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Aqueous Reactions and Aqueous Reactions and Solution StoichiometrySolution Stoichiometry
(rev. 08/28/10)(rev. 08/28/10)
ObjectivesObjectives SWBATSWBAT Write molecular, complete ionic and net ionic Write molecular, complete ionic and net ionic
equations.equations. Distinguish between molecular, complete ionic Distinguish between molecular, complete ionic
and net ionic equations.and net ionic equations. Determine the solubility of double replacement Determine the solubility of double replacement
reaction products using the Solubility Rules.reaction products using the Solubility Rules. Determine if a single replacement reaction Determine if a single replacement reaction
occurs by using the Activity Series.occurs by using the Activity Series.
Know the symbolsKnow the symbols
gg ss ll aqaq cc
DrillDrill
What is the difference between a “liquid What is the difference between a “liquid solution” and an “aqueous solution” ?solution” and an “aqueous solution” ?
Which of the following would be an Which of the following would be an electrolytic or non-electrolytic solution ?electrolytic or non-electrolytic solution ?
NONO NaClNaCl PClPCl33 COCO22
MgSOMgSO44
Can you explain why?Can you explain why?
Weak vs Strong ElectrolytesWeak vs Strong Electrolytes
Use a single arrow to show a reaction with Use a single arrow to show a reaction with a strong electrolyte.a strong electrolyte.
Use a double arrow to show a reaction Use a double arrow to show a reaction with a weak electrolyte.with a weak electrolyte.
Does conducting electricity have anything Does conducting electricity have anything to do with this topic?to do with this topic?
Are these weak or strong Are these weak or strong electrolytes?electrolytes?
http://freshtomarket.com/01-02/electrolytes.jpg
Precipitation ReactionsPrecipitation ReactionsPrecipitation reactions are Precipitation reactions are reactions that result in the reactions that result in the formation of an insoluble formation of an insoluble product. product.
Make sure to use an “s” to Make sure to use an “s” to designate the solid that designate the solid that precipitates.precipitates.
How do you determine if two How do you determine if two substances will create a substances will create a precipitate?precipitate?
http://www.iun.edu/~cpanhd/C101webnotes/chemical%20reactions/images/agcl.jpg
Solubility RulesSolubility Rules
Use the Solubility Rules for Double Use the Solubility Rules for Double Replacement Reactions.Replacement Reactions.
You must memorize the solubility rules for You must memorize the solubility rules for the AP exam and for a quiz in class.the AP exam and for a quiz in class.
Distribute a copy of the Distribute a copy of the Solubility RulesSolubility Rules Activity SeriesActivity Series
Ionic EquationsIonic Equations
You need to know the difference between You need to know the difference between the following types of equations:the following types of equations:
Molecular equationsMolecular equations Complete ion equationsComplete ion equations Net ionic equationsNet ionic equations
What is a spectator ion?What is a spectator ion?
How to write a “Net Ionic Equation”How to write a “Net Ionic Equation”
Write a balanced molecular equation.Write a balanced molecular equation.
(see next slide for example)(see next slide for example) Rewrite the equation showing all strong Rewrite the equation showing all strong
electrolytes that dissociate (or ionize) in electrolytes that dissociate (or ionize) in solution.solution.
Cancel out spectator ions.Cancel out spectator ions.
Write a Complete Ionic Equation Write a Complete Ionic Equation and a Net Ionic Equation.and a Net Ionic Equation.
KCl (aq) + AgNOKCl (aq) + AgNO33 (aq) (aq) → AgCl (s) + KNO→ AgCl (s) + KNO33 (aq) (aq)
PracticePracticeWrite Complete and Net Ionic EquationsWrite Complete and Net Ionic Equations
AgNOAgNO33 (aq) + KI (aq) (aq) + KI (aq) →→
CuSOCuSO44 (aq) + Na (aq) + Na22S (aq) →S (aq) →
CoClCoCl22 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → (aq) + NaOH (aq) →
NiClNiCl22 (aq) + KNO (aq) + KNO33 (aq) → (aq) →
Net Ionic EquationsNet Ionic Equations
Try some more practice problems at:Try some more practice problems at: http://www.nauticus.org/chemistry/http://www.nauticus.org/chemistry/
chemnetionques.htmlchemnetionques.html
Activity SeriesActivity Series
Use the Activity Series for Single Replacement Use the Activity Series for Single Replacement Reactions.Reactions.
