Post on 16-Oct-2020
SLAC -PUB-2092 March 1978 (4
BADIATIOIJ PARAHETEBS OF ELECTBOEI LIlEAB ACCELERATORS*
Hilliaa P. Swanson
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center
P. 0, Box 43129, Stanford, California 94305
narch 3, 1978
ABSTRACT
Parameters of electron linear accelerators used in
radiation therapy, industrial radiography, and for re-
search and special purposes are compiled. Trends in
accelerator developaent and iaplications far radiologi-
cal safety are briefly discussed.
(Submitted for publication)
4 Work supported by the Department of Energy.
-2-
During the preparation of a aanual on radiological
safety aspects of the operation of electron linear
accelerators,(l) a worldwide survey vas made to determine
the relevant characteristics of these devices. After the
results were compiled it appeared that this information
would be generally useful in itself. These data provide an
overview of the present status of electron linac
development, as regards their uses, capabilities and
radiological significance. A comparison of radiation
parameters map provide a useful perspective on
radiation-protection needs, and trends in accelerator
devefopnent raav be noted. In the design of new facilities,
existing accelerator isrstallatious of comparable
characteristics xtap be identified and their experience drawn
upon.(2)
Table 1 shows data ou electron linear accelerators
introduced during the past decade for radiation
therapV.(3,4) These are listed in the approximate order of
introduction, but the pararaeters shown reflect recent
specifications, if these are different from the original.
Useful energies appear to be in the range 4 - 25 !!IV for
photon treatment and 4 - 32 HeV for electron irradiation.
There is a remarkable coaasistency among the paralseters
offered, reflecting a general consensus among manufacturers
and users.
-3-
The uaxiana field sizes at 1 meter SSD or TAD are
(30 x 30) to (40 x 40) cu2 for recent rodels. Even when
physically achievable (as in electron therapy), dose rates
higher than 500 rad uin-1 m2 are not normally used for
either photon or electron treatments because of regard for
patient safety. The lowest dose rates reported are about
200 rad 85.~1 ~2, still significantly higher than 6OCo or
137Cs units normally provide, The amount of leakage
radiation, as regards room shielding, seems standardized at
about 0.1% of the useful beau at the same distance from the
target, but is less than this in many cases. The leakage
radiation in the patient plane is specified separately in
some cases. Isocentric treatment capability is clearly
desired. With some models, an unatteauated electron beam
can be extracted for research or isotope production. The
use of standing-wave accelerators has allowed ecoraonies in
space utilization for some installations, and the
possibility exists of installing higher-energy,
higher-output units in room originally designed for less
powerful equipment, In such cases and in cases where
stationary field equipment is replaced by equipment capable
of rotational therapy* the adequacy of existing radiation
barriers must be evaluated. If equipment of energy above
about 15 l!eV is installed, the question of neutron streaming
through the door and other penetrations should be
considered, and adequacy of the labyrinth and door assessed.
-4-
Table 2 shows data on electron linear accelerators used
in industrial radiography. Output for the standard models
tabulated shous considerable variation (1.5 - 15000 rad
main-1 m2). Leakage radiation, expressed as a percentage of
useful beam at the same distance from the target, is higher
in many cases than for the medical accelerators. In
addition to the standard models, there are a number of
custom-fabricated accelerators of higher energy and output
which are not tabulated.
The high output of some of these models and the variety
of physical accommodations in which they are employed mean
that operating personnel must be carefully trained in their
proper use. This is particularly true because these unfts
are usually mounted to permit considerable freedom in
positioning and beam direction. Because of the number of
degrees of freedom available, limit svitches sometimes
cannot prevent irradiation in all unwanted directions, and
careful administrative control must be exercised:
Table 3 shows parameters of research and spec%al-purpose
electron linacs,[5) Every installation known to the author
has been listed, even though some information is incomplete,
owing to lack of response at the time of writing. The data
given should be considered %oainal;" several of the
parameters can usually be varied over a considerable range.
