Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Hong Kong22 June 2009

Atrium Hot Smoke TestAtrium Hot Smoke Testat HKCECat HKCECat HKCECat HKCEC(Ir Professor W.K. Chow)(Ir Professor W.K. Chow)(Ir Professor W.K. Chow)(Ir Professor W.K. Chow)

Presented by Professor W.K. ChowChair Professor of Architectural Science and Fire EngineeringDirector, Research Centre for Fire Engineering, g gHead of Department, Department of Building Services EngineeringLeader, Area of Strength: Fire Safety Engineering

AHSTHKCEC2A1.ppt

1 Introduction1. Introduction

2

Foyer AH K C ti d E hibitiHong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre – Expansion Project (HKCEC Expansion Project)

To evaluate the performance of dynamic smokeexhaust systems in the HKCEC ExpansionProject through the application of a hot smoketest

3

Hong Kong Convention and

4Exhibition Centre

The siteThe site

5

Foyer Ay

6

Testing procedure followed those in AS 4391-1999 as specified inthe Fire Service Installations (FSI) Code. Test fire with a heat

l f 2 MW ill b d Thi l i fi d hrelease rate of 2 MW will be used. This value satisfied thespecification in FSI with heat release rate higher than 1 MW.

The main testing criterion is to demonstrate the acceptableThe main testing criterion is to demonstrate the acceptableperformance of the proposed fire safety systems.

Evaluate the smoke hazard management performance in Foyer Ag p ywith reference to the smoke layer height being maintained at a levelabove 2.8 m (see Appendix K for details). Other testing criteria listedin the FSI Code will be followedin the FSI Code will be followed.

The air temperature criterion will be watched as roof sprinkler wasinstalled for suppressing fire. Sprinkler heads at some positions willbe thermally lagged. The smoke temperature is estimated to be in theorder of 55°C (see Appendix K for details).

7

The test is conducted together with a team fromThe test is conducted together with a team fromthe Harbin Engineering University

L d P f G YLeaders: Professor Gao Ye

Professor Dong HuiProfessor Dong Hui

8

Th t9

The team

2 Objectives of the Test2. Objectives of the Test

10

As specified in section 2.23 of the Fire ServiceInstallations (FSI) Code 2005 as in Appendix A by theInstallations (FSI) Code 2005 as in Appendix A by theFire Services Department (FSD), hot smoke tests (HST)are required as highlighted to evaluate the smokeq g gextraction system for a wide range of premise classes andareas of special risks for compartments with

– Headroom of 12 m or more; or

– Irregular geometrical dimensions or extraordinary largeIrregular geometrical dimensions or extraordinary largesize.

Reference of HST is made to the Australian Standard ASReference of HST is made to the Australian Standard AS4391.

11

Foyer A has a floor area 2,565 m2y ,The hall void volume is approximately 51,355 m3.The smoke clear height for Foyer A is 2 8 m with a 7The smoke clear height for Foyer A is 2.8 m with a 7MW design fire in FE Report.Agreed to be 4.5 m with a 2 MW fire in hot smoke test.g

12

To Phase 2 L7

15

L5 30 m

95 m 27 m

15 m

L2

Make-up air louversTo Phase 1

Make-up air flow

p

Remark: Extraction louvers uniformly distributed at the edge or under the slab of each level.

Zone A of Foyer

13

3 The Fire Source3. The Fire Source

14

As listed in section 2.2 on pool fire of the HST procedure,a 2 MW fire is proposed for the test.Th t f th fi ld f ll AS 4391 ith iThe apparatus for the fire would follow AS 4391 with sixA1-size fuel trays to give a 2 MW heat output.In accordance with AS 4391 the test fire fuel shall beIn accordance with AS 4391, the test fire fuel shall be‘Denatured Industrial Grade Methylated Spirit (Grade95)’.The fuel trays will sit in individual water baths with floorprotection as detailed in AS 4391.

15

The quantities of fuel to be used shall follow thoseThe quantities of fuel to be used shall follow thoserecommended in Table 2.7 of AS 4391. It should besufficient for a steady burning time of about 10 minutesas stated in section 2.2.2 of the HST procedure.

Based on the mock-up tests at the PolyU/USTC Atriump yand the first preliminary field test, approximately 96 litresof methylated spirit will be required for a 2 MW fire with

b i f i i h b i6 trays burning for over 10 minutes, with about 8 minutesof steady burning. Each tray will require about 10 litresof methylated spiritof methylated spirit.

16

2 MW Fire Source

17

Source

4 Hot Smoke Generation4. Hot Smoke Generation

18

As the test fire fuel selected will give clean combustionproducts, the smoke generated is not visible. Tracer

k h ld b i d d b ksmoke should be introduced by a smoke generator.

The Pepper Fog Smoke Generator Mark-XII-Dpreviously used for Hot Smoke Tests at Langham Placeand Mega Box.

The equipment is rented from the Fire ServicesDepartment, Hong Kong as in the first preliminary fieldtest.

19

FSD S k G20

FSD Smoke Gun

5 The Fire Chamber5. The Fire Chamber

21

A chamber is used to reduce thermal radiative effect toA chamber is used to reduce thermal radiative effect toadjacent object.

Th t b fl t tiThere must be floor protection.