You can use the activity series to determine if You can use the activity series to determine if some reactions involving metals will occur.some reactions involving metals will occur.
An activity series is a list of metals arranged in An activity series is a list of metals arranged in order of decreasing ease of oxidation.order of decreasing ease of oxidation.
See the textbook for the activity series diagram.See the textbook for the activity series diagram.
Activity Series PracticeActivity Series Practice
Try some practice problems. Use the Ch 8 Try some practice problems. Use the Ch 8 Single Replacement Reactions worksheet.Single Replacement Reactions worksheet.
Use the Activity Series to determine if the Use the Activity Series to determine if the
reactions occur.reactions occur.
Activity SeriesActivity Series
You will need to memorize the activity You will need to memorize the activity series for the AP exam.series for the AP exam.
Look at the AP Reference packet. Take a Look at the AP Reference packet. Take a good look at the Standard Reduction good look at the Standard Reduction Potential chart.Potential chart.
Strong AcidsStrong Acids You need to memorize the list of strong acids You need to memorize the list of strong acids
and bases.and bases.
Acids:Acids: HClHCl HBrHBr HIHI HClOHClO33 chloric acid chloric acid HClOHClO44 perchloric acid perchloric acid HNOHNO33 nitric acid nitric acid HH22SOSO44 sulfuric acid sulfuric acid
Strong BasesStrong Bases
Bases:Bases: Group 1A metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH, Group 1A metal hydroxides (LiOH, NaOH,
KOH, RbOH, CsOH)KOH, RbOH, CsOH)
Heavy group 2A metal hydroxides Heavy group 2A metal hydroxides • Ca(OH)Ca(OH)22 , Sr(OH) , Sr(OH)22 , Ba(OH) , Ba(OH)22
What do you get when you mix an What do you get when you mix an acid and a base?acid and a base?
Any thoughts?Any thoughts? A neutralization reactionA neutralization reaction
Can you explain how the water is Can you explain how the water is produced in a neutralization reaction?produced in a neutralization reaction?
Oxidation-Reduction ReactionsOxidation-Reduction Reactions
OILOIL oxidation is loss of electronsoxidation is loss of electrons RIGRIG reduction is gain of electronsreduction is gain of electrons
See the textbook for the rules for See the textbook for the rules for assigning oxidation numbers.assigning oxidation numbers.
DilutionDilution
MMiiVVii = M = MffVVff
i is the initial concentration i is the initial concentration
f is the final concentrationf is the final concentration
MolarityMolarity
moles of solutemoles of solute
Molarity = liters of solutionMolarity = liters of solution
Molarity is another way to express concentration.Molarity is another way to express concentration.
MolalityMolality
moles of solutemoles of solute
Molality = kilograms of solventMolality = kilograms of solvent
Molality is another way to express concentration.Molality is another way to express concentration.
TitrationsTitrations
Use titrations to determine the concentration of a Use titrations to determine the concentration of a solution.solution.
The point in a titration when stoichiometrically amounts The point in a titration when stoichiometrically amounts are brought together is called the equivalence point.are brought together is called the equivalence point.
You titrate an unknown solution with a standard solution. You titrate an unknown solution with a standard solution. Use an indicator to show when the equivalence point has Use an indicator to show when the equivalence point has been reached.been reached.
The color change during a titration signals the endpoint The color change during a titration signals the endpoint which is very close to the equivalence point.which is very close to the equivalence point.
Titration CalculationsTitration Calculations
If you are given a volume and molarity for If you are given a volume and molarity for a substance, start the calculation with that.a substance, start the calculation with that. Convert to moles of what you knowConvert to moles of what you know then use the molar ratios to convert to moles then use the molar ratios to convert to moles
of the unknown substanceof the unknown substance Finally, use the volume of the unknown Finally, use the volume of the unknown
substance to convert to molarity.substance to convert to molarity.
TitrationsTitrations
You can use the dilution equation to solve You can use the dilution equation to solve titration problems, as long as the molar titration problems, as long as the molar ratio is 1 to 1.ratio is 1 to 1.
Problems to TryProblems to Try
5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 26, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 26, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 51, 53, 54, 27, 28, 35, 37, 39, 41, 43, 46, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 56, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 71, 73, 76, 78, 81, 89, 9078, 81, 89, 90