Some characteristics that distinguish research acceler-
ator facilities are uniqueness of design, high energy, high
-5-
power , and variability in experimental setups and modes of
operation. Radiation protection needs for this category of
facility can most simply be portrayed in terms of electron
beam energy and maximum beam power developed, The
parameters given in the right-hand portion of Table 3 are
intended to form a consistent, simultaneouslp achievable
set, giving the highest electron beam power under continuous
operation. Although many of such facilities operate at a
greatly reduced beam power (sap, for single-pulse
operation), it would be conservative practice to plan the
radiation protection needs for new facilities assuming that
the highest values of both energy and beam power are
simultaneously used, Figure 1 is a scatter diagram in which
maximum continuously achievable beam power is plotted
VS. nominal maximum beam energy, Accelerators used --
exclusively as injectors or for aindustrial* purposes such
as radiation processing or sterilization are omitted from
this plot. From this figure, one may estimate the median
energy and power to be around 50 HeB and 10 ku,
respectirely, but with great variation in both directions.
That they tend to be grouped about the line reflects the
fact that each increase in accelerator length or field
gradient tends to augment the energy proportionately but may
not affect the beam current significantly.
-6-
A great majority of the installations of Table 3 must
have provision for handling activated components, and in
some cases, actfvated cooling water. Some activftp will be
present at about 10 Hev; above about 20 flev, the magnitude
of these problems scales approximately as beam power.
Radiolytic decomposition of cooling water map be a
problem where high-power beams are used, Uhere electron
beams are transported in air, ozone production may also be a
safety problem.
Units operating well above the pion production
threshold fabout 140 MeB) may present the problem of
high-energy neutron production. This neutron component
dominates the radiation field outsfde of the shielding and,
via "skyshine, * is the major contributor to the population
dose beyond the site boumdarp, At a fev installations
[above about 1 GeV), muon production must also be
considered.
A recent trend in the area of research accelerators(6,f)
is the use of short, intense pulses (on the order of 10
nanoseconds or less) for pulse radiolysis or for secondary
particle energy determination bp time-of-flight. Another
trend is the development of high duty-factor machines
(Amsterdam, Los Alamos EPA [standing wave), HIT. Saclay II).
Superconducting technology (as exemplified by the Stanford
SC Bark III accelerator) may offer the possibility of 100%
-7-
duty factor. In contrast to its popularity for medical
accelerators, standing-wave technology is used bp only two
research facilities (Los Alamos EPA, now being installed in
Ljubliana, and Gee1 BCBN). Klystrons of up to 40 MW peak
power have been developed and some facilities with
conventional facilities may choose to fncrease energy and
power by upgrading their BP source. Another means of
increasing beam energy is the SLAC Energy Doubler SLED, an
arrangement by which energy can be approximately doubled
while the duty factor is halved (yielding about the same
average beam power). Such a system is cnrrentlp being
installed at SLAC,
New facilities are now under construction or undergoing
major improvement for nuclear physics research (such as IKCB
in Amsterdam and Bates at MIT). Hovever, in the realm of
elementary particle research, the emphasis has shifted to
the construction of new storage rings fed by existing a
accelerators (e. g., Cornell, DESY, Prascati, Novosibirsk,
Orsay. SLAC). Interesting uses developed in the Soviet
Union are the use of electron linear accelerators for
mineral assay and bulk disinfestatation of grain.
Important trends not revealed by the data presented
here are in the number of new facilities in the three
categories being installed or planned. At the present time,
there are about 600 medical linear accelerators and their
number is increasing at an annual rate of about 15%,(U) The
number of industrial radiographic installations is presently
- 0-
a small fraction of the medical installations fat most about
10%) bat is also grouing proportionately as applications of
non-destructive testing are developed. The growth in the
number of research and special-purpose electron linacs has
definitely slowed, compared to the rate of construction
during the preceding decade.
The author gratefully acknowledges the help of many
individuals in providing the informatfon summarized here.
The manufacturers of electron linear accelerators were all
extremely cooperatfve, as were fUdi.QfdUUlS at the varfous
installations contacted, f particularly wish to thank J. H.
BlY, E, G. Fuller, T, F, Godlove, C, J. Karzmark, M, 6.
