Post on 11-Jan-2016
Astronomy, OFotU
The String Landscape & Multiverse, The Anthropic Principle, and Anselm’s Ontological Argument
Dr. Gerald B. Cleaver Wheaton College 26 Mar 2008
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Intro to String TheoryLandscape of String Theory
Anthropic PrincipleAnselm’s Ontological Argument
Outline
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500 Physicists seeking Einstein’s final goal
the Theory of Everything (Physical)
Scientific Understanding of Universe
Sought in String (M) Theory
Science Fiction has become ScienceScience Fiction has become Science Extra Dimensions (7 to be exact)Extra Dimensions (7 to be exact) Parallel Universes (at least 1 + maybe a few more) Parallel Universes (at least 1 + maybe a few more)
Multiple Universes (perhaps ~ 10Multiple Universes (perhaps ~ 10100 to 500100 to 500)) Warped SpacetimeWarped Spacetime Time before TimeTime before Time Future for the UniverseFuture for the Universe
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String Theory impliesString Theory implies
nature of reality & existence isnature of reality & existence ismore complex …more complex …more beautiful …more beautiful …yet more simple …yet more simple …then ever imagined before!then ever imagined before!
Visible UniverseVisible Universe.cbabcaa AgA
trillion galaxies,trillion galaxies,
trillion stars per trillion stars per galaxygalaxy
13.7 billion13.7 billionlight yearslight yearsIn diameterIn diameter
= 8 x10= 8 x102222 mi mi
All Matter & Forces in the UniverseAll Matter & Forces in the UniverseUnified by String TheoryUnified by String Theory
Particles & ForcesParticles & ForcesLike Notes on a Violin StringLike Notes on a Violin String
B
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E
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String Interactions consistent w/ String Interactions consistent w/ Relativity Relativity
Astronomy, OFotU
Quantum MechanicsQuantum MechanicsRequires String Theory w/Requires String Theory w/
9 + 1 Dimensional Spacetime9 + 1 Dimensional SpacetimeAstronomy, OFotU
Strings have two vibrations – CW & CCWStrings have two vibrations – CW & CCW
Spin = # of Vibrations in our 3+1 Dim. SpacetimeSpin = # of Vibrations in our 3+1 Dim. Spacetime
Gravitons = Spin 2 Particles Gravitons = Spin 2 Particles = Strings w/ both vibes in 3+1 Dim S-T= Strings w/ both vibes in 3+1 Dim S-T
Photons, Gluons, WPhotons, Gluons, W+,-+,-, Z (non-grav. force part.), Z (non-grav. force part.) = Spin 1 Particles= Spin 1 Particles = Strings w/ 1 vibe in 3+1 Dim S-T= Strings w/ 1 vibe in 3+1 Dim S-T & 1 vibe in 6 Dim Comp Space& 1 vibe in 6 Dim Comp SpaceSUSY-SUSY-Matter = Spin 0 ParticlesMatter = Spin 0 Particles = Strings w/ both vibes in 6 Dim Comp= Strings w/ both vibes in 6 Dim Comp SpaceSpace
SphericalSpherical ToroidalToroidal
Products of 6 Circular DirectionsProducts of 6 Circular Directions
oror
Forming Forming
9 Dim 3 Large Dim + 6 Compact Dim
Too Simple!Too Simple!
too simple to result intoo simple to result inEither the matter particles that exist …Either the matter particles that exist …
Sean Carroll, From the Universe to the Laboratory, Sean Carroll, From the Universe to the Laboratory, http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carrollhttp://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll
Or the force carrying particles …Or the force carrying particles …
So more complex shapes investigated …So more complex shapes investigated …
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2 Dim Surface C-Y Surface—Need to extend to 6 Dim2 Dim Surface C-Y Surface—Need to extend to 6 Dim
RequireRequireCalabi-Yau Compactification Shape Calabi-Yau Compactification Shape
from 6 Compactified Dimensionsfrom 6 Compactified Dimensions
Energy ModesEnergy Modes
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String DualityString Duality
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Finite Initial Size and Finite Initial Size and Temperature of UniverseTemperature of Universe
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Nagging Problem for 1Nagging Problem for 1stst Decade (1985-95): Decade (1985-95):Not Just 1 10-Dimensional String Theory Not Just 1 10-Dimensional String Theory
But 5!But 5!
