Post on 04-Jun-2018
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First editionFebruaJ
Depatment of Water Affars and Forestry
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This Feld Gude is availabe from :
Director Institute for Water Qualty StudesDepartment of Water Mfrs and Forestry
Private Bag XPretoria
Tel 88 4Fax 88
orAnnelise GerberCell 8 88 9844Gerberdwaf.govza
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Werfll in he Swrtberg mountins, Meirngspoor
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
AcknowledgeentsIntroduction
Prt Wter RsourcesClassification of waer sysesA general river ecosysteBioopes in a river ecosyste
Guide to river substrae particle
Ze
Prt 2 Freshwter InvertebrtesEpeeropteraricopteraCo eoperaHeipteraOdonataiptera
PlecopteraepidopteraMgalopteraHydra carinaurbe lariaApipodaDecapodaAnnelidaPoriferaGastropoda
Pelecypoda
References
Bibliograynde
23
8101622
2638567082
96
112116
118120122124126130134136142
146
147149
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Acknowledgements
Mny friends nd collegues e ssisted in tecoiltion of tis book nd teir suort is gretly
recitedecilist dice
r Mrk Cutter
Prof Jenny Dyr Ferdy de MoorMrs Irene de Moor
r Cris Dickens
Mr Mrk GrMs Mry Anne GroeeMrs elen Jesr Nikite Muerr Mrtin Vilet
Editing
Mr Brendn ols
Mr Mike iberbuerCoectors
Crist irionPetro VosD WA F region offices ersonnelD EA roinci nd locl ersonnel
Generl :Mr Jes KeknIW Q ersonnel
Our recition to Mr rtig of de Wgensdrift nd MrVenter of Renosteroort for teir entusis nd wo geus unliited ccess to te riers on teir frsstly secil tnks to our filies for teir tience
understnding nd te rt tey lyed in te relistion oftis book
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Introduction
d srys s o b obsrd o
boogss cor robs w dyg qc
rbrs coo robs cd
xooc kys r dc o dcr d
cord
Cr oc rs r dscrbd
scsd xooc rs r r o
y rso
drwgs ccoyg s kys o oy
gy rsb orgs
Purpose of this field guide
ws r ws d o do or sr
rdy gd O wod
Us oogrs o orgss
scrb y's rs
3
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Who should use this field guide ?
People wo are interested in auatic nvertebrates and
would like to know ore about te
People wit ittle or no ta onoic background
Water Resource anagers
Officers or personnel wo assess water resources,
especial y river ecosystes, using standard
bioonitoring tecniues to assess instrea auatic
invertebrates
Cidren wo, in turn, will follow in e footsteps of
tose we ourseves follow
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Stuctue of this field guide
e autors would like to acuaint te reader firstly wit te
caracteristics of te auatic ecosystes (water resources)
were tese organiss can be found and ten wit teinvertebrates teselves e structure of tis docuent is as
follows
Pat 1 Wate ResoucesGeneral Classification of water systes
A general river ecosysteBiotopes in rivers
Guide to river substrate particle sies
Pat 2 Fesh wate invetebates
B
Rv
vb
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Part 1: Water Resources
A tyca rer ree rom ntererence o man wo rn t
core rom t orce to te ea tartng eter a a rng or
a eeage t moe owy a t on wt oter
trbtare trog te oot to become wer an eeer
a t reace t etary
In ot Arca ew rer can be on n t tate becae
water a mte reorce an oten te by a growng
oaton or actte c a agrctre ntry
ometc e an oter roe
eeror on te oter an come nto beng trog
natra cae (c a a ane eg ake Fnz) or are
man-mae (eg artbeeoort am) Oer tme a ake ~wo natray cange nto a wetlan an eentay
aear a t wt t an become omnate by
emergent an terretra ant eceCrrently te am wc are contrcte n or rer
ytem are nergong tee cange at a mc ater rate
e to te eect o te man actte mentone aboe
Water reorce eccally rer can ae erentcaractertc n erent geogracal regon may be
e to te : geology geomoroogy cmate
o anman actte n te catcment
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Mfe Rer Kw t
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8
Classification of wate systems
Water resources can be classified into two general groups : lentic systes, and
lotic syses (Davies & Day 998)
Leic sysemsLentic syses are defined as standing waerbodies and
include : lakes
ponds
far dascoastal lakesesuaries, andsoe welands
uejcts D Swee