Kelliher, In. P. Vakhrnshin, G, A, Loew, 8, Mecklenburg, C.
gunan and J, Tanaka for providing information on
installations or accelerator types which helped make the
present tabulation significantly more complete.
-9-
BEFERENCES
1. Iit, l?. Swanson, Radiological Safety Aspects of the
Operation of Electron Linear Accelerators, International
Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (1978, in preparation).
2. A list of addresses of manufacturers and research linac
installations nap be obtained from the author.
3. Also see the useful paper by C. J. Karzmark and 1, C,
Pering, Electron linear accelerators for radiation
therapy: History, principles and contemporary devel-
opments, Phps. Bed, Biol. l8, 273 [1973).
4. See, for example, Bureau of Radiological Eealth (1975).
The Use of Linear Accelerators in Eledical Radiation
Therapy@ Overview Report No. 2, Harket and Use Charact-
eristics: Current Status and Future Trends, N.T.I.S.
Report No. PB-246-226, Bashington, D. C, (January,
1975).
5. J. S. Praser and S. 0. Schriber, Compendium of Linear
Accelerators 1976, Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd., Report
No. AECL- 5615, Chalk River, Ontario (Sept., 1976).
7. See, for example, papers in: Proceedings of the 1975
Particle Accelerator Conference: Accelerator Engineering
and Technology, held in Rashington, D. C.. EIarch 12-14,
1974, IEEB Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol, NS-22
7.
- 10 -
(1975). Report lo. PB-246-226, Uashiugton, D. C.
(January,
See, for example, papers in: Proceedings of the IXth
International Conference on High Energy Accelerators,
held at Stanford Lfuear Accelerator Center, Bay 2-7,
1974, X.T,I,S. Beport Xo. COIW 740522,
UC-28-Accelerators (TID-4500, 60th Ed.), Springfield,
Virginia (1974).
FIGUBE CAPTION
1. Beam power (kg) of represeutative research electron
linacs plotted against maximum beam energy (HeV). The
line represents the typical but otherwise arbitrary
average current of 100 uA (corresponding to, e, g-,
I (peak1 = 100 rA, DF = 0.1%).
‘964 L”E 5 F.fre..m 5
1965 S‘ 7,110 Philips 7 - 10 IIEL
,967 L”E 25 Efremo” 10. 15
7 - ,Z Isocentric tlO5 6.0 TU 9 H” +37, -37. (40) 105 cm SAD (370 2 sections Klystron +37.-1-L,
600 30 x 30 O.’ 0.3 k” electrons at 8 He” Cd’
1000 18 x 18 zo x 20(b) ,O.O’
1967 Therae 40 CO?.-Me” 10, 25 saggitaire AECI.
400 38 x ,B (1000) ;::w 2 k~ electron beam(d)
,967 LHR 13 Toshiba 10
1968 Clinac 4 “aria” 4
L9b9 Mevatron Applied 6 “I Radiation
1969 “evatroll Applied 8. 10 XII Radiation
1970 ML-15”IIB Hitsubishi 12
1970 Therapi 4 SH” Nuclear 4
L.6
0.3
1.0