www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/
Solution: Duality (Equality) of All 5 Solution: Duality (Equality) of All 5 String TheoriesString Theories
www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/
Each ‘Theory” is SAME THEORY Each ‘Theory” is SAME THEORY IN DIFFERENTIN DIFFERENT
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGEMATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
ΩOO Й אڜ
www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/
MembraneMembraneStringString
w/ 10 Dimw/ 10 Dim w/ 11 Dimw/ 11 Dim
www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/
Two 9-brane “Universes”= “Us & Them”Two 9-brane “Universes”= “Us & Them”and extra dimension betweenand extra dimension between
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Compactify 6 of the 9 Spatial Compactify 6 of the 9 Spatial Directions of each Brane as BeforeDirections of each Brane as Before
Effective 5-Dimensional TheoryEffective 5-Dimensional Theory
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10-33 cm < cm < y < 0.1 mmy < 0.1 mm
Size of 5th Dimension?Size of 5th Dimension?
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S. Carroll, http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carrollS. Carroll, http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll
Tests for sub-mm.directionsTests for sub-mm.directions
FFgrav grav = -Gm= -Gm11mm22/r/r22 -Gm -Gm11mm22/r/r
2+n 2+n
1/r1/r22 form of gravity being tested. form of gravity being tested.
Standard gravity verified down to 0.15 mm Standard gravity verified down to 0.15 mm
at Univ. of Wash. with 97% confidence levelat Univ. of Wash. with 97% confidence level
Manufacturing of Manufacturing of Stringy Blackholes!Stringy Blackholes!
If sub-mm. dimension then it may be possible to If sub-mm. dimension then it may be possible to produce gravitons and mini-black holes (with produce gravitons and mini-black holes (with peco-second half-lives) at Fermilab & CERN this peco-second half-lives) at Fermilab & CERN this decade! decade!
Mini-black holes have distinct decaysMini-black holes have distinct decays — —easily identifiable!easily identifiable!
Black Holes Detectors forBlack Holes Detectors for Fermilab and CERNFermilab and CERN
Proposed Explanation for Big BangProposed Explanation for Big BangImplying Time Before Time!Implying Time Before Time!
Astronomy, OFotU
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Single Event
Cyclical Events
The colliding Branes would not remain perfectly The colliding Branes would not remain perfectly flat as they approach each other due to quantum flat as they approach each other due to quantum effects. effects.
Big Bang Inflations occurs in bumps on Branes Big Bang Inflations occurs in bumps on Branes that collide first.that collide first.
Multiple, separated, Big Bang regions might have Multiple, separated, Big Bang regions might have been formed from distinct collision points of been formed from distinct collision points of Branes! Branes!
Multiple universes on our Brane besides 1+ Multiple universes on our Brane besides 1+ Parallel Branes along an extra spatial directionParallel Branes along an extra spatial direction
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S. Carroll, http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carrollS. Carroll, http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll
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S. Carroll, http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carrollS. Carroll, http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll
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You are hereYou are here
↓↓
Present view of universe from Milky Present view of universe from Milky WayWay
Future view of universe from Milky Way, in ~ 1 Trillion YearsFuture view of universe from Milky Way, in ~ 1 Trillion Years
Milky Way torn up in a few more 100 Billion YearsMilky Way torn up in a few more 100 Billion Years
Solar system torn apart in a few more 10 Billion YearsSolar system torn apart in a few more 10 Billion Years
New Scientist, 5 Feb 2005
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String LandscapeString Landscape
~ 10100 to 500 Models in M-Theory
C.C.C.C.11
10-120
String LandscapeString Landscape
Anthropic Principle of String Theory
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Examination of the State of the Universe from Examination of the State of the Universe from Anthropic Principle and Fine TuningAnthropic Principle and Fine Tuning
Weak Anthropic Principle (WAP): "The observed values of all physical and cosmological quantities are not equally probable but they take on values restricted by the requirement that there exist sites where carbon-based life can evolve and by the requirements that the Universe be old enough for it to have already done so." (Barrow and Tipler 1986: 16).
The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines WAP as conditions that are observed in the universe must allow the observer to exist.
Strong Anthropic Principle (SAP): "The Universe must have those properties which allow life to develop within it at some stage in its history." (Barrow and Tipler 1986).
