Bacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals:

Phylogeny and Diversity

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 2

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 3

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 4 

Proteobacteria 

Chlam

ydias 

Spirochetes 

Cyanobacteria 

Gram­positive bacteria 

Korarchaeotes 

Euryarchaeotes,crenarchaeotes,nanoarchaeotes 

Diplomonads,parabasalids 

Euglenozoans 

Alveolates(dinoflagellates,apicom

plexans, ciliates) 

Stramenopiles(water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae) 

Cercozoans, radiolarians 

Red algae 

Chlorophytes 

Charophyceans 

Domain Archaea  Domain Eukarya 

Universal ancestor 

Domain Bacteria 

Proteobacteria 

Chlam

ydias 

Spirochetes 

Cyanobacteria 

Gram­positive bacteria 

Korarchaeotes 

Euryarchaeotes,crenarchaeotes,nanoarchaeotes 

Diplomonads,parabasalids 

Euglenozoans 

Alveolates(dinoflagellates,apicom

plexans, ciliates) 

Stramenopiles(water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae) 

Cercozoans, radiolarians 

Red algae 

Chlorophytes 

Charophyceans 

Domain Archaea  Domain Eukarya 

Universal ancestor 

Domain Bacteria 

Proteobacteria 

Chlam

ydias 

Spirochetes 

Cyanobacteria 

Gram­positive bacteria 

Korarchaeotes 

Euryarchaeotes,crenarchaeotes,nanoarchaeotes 

Diplomonads,parabasalids 

Euglenozoans 

Alveolates(dinoflagellates,apicom

plexans, ciliates) 

Stramenopiles(water molds, diatoms, golden algae, brown algae) 

Cercozoans, radiolarians 

Red algae 

Chlorophytes 

Charophyceans 

Domain Archaea  Domain Eukarya 

Universal ancestor 

Domain Bacteria

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 5 

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 

Plants 

Fungi 

Animals 

Seedless vascular plants (ferns) 

Gym

nosperms 

Angiosperms 

Amoebozoans(amoebas, slime molds) 

Chytrids 

Zygote fungi 

Arbuscular m

ycorrhizalfungi 

Sac fungi 

Club fungi 

Choanoflagellates 

Sponges 

Cnidarians (jellies, coral) 

Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids, 

arthropods,m

olluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates) 

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 

Plants 

Fungi 

Animals 

Seedless vascular plants (ferns) 

Gym

nosperms 

Angiosperms 

Amoebozoans(amoebas, slime molds) 

Chytrids 

Zygote fungi 

Arbuscular m

ycorrhizalfungi 

Sac fungi 

Club fungi 

Choanoflagellates 

Sponges 

Cnidarians (jellies, coral) 

Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids, 

arthropods,m

olluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates) 

Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, hornworts) 

Plants 

Fungi 

Animals 

Seedless vascular plants (ferns) 

Gym

nosperms 

Angiosperms 

Amoebozoans(amoebas, slime molds) 

Chytrids 

Zygote fungi 

Arbuscular m

ycorrhizalfungi 

Sac fungi 

Club fungi 

Choanoflagellates 

Sponges 

Cnidarians (jellies, coral) 

Bilaterally symmetrical animals (annelids, 

arthropods,m

olluscs, echinoderms, vertebrates)

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 6

Comparing the Domains

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 7

Nutritional Modes

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 8

Domains…….

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Prokaryote Shapes: Eubacteria

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Endosymbiosis: more than the sum of the parts

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 11

Endosymbiosis…..and plastids

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 12

Protista…..lots of them!

