on individual
The effect on family
1) Economic burden is increased
2) Family member’s psychological stress
is increased
3) The emotion change of family member
The effect on society
1) Social productivity is decreased
2) Medical resources are consumed or wasted
3) To infect others and threaten other’s
health
Measures of preventing disease
1) Primary prevention (etiological prevention)
2) Secondary prevention (pre-clinical prevention)
“Three early” : To discover early To diagnose early To treat early
3) Tertiary prevention (clinical prevention)
The relationship between health and illness
1 ） No distinct boundary ； A relative relationship
2 ） Be dynamic changing
3 ） Be mutual transform under definite condition
4 ） Be exist at the same time on one individual
Nursing
1. Concept of nursing
2. Evolvement process of the concept of nursing
3. The relationship between nursing and health
(1) Definition of nursing
Concept of nursing
(2) The content of concept of
nursing (3) The connotation of concept of nursing
(a) Nightingale’s definition of nursing
(b) Henderson’s definition of nursing
(c) American Nurse Association’s definition
of nursing
(d) International Council of nurses’ definition
of nursing
Definition of nursing
(1) The nursing science is an
independent applying science
that synthesizing natural
and social sciences.
The content of concept of nursing
(2) Nursing is a profession
that
helps human being and
serves
for health of human being
(3) Nursing can assist
individual
to meet the basic needs of
human being and enforce
the
ability of self-care.
(4) The tasks of nursing are:
To promote health
To prevent disease
To help ill-person to healing
To assist the dying patient to pass
away with quietude, peace, and
dignity.
(5) The client is a holistic
human being, including
suffering person and
healthy person.
(6) The working place is not only in the hospital, but also in family, community and whole society.
(7) Nursing is not only a
science, but also an art
(8) The nursing science attaches importance to human being’s living environment and the interrelation between human being and its environment.
(9) The nursing science is a
gradually perfect and
developing science.
(1) Caring: lasting topic
(2) Humanism: humanistic perspective
(a) Respect individual
(b) Pay attention to the human nature
(c) Treat equally without discrimination
(3) The helping relationship
The content of concept of nursing
Evolvement process of the concept of nursing
(1) Developmental stages of nursing
model
(2) The meaning and significance of
holistic nursing
Stage 1: disease-centered stage
Stage 2: patient-centered stage
Stage 3: health-centered stage
Developmental stages of
nursing model
The meaning of holistic nursing
The meaning and significance
of holistic nursing
Significance of holistic nursing
(a) Definition of holistic nursing
(b) Connotation of holistic nursing
The meaning of holistic nursing
Connotation of holistic nursing
(a) To meet client’s holistic
needs (physiological,
psychological, social, spiritual,
cultural)
(b) To serve for the whole life course of human being
(c) To serve for individual to
family, community and society
(1) To enrich and change the direction
and content of nursing research
Significance of holistic nursing
(2) To widen the service areas of
nursing and changes the
traditional image of nurses
(3) To contribute to establish a new
type relationship between physician
and nurse, and relationship between
nurse and patient
(4) To propose a new type view of
nursing administration and
leadership
(5) To change the curriculum
design of nursing education
The relationship between
nursing and health
WHO(1978) : “……to help patient
to resume to health , help
healthy person to promote
health.”
ICN: right and obligation of
nurses are:
(a) To maintain life
(b) To lighten suffering
(c) To promote health
Tasks of nursing:
To promote health
To prevent disease
To assist healing
To ease suffering