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Barrow and Tipler then proposed three (overlapping) elaborations of the SAP:
(i) "There exists one possible Universe 'designed' with the goal of generating and sustaining 'observers.' "
This implies that the purpose of the universe is to give rise to intelligent life, with the laws of nature and their fundamental constants set to ensure that life as we know it will emerge and evolve. Fine tuning of constants in nature result as necessities for life.
(ii) "Observers are necessary to bring the Universe into being."
Barrow and Tipler believe that this can be validly inferred from quantum mechanics.
(iii) "An ensemble of other different universes is necessary for the existence of our Universe."
This interpretation sympathizes with the many worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics. We will see a possible reemergence of this in string theory
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Fine-Tuning: The premise of the fine-tuned universe assertion is that any small change in the twenty or so physical constants would make the universe radically different and therefore, unsuitable for life:
If, for example, the electron's charge were slightly different, or if the strong nuclear force were only 2% stronger, di-protons would be stable and hydrogen would fuse too easily, making stars as we know them impossible and prevent the universe from developing life as we know it.
Or, if the cosmological constant had been greater than it is by a factor of 10, the universe would have expanded to fast for galaxies to ever form.
Eternal Inflationary UniverseEternal Inflationary Universe
String Cosmology implies physical creation is String Cosmology implies physical creation is likely eternal forward. God’s creative act likely eternal forward. God’s creative act never ceases. Each universe produces an never ceases. Each universe produces an infinitude of universes. infinitude of universes.
Each later universe has lower cosmological Each later universe has lower cosmological constant than did the universe from which it constant than did the universe from which it came.came.
A. Linde, Banff, 2004
Understanding of String Landscape and our Universe in relation to itUnderstanding of String Landscape and our Universe in relation to itControversial topic at the moment—numerous papersControversial topic at the moment—numerous papers
Domain walls, near-BPS bubbles, and probabilities in the landscape,Domain walls, near-BPS bubbles, and probabilities in the landscape, A. Ceresole et al., hep-th/0605266.A. Ceresole et al., hep-th/0605266.
On the Geometry of the String Landscape and the Swampland,On the Geometry of the String Landscape and the Swampland, H. Ooguri and C. Vafa, hep-th/0605264H. Ooguri and C. Vafa, hep-th/0605264.
Cosmological Landscape From Nothing: Some Like It Hot,Cosmological Landscape From Nothing: Some Like It Hot, A. Barvinsky and A. Kamenshchik, hep-th/0605132A. Barvinsky and A. Kamenshchik, hep-th/0605132.
The Supersymmetric Vistas of the Supergravity LandscapeThe Supersymmetric Vistas of the Supergravity Landscape, T. Ortin, Annalen Phys. 15 (2006) 252.T. Ortin, Annalen Phys. 15 (2006) 252.
Inflation, dark matter and dark energy in the string Landscape,Inflation, dark matter and dark energy in the string Landscape, A. Riddle and L Urena-Lopez, astro-ph/0605205A. Riddle and L Urena-Lopez, astro-ph/0605205.
Eternal observers and bubbler abundances in the Landscape, Eternal observers and bubbler abundances in the Landscape, The Landscape 'avant la lettre'.The Landscape 'avant la lettre'. V. Vanchurin and A. Vilenkin, hep-th/0605015V. Vanchurin and A. Vilenkin, hep-th/0605015.
The Landscape 'avant la lettre‘,The Landscape 'avant la lettre‘, A. Schellekensilen, physics/0604134A. Schellekensilen, physics/0604134
Role of Anthropic Principle? Hotly debated in String/M-Theory: e.g.,Role of Anthropic Principle? Hotly debated in String/M-Theory: e.g.,
On making predictions in a multiverse: Conundrums, dangers, and coincidences,On making predictions in a multiverse: Conundrums, dangers, and coincidences, A. Aguirre, astro-ph/0506519.A. Aguirre, astro-ph/0506519.
The Anthropic principle and the duration of the cosmological past,The Anthropic principle and the duration of the cosmological past, M. Cirkovic, astro-ph/0505005.M. Cirkovic, astro-ph/0505005.
Supersymmetry breaking in the anthropic landscape,Supersymmetry breaking in the anthropic landscape, L. Susskind, hep-th/0405189.L. Susskind, hep-th/0405189.
Is there a string theory landscape: Some cautionary notes,Is there a string theory landscape: Some cautionary notes, M. Dine, hep-th/0405189.M. Dine, hep-th/0405189.