1.3
1.7
0.35
400 30 x 30 0.1
--_ 1socentric 360 80 em S&O
-_- ISOCentric 370 100 em SAD
5 - 11 1socenrric 370 100 cm SAD
8 - I5 I*oCe"Lr*e 390 100 CR SAO
7 - 28 1socentric 360 100 ca SAD
300 40 x 40 0.02
300 40 x 40 0.1
500 30 x 30 0.1
220 40 x 40 0.1
2.25
0.75
1.1
2.3
0.3
1.7
2.3
2.5
0.3
1.4
2.3
0.25
1.2
0.3
1.25
1.z
1.0
2.6
+57. -90
--- *socentric 370 100 cm SAD
--- loocentric 370 100 C” ShO
3 - 10 IBOCe”triC 370 100 cm SliO
___ *socencric 420 80/100 cm SAD
300 30 x 30 0.I
250 40 x 40 0.1
300 35 x 35 0.1
27.5 40 x 40 0.05
350 30 x 30 0.1
400 40 7. 40 0.1
LO - 16 *socentric 420 100 cm SAD
6 - 20 IsOCe”triC 370 100 cm SAD
5 - 20 Isoceniric 360 LOO cm SAO
--_ *socentric 380 80 cm SAD
6 - LB IBOeenrriC 360 100 cm SAO
5 - 18 *socentric 370 100 cm SAD
___ 1socentric 380 80 cm SAO
6 - 17. I80Ce”triC 360 (4 - 9) 100 cm SAD
--- 1socentric 360 80 cm SAD
--- IsocenCric 420 100 cm SAD
6 - 10 isocentric 370 100 cm SAD
___ Iaaeentrie 370 100 cm St.0
10 - 20 1socentric *,*o 100 cm SAD
1973
,973
,974
1974
1974
,975
1975
1975
,976
1976
1976
400 30 x 30 0.9 LV e- at 10-15 k:(d)
224 3” x 30 0.1
500 35 x 35 0.1
350 ‘5 x 35 0.1
100 30 x 30 0.1
350 35 x 35 0.1
192 40 x 40 0.1
350 40 x 40 0.1
300 40 x 40 0.1
300 35 x 35 0.1
merac 10 CGR-He” 9 Neptune AECL
Oynaray 6 Radiation 6 oynamies
L”E 15M Efremo” 15
95
300 30 x 30 20 x 20(b) i::(c)
1.5 kU e1ectroa beam(d)
3 - 18 IBoCeRtriC 370 100 cm SAD
___ 1socentric 360 100 cm SAD
1.3
0.3
1.6
0.3
0.3
0.6
300 40 x 40 0.1
200 40 x 40 0.1
,977 c1inac 20 “aria” 15
1977 WI FOUR EHI Therapy 4
1977 EHI SIX EM1 Therapy 6
,978 L.“E 5H Ef retno” 4 - 5
,918 SL 75/14 Philips 8, 10 "EL
6 - 20 ISoCentTiC 360 100 cm SAD
--- IBOce”tr.lC 360 100 cm SAD
___ *socentric 360 100 CD SAD
4-5 1aocenrric t120 100 cm SAD
500 35 x 35 0.1
220 40 x 40 0.1
220 40 x 40 0.1
200 :; f; :;(b)
35” 40 x 40 0.L 4 - 14 Isoeentric 360 2.25 TV 2 HW 95 LOO C" SAD htagnerron
-12-
Table 2. Radiation characteristics of electron linear accelerators for industrial radiography.
Manufacturer Model Nominal Beam RF Power Source Maximum X-Ray Maximum Nominal Photon Energy (MeV) (Magnetron output Field Size Leakage Radiation
or klystron) (unflattened) (at 1 m) (per cent of useful
(rad min-1 m2) (cd beam at 1 m)
CGR MeV
CGR MeV
Efremov
Efremov
Efremov
Efremov
Efremov
EMI Therapy
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Mitsubishi
Radiation Dynamics
Radiation Dynamics
Radiation Dynamics
Varian
Varian
Varian
Varian
Neptune 6
Neptune 10
LUE-15-1.5
LUE-lo-1D
LUE-lo-2D
LUE-15-15000D
LUE-5-500D
Radiograf 4
ML-1 RI1
M-l RI11
ML-3R
ML-5R
ML-5 RI1
ML-1OR
ML-15 RI1
