Post on 26-Dec-2015
Automated SystemsAutomated Systems
What is an Automated SystemWhat is an Automated System
Typically automated systems have anTypically automated systems have an
InputInput
ProcessProcess
OutputOutput
What is an Automated SystemWhat is an Automated System
The input may be manual or automaticThe input may be manual or automatic
The process will be carried out by the The process will be carried out by the machinemachine
Finally the output is producedFinally the output is produced
Examples of Automated SystemsExamples of Automated Systems
In the homeIn the home
ToastersToasters
DVD playersDVD players
Washing machinesWashing machines
Central heating controlsCentral heating controls
Examples of Automated SystemsExamples of Automated Systems
Out and aboutOut and about
Traffic lights Traffic lights
Automatic doorsAutomatic doors
Drinks vending machineDrinks vending machine
Parking ticket dispensersParking ticket dispensers
Examples of Automated SystemsExamples of Automated Systems
In the work placeIn the work place
CNC lathesCNC lathes
Robot armsRobot arms
Mobile robotsMobile robots
watch a clip of an automated system
Why use automated systemsWhy use automated systems
SafetySafety
AccuracyAccuracy
FasterFaster
FlexibilityFlexibility
EfficiencyEfficiency
RepetitionRepetition
SafetySafety
Dangerous or unhealthy tasks are carried Dangerous or unhealthy tasks are carried out by machinesout by machines
Spray painting carsSpray painting cars
Working with toxic chemicalsWorking with toxic chemicals
Operating in dangerous environmentsOperating in dangerous environments
AccuracyAccuracy
Automated systems are more accurate Automated systems are more accurate than human beingsthan human beings
They do not get tiredThey do not get tired
They do not get boredThey do not get bored
They do not lose their concentrationThey do not lose their concentration
FasterFaster
Automated systems can work faster than Automated systems can work faster than human beingshuman beings
FlexibilityFlexibility
Automated systems can be very flexible in Automated systems can be very flexible in what they can dowhat they can do
Robots are reprogrammableRobots are reprogrammable
Robots can have their end effectors Robots can have their end effectors changed to do new taskschanged to do new tasks
EfficiencyEfficiency
Automated systems are more efficient Automated systems are more efficient than human beings because:than human beings because:
They work 24 hrs a day without breaksThey work 24 hrs a day without breaks
365 days a year without holidays365 days a year without holidays
Are never sick, do not strike and never ask Are never sick, do not strike and never ask for a pay rise once they are purchasedfor a pay rise once they are purchased
RepetitionRepetition
Lots of tasks carried out in factories are Lots of tasks carried out in factories are very repetitivevery repetitive
These are best carried out by These are best carried out by programmable machines that will programmable machines that will continually repeat actions over and over continually repeat actions over and over again without deviationagain without deviation
Why use automated systemsWhy use automated systems
SafetySafety
AccuracyAccuracy
FasterFaster
FlexibilityFlexibility
EfficiencyEfficiency
RepetitionRepetition
Types of controlTypes of control
Open loop control system gives out control Open loop control system gives out control information information
Control computer
Instructions
Output
Types of controlTypes of control
This does not involve feedbackThis does not involve feedback
Control computer Output
Open Loop Diagram
Instructions
Types of controlTypes of control
Closed loop control system uses feedback Closed loop control system uses feedback from a sensorfrom a sensor
Control computer
Instructions
Output
Traffic sensor
Sensor provides feedback
sensorfeedback
control information
output
Closed Loop Diagram
Control Computer
Watch a video clip
Types of controlTypes of control
The sensor provides information to the The sensor provides information to the control computer. This is called feedback.control computer. This is called feedback.
The control computer can (The control computer can (not willnot will) alter ) alter the instructions to the output device.the instructions to the output device.