Multiple universes, cosmic coincidences, and other dark matters,Multiple universes, cosmic coincidences, and other dark matters, A. Aguirre and M. Tegmark, hep-ph/0409072A. Aguirre and M. Tegmark, hep-ph/0409072
Is there a string theory landscape?Is there a string theory landscape? T. Banks et al., hep-th/0309170.T. Banks et al., hep-th/0309170.
Can the universe experience many cycles with different vacua?Can the universe experience many cycles with different vacua? Y. Piao, hep-ph/0407258.Y. Piao, hep-ph/0407258.
String/M-Theory as presently understood has a large parameter space of String/M-Theory as presently understood has a large parameter space of variables (angles between each compactified direction, lengths of each, plus things variables (angles between each compactified direction, lengths of each, plus things called fluxes and torques) each leading to universes (observable, hidden, or both) called fluxes and torques) each leading to universes (observable, hidden, or both) with differing properties. On the order of > 10with differing properties. On the order of > 10100100 different universes all seem different universes all seem equally possible. Why our particular String/M-Theory universe?equally possible. Why our particular String/M-Theory universe?
Some scientists (e.g. Stephen Hawking) are suspicious that determination of a Some scientists (e.g. Stephen Hawking) are suspicious that determination of a particular choice of ALL of the M-Theory parameters might not be totally particular choice of ALL of the M-Theory parameters might not be totally determinable, based on Gödel’s Theorem, which says that one cannot formulate a determinable, based on Gödel’s Theorem, which says that one cannot formulate a finite system of axioms to prove every result in mathematics. This means that finite system of axioms to prove every result in mathematics. This means that inconsistencies or indeterminacies can arise if one tries to prove statements that inconsistencies or indeterminacies can arise if one tries to prove statements that refer to themselves.refer to themselves.
A physical theory is a mathematical model. So if there are mathematical results A physical theory is a mathematical model. So if there are mathematical results that cannot be proved, there are physical problems that cannot be solved. We do that cannot be proved, there are physical problems that cannot be solved. We do not live outside of the universe, but instead we and our theories are both part of not live outside of the universe, but instead we and our theories are both part of the universe we are describing. Hence our theories are also self-referring. And the universe we are describing. Hence our theories are also self-referring. And thus we might suspect that any Theory of Everything determined by a finite thus we might suspect that any Theory of Everything determined by a finite number of known parameters or variables might ultimately be incomplete or number of known parameters or variables might ultimately be incomplete or undetermined!undetermined!
Multiverse
necessitates Augustine’s Block Universe view:God beyond all creation-beyond of all spacetimes.Histories of all spacetimes appear as a moment
MultiverseMultiverse
Anselm’s Ontological Argument: God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived. (Proslogion, Chap. 2, c. ~ 1100 A.D.)
Philosophical and theological issues raised by String/M-Theory and the
Multiverse Picture:
Immensely expanded concept of (10+1)-dimensional reality and multiple universes has profound implications for meaning of transcendence of God
Poses problems to process theology concept of God evolving with and within a universe.
The (10+1)-dimensional bulk universe might be compared to St. Augustine’s concept of block universe.
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String/M-TheoryString/M-Theory
Provides deeper understanding of spacetime and reality
Presents our universe with a simplicity, order, and beauty never before imagines. Simultaneously provides for complexity of the (multi/uni)-verse
Suggests more to our universe than ever before imagined.
Has implications for theological views of God regarding Has implications for theological views of God regarding meaning of transcendence—expanded view of meaning of transcendence—expanded view of Augustine’s block universe.Augustine’s block universe.
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http://www.superstringtheory.com/ John Schwarz’ "The Official String Theory Web Site"
http://www.sukidog.com/jpierre/strings/ String Tutorial with glossary, refs & links
http://www.superstring-theory.com/EnglishVersion.html another excellent intro
http://www.superstringtheory.com/cosmo/index.htmlhttp://www.ba.infn.it/~gasperin/http://feynman.princeton.edu/~steinh/ Great string cosmology sites
http://www.nuclecu.unam.mx/%7Ealberto/physics/string.html http://dmoz.org/Science/Physics/Quantum_Mechanics/ http://pages.wooster.edu/bboroson/clinks.html worthwhile collections of links to other major string sites
** http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll **Several slides in the presentation borrowed from this site!
Interesting String (Cosmology) Web Sites (also image sources):