Super X 600
Super X 2000
Super XX
Linatron 200
Linatron 400
Linatron 2000
Linatron 6000
6
10
15
10
10
15
5
4
0.95
0.45 0.95
1.5
3
4
8
12
4
8
12
2
4
8
15
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
M
K
M
M
K
M
M
M
K
750
2000
10 000
1800
5000
15 000
500
500
20
1.5 15
50
300
350
2000
7000
600
2000
175
400
2000
6000
50 (diam)
50 (diam)
30 (diam)
22 (diam)
25 (diam)
40 (diam)
35 (diam)
26 x 35
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
30 (diam)
77 x 77
39 x 39
55 (diam)
27 (diam)
0.1
0.1
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
0.1 0.1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.1
0.1
0.1
-13-
Table 3. Radiation Parameters of Research and special-mrpose Slectron ~lnesr kcesleeqtors. -___----------l_l---~ -____
lbt o- RI so*rce
Nominal Typleql Iligk-Power 0perat10n (kpprox.,
(al ---------- ___--_------_-------------------_-_ Installation Peat aachine Purpose Special rambar and Immber Peak Peak lznerq, T PII a1ectron
FXllXq, Dot,
qpe Of .Lld PO.OC crrrrent *ate s-actor PO.*= LOCLtiOll In*", Description Capabilities SeCtiOU Type WS) IIA, (M*V, IEZ, 1%) IkW
--_-------------- ----- -- --
(d, 1 Imstardam IKO 500
2 Irgoilne 22
3 Bariloche 30
q Bedford RADC 12
5 aerun SlB 35
6 Berlin Ii11 18
7 Bethesda ,llRI 55
8 Boeing (Seattle) 30
9 m109na 12
10 nom 35
11 corm11 246
12 Daresbury L3
(3 Dqrqstadt DlLIlbC 70
IO DLSI II 400
15 I 50
16 rrascati CW" 450
17 Gee1 BCRY 150
18
19
20
WI 21
22
23
24
25
t*, 26
alent 90
oiessen GIL6 65
Glssgor I 130
Glaa9or II 30
Aamnersmitb SBC 0
name11 I 55
II 136
Usbrer Dnirersity 8 (Jerusaleq,
Hokaido 45
27 Karlsrqhe 22
(e, 2.0 Kharkov I 500
29 II 2000
J$, 30 .aorgan 0
31 K,oto (Osaka) 46
(e) 32 Leningrad 0
nuclear physics nac1ear cheqistry
unclear physics liuc1ear chemistry
Iletltron physics Badiatloq research
Radiation research
rctirstian aaa1ysis lleutrcm radiography Radiation protection
Pulse radlolysis
Radiation research
Radiation research
Radiation chemistry Radiation biology Radiation physics
SpEhrotron Injector
spchrotron injector
Synchrotron injector
wnc1ear physics
Synchrotron injector
Second injector
Ill0 - 500 I¶*,, Large duty factor
a12 - 20 aer, 250 * In 35 ps at 800 112
10-100 ns pulses at 100 B1
Sanosecond pulses
Sigh current
Selectable pulse width nigh CUrrent 11 *.ps in 10 ns pulse
lee', resolution 30 Ire,
*+I250 - 380 "ev, DOBIS storage rings PETRI storage rings(d)
Storage ring injector e*(60 - 320 "ev, ADOMS storage rings
Nuclear physics 10 I.p* in 3 ns pulse
Uuclaar physics e+(l" - It0 aer,
loclear ph~slcs "ono-E photoas(S-35 Be,)
nuclear pllrsics n,o - 10 ma.)