decision
sensorfeedback
control informationoutput
Closed Loop Diagram
Types of controlTypes of control
The difference between open and closed The difference between open and closed loop controlloop control
An open loop system carries on regardless An open loop system carries on regardless no matter what the circumstancesno matter what the circumstances
A closed loop system uses feedback to A closed loop system uses feedback to alter the control informationalter the control information
Watch a video clip
RoboticsRobotics
Two types of robotsTwo types of robots
Stationary (Robot Stationary (Robot arms)arms)
MobileMobile
watch a video clip
The anatomy of stationary robotsThe anatomy of stationary robots
Wrist
Elbow
Shoulder
Waist
End Effector
waist
shoulder
elbow
end effector
wrist
watch a video clip
This could be drawn like this
RobotsRobots
Stationary RobotsStationary Robots
End Effectors can be of various types:End Effectors can be of various types:
GripperGripper
Suction cupSuction cup
Paint sprayPaint spray
Welding electrodeWelding electrode
Watch a video clip
Mobile RobotsMobile Robots
Autonomous guided vehiclesAutonomous guided vehicles
Remote controlled vehiclesRemote controlled vehicles
Autonomous guided vehiclesAutonomous guided vehicles
AGV keep the production line in parts by AGV keep the production line in parts by fetching and carrying them from the warehouse fetching and carrying them from the warehouse to the assembly lineto the assembly line
Autonomous guided vehiclesAutonomous guided vehicles
AGV travel using:AGV travel using:
a magnetic guidance system a magnetic guidance system
a light guidance systema light guidance system
Autonomous guided vehiclesAutonomous guided vehicles
All AGV will be fitted with sensors to detect All AGV will be fitted with sensors to detect unexpected objects in their pathunexpected objects in their path
AGV will stop immediately if something is AGV will stop immediately if something is detecteddetected
Communication with the control computer Communication with the control computer will be in real timewill be in real time
Remote controlled vehiclesRemote controlled vehicles
RCV are used in RCV are used in places where it is not places where it is not safe for humans to go safe for humans to go and are used in:and are used in:
Bomb disposalBomb disposalNuclear power Nuclear power stationsstationsToxic areasToxic areasDeep sea explorationDeep sea exploration
Remote controlled vehiclesRemote controlled vehicles
RCV will be fitted with a variety of sensors RCV will be fitted with a variety of sensors and may include robot armsand may include robot arms
RCV are usually guided by a human using RCV are usually guided by a human using an optical sensor (camera)an optical sensor (camera)
RobotsRobots
Each movable part of a robot is powered Each movable part of a robot is powered by an actuator which can be:by an actuator which can be:
ElectricalElectrical
Hydraulic (liquid pressure)Hydraulic (liquid pressure)
Pneumatic (air pressure)Pneumatic (air pressure)
Robot arm movementRobot arm movement
One of the most important specifications of One of the most important specifications of a robot arm is the number of degrees of a robot arm is the number of degrees of freedom it hasfreedom it has
The number of ways the arm can move its The number of ways the arm can move its movable jointsmovable joints
Robot arm movementRobot arm movement
The human armThe human armThe wrist can move up and down and left The wrist can move up and down and left to right - two degrees of freedomto right - two degrees of freedomThe elbow moves in one plane only but The elbow moves in one plane only but the forearm can cross over- two degrees the forearm can cross over- two degrees of freedomof freedomThe shoulder can move in three planes The shoulder can move in three planes and up and down – four degrees of and up and down – four degrees of freedomfreedom
Robot arm movementRobot arm movement
The robot arm The robot arm has also got a has also got a waist which waist which allows left to right allows left to right movement – one movement – one degree of degree of freedomfreedom
waist
Degrees of freedomDegrees of freedom
This is a measure of the number of movements This is a measure of the number of movements which the joints can move.which the joints can move.