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 13

Protist Diversity

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 14

The Algae: Protists or Plants Euglenozoa: Euglena and Peranema

q unicellular, flagellate, autotrophic

Pyrophyta: dinoflagellates q unicellular, flagellate, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell plates q (red tide, fire algae)

Bacillariophyta: diatoms q Unicellular, photoautotrophic, silica “test” (Petri dish) q diatomaceous earth

Chrysophyta: golden algae q Unicellular and multicellular, photoautotrophic, pectin or silica in cell walls

Phaeophyta: brown algae q Multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell walls, q Kelp

Rhodophyta: Red algae q Multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose and polysaccharide cell walls

Chlorophyta: green algae q Unicellular, colonial, multicellular, photoautotrophic, cellulose cell walls

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 15

Ulva Life Cycle isomorphic alternation of generations green algae Chlorophyta 

Haploid zoospores produced in sporangia 

have 4 flagella 

Haploid gametes produced in gametangia 

have 2 flagella

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 16

– gamy … –morphy … –spory so many terms, so little time………..

Heterogamy q Male and female differ in size

and/or shape Isogamy

q Male and female same size and shape

Anisogamy q Differ in size and/or shape

Oogamy q Egg much larger than sperm q Non-motile egg

Heteromorphy q Sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte (n) are

noticeably different in appearance Isomorphy

q Sporophyte (2n) and gametophyte are very similar in appearance

Isospory q All spores same size and structure

Heterospory q Microspores q Macrospores

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 17

Colonization of the Land

Adaptations for reproducing on land q Embryophyte plants q Seed plants

Subterranean and aerial organs q Rhizomes and roots….leaves, cones, flowers….

Chemical Adaptations q Primary products: glucose, cellulose, amino acids for

structure, storage, metabolism, growth q Secondary products for protection

n Ligninà wood n Poisons à eg cardiac glycosides n Sporopollenin à polymer resistant to environmental

damage (spore coats)

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1/8/2006 Phylogeny 19

Plants

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Alternation of Generations: General

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Alternation of generations: variations on a theme…….

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Sporophytes &

Gametophytes

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Medicines derived from seed plants….

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 24 

Angiosperms: Covered Seeds

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 25

Fungi

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Fungi…………

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Fungal hyphae………..

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Specialized Hyphae

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Fungal Life Cycle I

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Fungal Life Cycle II

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What is an animal?

n Eukaryotic n Multicellular n Heterotrophic n Ingest food n Lack cell walls n Collagen as main structural protein n Nervous and muscle tissue n Diploid life stage dominant

q Only gametes are haploid

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Animal Development:

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Hypothetical transition from colonial protist to gastrula-like protoanimal

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 34

•Parazoa

•Eumetazoa

•Radiata

•Bilateria

•Acoelomate

•Pseudocoelomate

•Coelomate

•Protostome

•Deuterostome

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 35

n Parazoa: q Multicellular q No true tissues q Porifera….sponges

n Eumetazoa q Multicellular q True tissues

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 36

Symmetry

•Radiata:

•Radial symmetry

•Diploblastic

Cnidaria

Ctenophoroa

•Bilateria

•Bilateral symmetry

•Triploblastic

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Acoelomate

Pseudocoelomate

Eucoelomate

Coelom = Body Cavity

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 38

Acoelomate

Solid body with no cavity

Platyhelminthes

planaria flukes tapeworms

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 39

Pseudocoelomate

Body cavity has outer but not inner mesoderm lining

nematodes rotifers

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Eucoelomate (Coelomate)

Body cavity lined completely with mesoderm

annelids molluscs arthropods echinoderms chordates

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 41

Protostome or

Deuterostome?

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 42

Protostomes q Spiral cleavage q Determinate cleavage q Schizocoelous coelom

n Mesoderm splits to form body cavity

q Mouth develops from blastopore (1 st mouth) and anus develops as a 2 nd

opening….primitive anus become mouth!

Deuterostomes q Radial cleavage q Indeterminate cleavage q Enterocoelous

n Mesoderm splits from wall of archenteron and becomes a coelom

q Mouth develops from a 2y opening (2 nd mouth) and blastopore becomes anus

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 43

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 44

Selected Animal Phyla

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 45

Chordates

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 46

Chordate Characteristics

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 47

Vertebrates

n Agnatha n Chondrichthyes n Osteichthyes n Amphibians n Reptiles n Birds n Mammals

1/8/2006 Phylogeny 48

Source

Campbell Biology 7 th edition http://www.aw-bc.com/campbell/