Nuclear physics Comqon beam dlstribntlon
Radiation ph,slcs
Roclear physics n,o - 10 aer,
lluclear physics 010 - 30 aer,
Poise radlolysis Wa'nosecond pulses
Hentrm diffraction Fulse Radiolysis
Pood preservation
Nuclear physics
Particle physics
Product sterilization aaqnetic scannioq system
lieUtroll production Xx(0 - ta aev,
Radiation chemistry lagoetlc scanning s,ste. Product sterilization
25 TS (S,
2 TS (I.,
1 TY (S,
1 TY IL,
2 ru IS)
1 TY (1,
6 ?Y IS)
3 TY IS,
1 TY (L,
1 TY
6 TY
4 rn
2 TY IS,
1" 'LY
5 ZY
12 TY (5,
1 SY (S, 2 TV (S,
2 TY IS)
2 TY (5,
12 TY IS)
2 TS IS,
1 *Y
7 TY ,s,
e TY (I.,
1 TY
3 TY IS,
1 TW
49 TY
1 TY IS,
2 TY IL,
2 TY IS)
12 K (14)
2 K (20,
1 K
10
2500
300
1 K (IO,
IK
550
180
1 K (10)
u K
1 K
1 K (10,
1 K (25)
3K
2 K (30,
1x
14 K (25,
5K (6, 6 K (20,
3K
000
1000
1100
1400
25D 50
l@ 10
25 1.2
10 9.3
30 u
12 5
30 1.0
11.5 5
6 5
800 20 1 50 0.005 0.B 10
100 IS0 2.5 60 0.015 2.3 11
500 113 0.73 53 0.004 0.8 12
60 70 5.5 IS0 0.08 a.0 13
200 500 2 so 0.01 10 14
70 50 1 so 0.005 0.2 15
100 voo 3.2 250 0.06 10 16
1500 90
2 K (20, 250 10
IK 200 65
3 K (25, 300 93
1 K IZO, PO0 19
I I( I.3 25 1
7K 10, 500 30
9 K (20) 1000 60
1 !I 1400 0
100
100
20
so0
45
1 K
51 R (20,
1 I 19,
* It (10'
I u (9,
16
300
1600
0
25
0
0.1
2.5
2
3.5
3.5
2
2.0
5.0
0.01
3
4
1.2
$
2500
120
10. 200
0.12 #5
1
2
200 0.024 1.8 3
100 0.08 5.0 4
300 0.12 6.5 5
so 0.025 2.5 6
,000 0.1 30 7
30 0.015 1.9 8
300 0.15 12 9
900 0.009 12 17
300 0.075 13 16
250 0.05 6.0 19
150 0.05 19 20
2llo 0.00 6 21
300 0.06 0.1 22
200 0.04 5 23
300 0.15 90 24
#60 0.0005 1 25
200
300
so
180
0.06 5 26
0.1 2
0.006 2
S
0.07 10
5
27
26
29
30
3,
32
-14-
----- -------- -- lb) o--
PI sonrce Typical nigh-Power operation ,.ppraz., noe:rd Cl) _-------_-- ---- -.-- -----------------------------
Installation Peak nac+Jine Pnrpose SpeCiSkl Number and Number Peat Peak merg, T PU1.W D-a, Electroa !&erg* end Ro.er cerrellt Nate mctor POWX
Loce.tion Description Trpe Of
IneW Capabilities S.SCt.iOUS rrpe fW (=I) (a=T) ,.:, IN=) W WI -------- -- -I- -------_
33 Lirerwore LLL 100 e-(10 - 180 la.) "0110-L photonsl5-?0 aer) ll(D - 30 aer,
5 ?ll (S, 5 K (15)
21:
650 75 3
20 500
300 0.1 95 33
SW IS)
8 -rY ,s,
1 TY
22 TY (S,
3 TY
1 TY (5)
1 7" (S,
2 TY (S)
1 TY (S,
6 TY
1 TM (3
1 1" (S,
TM (9
9 *Y (I,
3 t"
1 *Y
17 120
8 K (25)
1 K 120)
IO K (4,
150 270 3 150
500 10 5 50
10 400 15 1250
3K
1 I (1.8)
18 (9)
1 I (9)
i !I (9)
30 105
5
8
8
1 60
22
611 1000 60 5.5 150
1 " 330
900
3.5
I(
PO0
400
6 K (25)
2 K (15)
2 K 15)
1 lJ (9)
111 (9)
I2 K
5.5 50 0.027
500
10
11
30
60
30
10 5 100
250 5 360
1 K (20) 750
1 K 250
3X 950
llK 15000
1 I 325
0
15
too
15
35
50
3.2 2@0
3.2 180
1 360
140 0.024 K 1000
6 0.01 550
2000 1.5 50
6 20 38
0.01 15 35
0.025 1.3 36
1.6 60 37
0.006 0.2 38
0.7 39
5 (10
5 &l-Ii3
1.5 44
Prototype for protons Large duty factor Standing-rare
Noclear physics 80110-* phtns(lO-100 aer, S(5 - 150 me.1 Kaaosecond pulses
Radiation biology 6 Ieps in 10-11s pulse Radiation chemietry
35 aainz 320
36 Kenchester 12 (Paterson Labs)
37 KIT Bate6 900
Noclear physics
Radiation cheeistry Magnetic defocusing lens
Product sterilization Kaqaetic scanning s,ere.
