Archi types

Climate architypo

VERNACULAR

• Vernaculus is a term used to identify the language of the origin. The word coming from the latin VERNUS, an asian (sanskrit) term, used by romans to identify a slave and, in particular, the one who, parentsfrom abroad, has born in the master’s house.So in latin time, they used to speak about vernacula vocabula as wellas festivitas, to identify slaves’ homeland traditions.

VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE

• It is the traditional, local architecture. Synonim of popular, poor, oldfashion, local materials, climate responsive, also sustainable

Pictures used in wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_architecture

After Nomadic -> Permanent dwelling

• The main building materials, naturally available, are STONE, MUD and WOOD

• The main building choices are:

• Let natural light/sun enter/keep it out of the building

• Let natural ventilation go through the buiding (and the envelope)

• Stop/enhance heat transfer from inside to outside

• Stop/enhance heat transfer from outside to inside

• Store heat in the envelope

• Stop/enhance moisture transfer from inside to outside or store it in the envelope

BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE

• Bioclimatic design – combining “biology” and “climate”, started in the 1950 with few architects: James Marston Ficht, Victor and AladarOlgyay

• Design choices want to assure physiological and psychologicalcomfort (and healthy conditions). You can study the (micro)climateand choose those strategies that works better.

• Climate analysis starts with the Olgyay climatic charts.

Vivian Loftness, Dagmar Haase (eds.), Sustainable Built Environment, ISBN: 978-1-4614-5827-2

You also have CLIMATE RESPONSIVE, CONSCIOUS, … ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE

The Watson and Labs matrix (1973)

HEAT SOURCES

Main strategies Conduction Ventilation Radiation Moisture transf.

WINTER(cold season)

Increase heat gain Improve heat storagewhen available

Improve indirect gainsfrom warm soil or sun

Improve solar gains

Reduce heat loss Reduce heat transfer from inside

Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations

SUMMER(hot season)

Reduce heat gain Reduce heat transf.from out to insideReduce heat storage.

Reduce air exchangesand infiltrations of hotter external air

Reduce solar gains -

Increase heat loss Increase heat transf.from in. to outside

Improve air exchangesand infiltrations of colder external air

Increase radiantlosses (cooling)

Use evaporativecooling

SOURCES - Atmosphere (+earth) Sun -

SINKS Earth Atmosphere (+earth) Sky vault Atmosphere (+water)

(*) in theory … you could

How many different climates we have?

Klima (ancient greek) means inclination. The sun inclination influences the temperature (of the air).

Wladimir Köppen (a botanist and geographer) is the author of the first climate classification, based on the averages (monthly) of the:

• Rain fall

• Air temperature

• Rain fall

• Air temperature

• Rain fall

• Air temperature

chultz

PASSIVE + SOLAR ARCHITECTURE

• Passive means non-active, i.e. without plants using non renewableenergy (we may have solar plants, using few NRenergy to work and to exploit solar sources) … the main renewable source being the SUN.

• End of 80ies the PASSIVHAUS movement become an institutionsupporting a building signature and certification

Mazria (1979) The passive solar energy book

Bo Adamson, Sweden+Wolfgang Feist, Germany

GREEN and SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

• Climate change perception (not only energy security or saving)

• More complex approach: life cycle impact (embodied energy, disposalafter end of life …)

Wladimir Peter Köppen1846, St.Petersburg1940, Gratz

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wladimir_K%C3%B6ppen

Köppen classification is based on the relationship between climate and vegetation

Five main climate areas:

A Tropical Moist (Hot-humid)

B Dry (Hot-Mild-Cold arid or semiarid climate)

C Moist-Temperate (Warm-humid, middle-latitude, mild winters),

D Continental (Cold-humid, middle-latitude, severe winters)

E Polar

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Tropical_climate_%28K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification%29.svg

E Polar

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Koppen_World_Map_B.png/1024px-Koppen_World_Map_B.png

E Polar

Dry-summer subtropical or Mediterranean climates

E Polar

Humid subtropical climates

E Polar

Oceanic climates

E Polar

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen_World_Map_D.png

L’europa

http://sunbird.jrc.it/pvgis/pv/solres/solres.htm

L’europa

http://sunbird.jrc.it/pvgis/pv/solres/solres.htm

Design/operation choices

• Urban form/relation between buildings

• Orientation

• Form

• Air permeability

• Solar openings

• Colours

• Materials

• Use of the building

DRY ClimatesDry, Arid, and Semiarid Climates

Low-Latitude Hot Desert

Figure 6.21

Low-Latitude Hot Steppe

Figure 6.23

Midlatitude Cold Desert

(BWk)Figure 6.22

Midlatitude Cold Steppe

Figure 6.24

Hot and dry climates: mainly summer, with few winter care

HEAT SOURCES

WINTER(cold season)

Improve solar gains

SUMMER(hot season)

• Urban form

• Building Form

• Orientation

• Solar openings

• Colours

• Materials

http://www.brindisitime.it/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/ostuni-Centro-Storico.jpg

• Urban form

• Building Form

• Orientation

• Solar openings

• Colours

• Materials

• Urban form: Compact, with vegetation (if possible)

• Building Form: Compact (if w/low internal gains)

• Orientation: Avoid west (and east), consider winds

• Air permeability: modifiable

• Solar openings: small and with mobile shadows

• Colours: Clear/white

• Materials: depends on the temperature cycle (annual and daily)

• Use of the building: close when too warm, open when cooler

• Roof: Pitched if double, flat but as clear as possible or shadowed or green

• Wall: thick high conductivity to reduce the temperature variability

• Windows: Little, size to have enough winter solar gains and to minimize summers. Openable, with movable shade. If possible southfacing, other orientations to catch wind during night and days.