This example has 6 degrees of freedomThis example has 6 degrees of freedom
Rotates base of arm
Pivots base of arm
Bends elbow
Moves wrist up and down
Moves wrist left and right
Rotates wrist
Robot arm movementRobot arm movement
The terms roll, pitch and yaw are used to The terms roll, pitch and yaw are used to describe different types of movementdescribe different types of movement
Yaw is movement from side to sideYaw is movement from side to side
Pitch is up and down motionPitch is up and down motion
Roll is rotationRoll is rotation
RobotsRobots
Robots are connected to a computer by a Robots are connected to a computer by a device known as an interfacedevice known as an interface
An interface allows analogue and digital An interface allows analogue and digital devices to communicate with each otherdevices to communicate with each other
Interface- Analogue to DigitalInterface- Analogue to Digital
Analogue signal
Interface
Digital signal
Sensors provide analogue data
Computers use only digital data
InterfacesInterfaces
Analogue and digital conversionAnalogue and digital conversion
Movement and sensor readings are Movement and sensor readings are analogue - a variable signalanalogue - a variable signal
Computers are digital 0’s and 1’s Computers are digital 0’s and 1’s
Conversion must take placeConversion must take place
InterfacesInterfaces
A to D converters change the continuously A to D converters change the continuously varying analogue signal to digitalvarying analogue signal to digital
D to A converters allow the computer to D to A converters allow the computer to send instructions to analogue devicessend instructions to analogue devices
Transducers + DigitisersTransducers + Digitisers
A transducer is a device which changes A transducer is a device which changes external physical input into an analogue external physical input into an analogue signal e.g. temperature sensorssignal e.g. temperature sensors
A digitiser converts a visual image from a A digitiser converts a visual image from a video or television camera into a digital video or television camera into a digital formform
Programming robotsProgramming robots
Can be reprogrammed to do different Can be reprogrammed to do different tasks there are two ways to instruct a tasks there are two ways to instruct a robot:robot:
Using a high level language – a control Using a high level language – a control language (this is done remotely)language (this is done remotely)
Lead through methodLead through method
watch a video clip
Mobile robotsMobile robots
Mobile robots may not be in contact with a Mobile robots may not be in contact with a control computercontrol computer
They will have control programs which are They will have control programs which are stored on ROM chips (Read Only Memory)stored on ROM chips (Read Only Memory)
SimulatorsSimulators
Simulators a developed to realistically Simulators a developed to realistically recreate a real life situationrecreate a real life situation
These can be a model of a real life These can be a model of a real life situation, testing a car or walking through situation, testing a car or walking through a new buildinga new building
Or used for training – flying a plane or Or used for training – flying a plane or driving a cardriving a car
video
SimulatorsSimulators
Virtual RealityVirtual Reality
Virtual Reality Virtual Reality is a method of producing is a method of producing the outside world digitallythe outside world digitally
VR may require the user to wear a VR may require the user to wear a headsetheadset, which will have earphones and , which will have earphones and goggles and goggles and data gloves data gloves to inputto input
Users respond to computer generated Users respond to computer generated graphics called graphics called AvatarsAvatars
Video
Virtual RealityVirtual Reality
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
Social implicationsSocial implications
Job losses- less workers neededJob losses- less workers needed
Job securityJob security
New jobs- maintenance of A.S.New jobs- maintenance of A.S.
New skills- programmingNew skills- programming
System AnalysisSystem Analysis
A systems analyst will determine what A systems analyst will determine what processes can be automatedprocesses can be automated
What machines will be best suitedWhat machines will be best suited
What computer systems and software are What computer systems and software are neededneeded
A systems analyst will also detail the design and layout of the factory
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
Maintenance, testing and reprogramming of robot arm can be carried out on site
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
Technical implications – SafetyTechnical implications – Safety
People and machines kept apart as much People and machines kept apart as much a possiblea possible
Special design or layout of factorySpecial design or layout of factory
Safety barriers and robot only pathsSafety barriers and robot only paths
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
A typical automated car factory. Notice that there are no people about.
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
Technical implications – SafetyTechnical implications – Safety
Moving parts of machines coveredMoving parts of machines covered
Mobile robots move slowly and are fitted Mobile robots move slowly and are fitted with sensors to detect obstacles with sensors to detect obstacles
Robots only carry out tasks when Robots only carry out tasks when component is in position e.g. painting component is in position e.g. painting when car is in positionwhen car is in position
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
A factory layout for an automated systemA factory layout for an automated system
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
Quality controlQuality control
Using automated systems the quality of Using automated systems the quality of the product can be kept consistentthe product can be kept consistent
Manager monitor the system making Manager monitor the system making changes if necessary changes if necessary
Implications of Automated SystemsImplications of Automated Systems
Economic Economic
Expensive to installExpensive to install
Complete new factories may have to be Complete new factories may have to be builtbuilt
Long term “cheaper” than humansLong term “cheaper” than humans
Productivity is increasedProductivity is increased
The FutureThe Future
““Intelligent robots”Intelligent robots” ?
Expert systems will combine with Expert systems will combine with robots allowing “thinking” machines robots allowing “thinking” machines which will apply rules more which will apply rules more consistently than humans, explain consistently than humans, explain their decisions and learn from their their decisions and learn from their mistakesmistakes
watch a video clip 1watch a video clip 2watch a video clip 3