Radiation chemistq magnetic scannieg s,ste. Product sterilization
1ctlration aee1Rei.a Righ-inteasitr bre.s. Recirculated bea.
(e) 94 22
45 "oscoe Knrchato. 60 Nuclear physics Kentfoe prodoction 50 n8 pulses at 900 Bz
0.1 55
0.15 5
0.09 5
7 52-53
1
0.16 10
58
55
0.07 N 56
0.06 5 57
0.04 10 56
0.0024 50 59
0.0006 60
O.OOR- 9 61
10 6 200 0.1 10 62
85 9.5 720 0.32 50 63
(e) 46 "osl~ow LIIRI D-27 10
I=) 07 D-26 11
(e) qii U-17 30
(a) 09 Niosco" BTI I 60
w 50 II 30
51 l&tick NINLDCO~~ 15
"eotron production
(e)52-53 daroi 6 (2 acceleratorsl
Nuclear physics
We"trOn spectroscop,
Rood preservation Radiation cheeistq
1ctiration aaalysis
I=) 56 15
55 dBS (Kashington) 160
56 KRL (London) 22
57 nnc (Otto".?, 35
58 SBL (mashington) 60
59 Oak Ridge OBKLl 178
(e) 60 Ohio State 6
61 Orsa, 2300
activation aealRsis
Nuclear physics Radiation standards
Radiation l etrology
suc1ear phRsics
Radiation research.
Nuclear physics
Pulse radiolRsis
Particle phReics
62 Baychee 17 (Copenhagen)
Product irradiation
63 Rensselaer 100 Badiation research
64 Rio de Janeiro 30 Nuclear phyaica
65 NIS,T (SoetUde) 14 Radiation research
101 in 10 II* pe1ee
Keltiple bean ports
25000 rad min-1 brew.
25000 red ein-1 brew.
n(0 - 20 *ev, e+y10 - 110 *or,
5 *.ps in 5-ns poise
Neutron production
Neotron prodndion
Nanosecond palses
Nanosecond pulses
e+ I - 1.3 Gev, storage rings ICO, DC1
High current
19 K(20.25) 60
1 I[ 1100
9 K (10) 300
1 I, 1 K 100
1 K (171 1100
a,0 - 30 ser, 6 Leps in ehort pnlse
28 3.3 360 0.1 2.6 64
10 4 200 O.OR N.8 65 Naa0~ecor.d poises High CUrrent
-15- - --
lb) ICI PI Sonme
romlnsl Typical nigh-Power Operation (Ipprox.1
(a) -_-____-_ ------------------I-______I__ Im8tallatlon Peak Iacblne Pmrporre specim1 Iunbar and Umber Peak Peak magy ? Pulse
Energy Duty Electron
*na Poeer Carrent Pate R.¶ctOl Dome= Lc-xtion (ael) De6crlptlon Capabilities
Type of Sectloos TYP= wm IW Ideal I.:, (82) II) (W
- -
67 II 600
100
2s
70
100
750 15
700 60
500 20
10 50
300 200
100 260
30 1200
0.1 2000
70 20000
2 500 0.1 7 66
20 1000 2.0 200 67
5 100 0.05 6 60
1.5 180 0.08 35 69
1.5 180 0.001 0.1 70
1 120 0.01 0.05 71
1.2 600 0.05 30 72
3.3 300 0.1 20 73
1.3 120 0.016 6
CE 100. 200 75
1.6 360 0.06 000 76
2
4
1.2
1)
3.5
3
10
4.5
4.5
8
150
300
0.03 11
0.12 7
77
78
21.5
200
0.0026 0.07 79
0.08 6 BO
2eo o.oll* 12 81
300 0.09 9 82
120 0.12 35
200 0.09 2.5
250 0.11 30
100 0.08 ieo
ato - 2 aer) 8080-1 pkotomm (I-60 Her)
q ?‘I (5, I K
1000-B phtns (2D-120 aor) 30 ?I (S) b3r-p aOty factor
15 K (12)
nigh-tes. spectro.eter# (t-0) 11non, ploa beaws (M-100 60,)
2 ?S IS) 1 K (20)
e 21 (L) 4 K (@O)