Sufficient hot air will be generated by this arrangementand more thoroughly-mixed hot smoke will be dischargedout of the chamber.

This 2 MW test fire is demonstrated by the mock-up testsand the first preliminary field test to generate sufficienth t d b t t t th t kheat and buoyancy to transport the tracer smoke up.

22

42 m

4 m

2.7 m

23

Positions of the smoke generators in the FSD inspection test

24Floor Protection of the Fire Source

25

Ignition of the pool fire

26

27

Smoke gun at back

28Old trial

S k t tSmoke gun at top

New trial

29

New t a

6 Location of6. Location of Temperature SensorsTemperature Sensors

30

Temperature sensors were placed as a thermocoupletree T1 above the cabin.

There should be 14 measuring points of thermocouples(or thermoresistors) at 0 m, 2 m, 4 m, 6 m, 8 m, 10 m,( ) , , , , , ,12 m, 14 m, 16 m, 18 m, 20 m, 22 m, 24 m and 26 mabove the floor and at the ceiling level.

Temperatures to be measured at 5 s intervals, withmeasurement started from 5 minutes before ignition and5 minutes after burning.

Another tree T2 of temperature sensors is suggested top ggbe placed.

(Added to check smoke layer temperature)

31

(Added to check smoke layer temperature)

1 m T1 T2

L7 slab

15 m1 mL7 slab

4 m

L5 slab

L3 slab 4 m

14 m (b) A pictorial view

T1 T2 (a) Thermocouple trees

L2 slab

2 MW test fire Thermocouples on thermocouple trees

Make-up air flow Make-up air louvers 2 m

Location of thermocouples in zone A of Foyer

(c) Thermocouples

Remark: Extraction louvers uniformly distributed at the edge or under the slab of each level.

32

Location of thermocouples in zone A of Foyer

13 m 1 m 1 m

1 m

13

Boundary of L2 for Zone A

1 m 3 m

2 MW fire on floor

Boundary of roof for Zone A at L7

Boundary of L3 for Zone A Boundary of roof for Zone A at L5

Thermocouple trees hanging 2.8 m height line scale attached to wall

p g gat high level down to floor

Camera on floor Test control centre on floor

Pl i f A f F ith t t t

33

Plan view of zone A for Foyer with test setup

T2 T1

30 m

1 m 13 m 1 m

95 m

Sectional view of zone A for Foyer with test setup

34

7 Testing Procedure7. Testing Procedure

35

Set up the instrument as required.

Set up the chamber with smoke generators in positionsSet up the chamber with smoke generators in positions.

Apply protective coatings to nearby glass and expensiveequipment such as the escalators where appropriate Noteequipment such as the escalators where appropriate. Notethat the radiative heat flux at 1 m away from a 2 MW firecan be up to 6.62 kWm-2 (8.86 kWm-2 for a 5 MW fire!).

Cover sprinkler heads next to the thermocouple tree T1 byappropriate thermal lagging.

Safety aspects of the test will be observed with portableextinguishers for Class B fires at the ready.

Start the data acquisition system and let it run for 5 minutes.

36

T th id dTurn on the video recorder.

Set up the pool fires in the chamber by an ignition source.

Turn on the smoke generator.

Smoke generated would give a buoyancy-induced plumeg g y y pthat would move up, divert horizontally as a ceiling jet, andthen a smoke layer would be formed.

The whole operating sequence on detecting the fire,sounding the alarm, operating the smoke curtain, andturning on the fan will be testedturning on the fan will be tested.

The smoke layer should not descend to lower than thespecified height of 2 8 m above the floor levelspecified height of 2.8 m above the floor level.

Photographs on the transient positions of the smoke layerwill be taken at different angles

37

will be taken at different angles.

Observe whether the smoke layer can be kept above theObserve whether the smoke layer can be kept above thespecified smoke interface height of 5.0 m in foyer.

Turn off the smoke generator before methylated spiritTurn off the smoke generator before methylated spiritin the pool fires is used up.

T t l t d k th d t i iti it iTest completed, keep the data acquisition unit runningfor another 5 minutes.

ff h id dTurn off the video recorder.

Run the system for another 15 minutes to clear up thespace.

38

8. Mock-up Tests2 June 2009

3 June 20093 June 2009

39

Zone A

40

o e

Spread to zone C

41

Another Test: Hall 3 Zone BAnother Test: Hall 3 Zone B12 February 2009

42

43

D t di44

Data recording

Fire ChamberFire Chamber

45

S k L46

Smoke Layer

Smoke curtains drop to 3 m To phase 1above floor level To phase 1

15 mZone B

3 m

78 m

54.7 m

Zone A

To phase 2

M k i l

38.7 m93.4 m

Make-up air louvers

Make-up air flow Hall 3: Zone B

47

Extraction louvers

Hall 3 Zone BT t 12 F b 2009

10

12

m

Test on 12 February 2009

6

8

10

CFD predictionayer

hei

ght /

m

5.0 m

Average

Accepted value under 2 MW fire

0

2

4FE Report

p3.5 m

Sm

oke

la Accepted value under 2 MW fire

FE Report: under 7 MW fire

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Time / s

Smoke layer interface height by vertical air temperature profile

48