• Water: If any water, courtyard gardens and patio fountains(evapotranspiration), street trees, evaporation sprays …

• Balconies: may work to give shade on south facing walls

• Internal walls and doors: if acoustical privacy is not so important, with openings to let transverse ventilation take actions

https://misfitsarchitecture.com/2015/04/11/its-not-rocket-science-12-getting-some-rays/#jp-carousel-72511

Passive cooling• Cooling can be achieved by the evaporation of

water.

• The courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source.

• Internal courtyards provides cross ventilation & natural cooling.

• Most openings are to the internal courtyard rather than exterior surface.

Courtyard

o u td o o r p la n n in g

Outdoor spaces:• As most day-to-day activities take place outside, it is

important to treat the external spacesjust as carefully as

the indoors.

• Adjacent buildings, pavements, roads heat up quickly and

cause a glare onto the building during the day and

at night, they radiate the heat stored during the day.

• One way to avoid this is to place walls protecting external

spaces, to keep out dust and winds.

• Also, landscaping like trees, plants and water in enclosed

spaces will cool the air by evaporation.

• But the best solution is courtyards. In these a pool of night

air is retained, as this is heavier than surrounding warm air

• A small courtyard is excellent asa thermal regulator.Courtyard design with evaporative cooling

Passive cooling• Cooling can be achieved by the evaporation of

water.

• The courtyard is provided with water and plants, it acts as a cooling source.

• Internal courtyards provides cross ventilation & natural cooling.

• Most openings are to the internal courtyard rather than exterior surface.

Courtyard

Vernacular examples – Yemen mud high rise houses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Shibam2.JPG

Vernacular examples – Yemen mud high rise houses

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Shibam_Wadi_Hadhramaut_Yemen.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shibam#/media/File:Old_Walled_City_of_Shibam-109044.jpg

Al Bahr Towers

2,000 intelligent, controlled, shadingcomponents that automatically open and close depending on the intensity of sunlight

http://www.ritebook.in/2014/09/matmata-troglodyte-houses-in-tunisia.html

Tropical, warm-humidTropical Climates

daily temperature change is greater than annual

Tropical Rain Forest

(Tropical Wet)

Figure 6.6

Tropical Monsoon

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Tropical Savanna

(Tropical Wet-Dry)

• Urban form: sprawl to enhance ventilation cooling, with vegetation

• Building Form: diffused

• Orientation: not significant all sun must be shadeed

• Air permeability: the highest and through a double envelope

• Solar openings: the least

• Colours: Clear/white

• Materials: light

• Use of the building: as close as possible to light as open as possible to natural ventiliation

• Roof and wall: double, light envelope external shadow + internalpermeable. No significative insulation

• Windows: wide and distributed (best if north and some south), with shade, roof windows in particular are important (stack effect+bestlighti), to catch wind during night and days.

• First floor: where there is a flood risk (but not only) … elevated

• Balconies: yes everywhere

• Internal walls and doors: if acoustical privacy is not so important, with openings to let transverse ventilation take actions

Temperate (mesothermal) climateMesothermal Climates

Figure 6.9

Humid Subtropical

Hot-Summer

Figure 6.11

Marine West Coast

(Cfb, Cfc)

Figure 6.12

Marine West Coast

nMediterranean Climates

(Csa, Csb)

Figure 6.14

Continental ClimateMicrothermal Climates

Humid Continental Hot-Summer (Dfa, Dwa)

Humid Continental Mild-Summer (Dfb, Dwb)

Figure 6.16

Subarctic (Dfc, Dwc)

Figure 6.17

Subarctic (Dfd, Dwd)

Figure 6.18

Continental climate: both winters and summers

HEAT SOURCES

WINTER(cold season)

Improve solar gains

SUMMER(hot season)

Solar is power

http://www.worldenergy.org/wec-geis/congress/powerpoints/clericia0904.pps

Solar energy through windows and wallsDIRECT GAIN

Take care of OVERHEATING … consider ventilation

Solar energy through windows and wallsDIRECT GAIN

Take care of OVERHEATING … consider ventilation

What happens during the night?

Form and geometry

INDIRECT GAIN

• Thermal storage and MassA passive solar heating system consisting of a south facing heavy (high heat capacity) wall:• heavy masonry (Trombe Wall)• water filled containers (water wall)• The outside south facing surface is glazed to admit sunlight and reduce heat

losses.

• Trombe-Michel Wall -- a dark, south facing masonry wall protected by a glass (lower convection/radiation) + ventilation

• Water Wall -- a water filled containers behind the same glass, south facing of course.

Thermal storage and MassINDIRECT GAIN

Is this a living space?

Solar Fabrique - Friburgo

PCM Phase Change Materials

Puits canadiens

Some wiki-pages and other open (not always) resources:• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_average_yearly_temperature• https://www.slideshare.net/rmsimpson/climate-classification• Vivian Loftness, Dagmar Haase (eds), Sustainable Built Environments, Springer, 2013• http://www.solaripedia.com/• National design handbook prototype on passive solar heating and natural cooling of

buildings, UN Centre for Human Settlements, Nairobi, 1990, available here• Paul Gut, Dieter Ackerknecht, Climate responsive building. Appropriate Building

Construction in Tropical and Subtropical Regions, SKAT 1993, available here• Hassan Fathy, Natural Energy and Vernacular Architecture: Principles and Examples

with Reference to Hot Arid Climates (1986), available here.

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