3 Tll IL) 2 K
2 ril 2K
6 T5I (S) 2 K (18)
5 I!* IS) 5 K (20)
31 T’s 31 K (20)
I S" (I) 8 K(O.015)
960 Tll (S) 2115 K(2040)
66 St. Bartholomew 15 Radiation physlcm (London) Radiation hlology
69 Sam Diego IPT 100 Radiation reaearcb Ienomxond pulses e*(3 - 75 aor) llono-B pboton8(3-75 Her)
Radiation research 50-pa pulses 70 J. 6arbara IGW 30
71 sao pall10 USP 50
72 Sa#katcheran 250
73 Sendal (Tohokn) 280
IJuclear physics
Nuclear phyalca
Paclear physics
n,o - 150 I(eV)
ri(O - 20 a..,
Stamford Onlr.: 74 BPPL Bark III 1200 Particle physics e+ I - 1 Gev)
Plon therapy studlee Plom coadenser
(a) 75 BBPL Supercdg 2000 Particle phydca Supercondwting llnac Plon therapy studies Duty factor - lOOI me4 electron lager Becirculated beam
76 SLLC 22800 Particle phydcs =+I - 15 OH) Interlaced boano SPEAP *tong* rings loom and .(uo. beams Picosecond pulses lone-I, polarized photons Polarized electrons llnergies to 27735 Gey (SLED) (d) PEP stbrage rings(d)
B(O - 20 Be,) 5 ?Y IS)
lEO0 spectrometer 3 tu 1st
1 !?Y IS)
20 ps single pulse 2 tu (S)
e+(lO - 25 aev) II ?ll (5) 1110 - 20 l.3,')
Nanosecond pulses 2 T@
nanosecond pulses 2 *iI IS,
1 T" IS)
O(0 - 20 aev) 5 TY IL)
2 T" (S)
Itaratlre acceleration I) TY (S) =* I - 200 aer)
77 Wk.1 JASBI 190
76 Tokyo BTL 33
Pucle*r physics
Puclear Physics Solid-&ate physics
symchrotron injector
neutron Phyalcs Pulse raai0i+s
anclear physics
Pulse radlolysls Radiation research
Nuclear effects
Radiation research
Nuclear physics
Synchrotron injector
Nuclear physics Solid state physics Synchrotron radiation
5 K (20)
2 K (7)
1 K (6) 2 K (6.5)
2 K (20)
1 K
2 K (20)
1 K (10)
2 K (20)
4 K (20)
350
200
200
200
@DO
000
600
200
700
200
1500
100
30
13
35
35
13
48
14
40
120
79 Tokyo 115 15
80 Tokpo IlSL 35
81 Toronto 50
82 mlxa(1 13
63 White Sande "SlR 46
66 alnfrlth &BE 15
85 Tale 70
fe) 86 Yere1an I 50
87 II 480
- ---- ---_--_-_ -------- --
(a) ZY = traveling rare, SW = standing ware, S = S-band, L = L-hand operating frequency. lb) .m.ber of klystrons (K) , .agaetrons Ia) or anp11trons (1,. Peak power rating per unit fl!Pl given la parentheses. fc) Parameters simnltaneonsly achievable giving hlqheet electron beam power under contlanoos operation.
.(d) Dndee constcoctloo or design parameters not yet achieved at time of preparation of table. (e) Unconfirmed or incomplete information at tine of preparation of table. (f) Being installed at Josef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, at time of prepar-atloo of table.
U/27/78)
ZI
9 X
0 0 0 0 rd
0 CJJ
0 P 0 u-l
MAX
IMU
M
BEAM
PO
WER
w
w
0 I
0 0
0 0
0 0
- 0
- l-u
w
P
u-l
0
0 0