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Loic sysemsLotic systes are waterboies were water flows suc as
rversstreas, anflooplains
Pet Rve Weste Cpe
n out Africa rainfal is argely erratic an tus floopains
an oter wetlans can cange fro enic to lotic an vice
versa or, in soe insances, can ry up until te ne goo
rans arrve
Different species of organiss inabit tese ifferent systes
n tis book we focus ainly on rivers an on invertebrates
foun in tese lotic systes
9
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oe rivers arise in high altitude wetlands called sponges
(Welands are areas wih water logged or saturated soils
doinated by eergent vegetation ie plants with roots in
water bu the rest of the plant is aerial, such as grasses and
reeds) hese rivers have diferent characeristics including :
rea bed coposed of sand, ud or clay or a
i ture of these
Riparian vegetation doinated by reeds and grasses
No overhanging tree canopy
I
ewe ze f e Cce ive Ds
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The mile zone
is section of te river lies in te lower altitudes of
ountains (footills) is one is caracterised by
trea is wider due to contributions of tributaries(oter streas)
f Current speed s ower due to te gentler slope Fow of water ess turbulent - strea bed sooter
Water uality is often less pure tan tat of te
ountain strea due o abiotic processes eg
eacing and biotic activities of organiss living
upstreaWater is usually ore turbid - depending on te
geoogy and te contribution of te tributaries
Higer water teperatures tan ead waters
because tere is no closed canopy altitude is lower
and te flow is also slower
Me oe of the Cocoe Re Mpumg
3
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Lowe zoe of he Oage Rver, oaded wh edme ad re
Lower zoe o he ocode Rver a Nogoma,Kger Naoa Pak
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1 6
Biotopes in a river ecosystem
sra bd coposition is on of t ost iportant
pysica factors controlling t structur of a frswatr
invrtbrat counity ( Mackay & Eastburn 1 990 ). stra bd can b furtr dscribd by biotops
A biotop in a rivr cosyst rfrs to t nvironnt of a
counity of closly associatd organiss ( d Moor IJ
d Moor & H. Jas prs co) A brif dscription of
diffrnt typs of biotops found in rivr systs is alsoincludd. s ar:
Riffls and runs
Pools
Auatic vgtation
Marginal vgtation
Alga
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Rifes and Runs
Riffles are defined as shallow fastflowing reaches of a river
where the water flows over cobbles and gravel causing
turbuent flow and broken water is observed on the surface
A run has tranul flow no broken water on the surface and
has a greater depth than riffles ( Wadeson 994 Rowntree &
Wadeson 999)
Cce Re Mpug
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18
Pools
A p f m h dp d wh h
w fw m wy h h p h .
ienaar River, Gauteng
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It can aso be a coection of water that is not in the main
stream o the water fow eg. in holows formed in the
bedrock.
Pool
Wilge Rver, Mpumalanga
1 9
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20
Aquatic vgtatio
Aquatic vegetaion consists of plants that live in the strea
channel and that ay be partly or fully suberged
Margial vgtatio
Marginal vegetation is that vegetation for exaple grasses
reeds and sedges on the water's edge.
Mgl vg
Aquc vg
Sand Rive, Oange Free Stae
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lga
Freswaer algae are sipe plans wic can occur n
unicelllar filaenous or colonial fors A priary
caracerisic of algae is a poosynesis is e priaryode of nuriion ( Wenzel 983)Algae is ofen observed during warer ies of e year
floaing as clups or ancored o rocks and sones Nurien
enricen is a resul of nurien ric agriculural runoff,
ndusral and doesic effuen enering e rver can
accelerae alga grow resuling in algal bloos
ga_
S Rve, Oge ee Stte
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Guide o ive subsae paicle size
e aera a consues or coposes e boo of a
rer s caled e subsrae e subsrae ofen caracerses
e dfferen zones and boopes found n a rer For
eape eadwaer zones of a ypcal rer would ae a
subsrae coposed of boulders and bedrock wc w
gradually cange o cobbles and pebbles (colecey called
sones as fows n e ddle zones and eenually becoe
sandy and sty n e ower zones ere are e cepons
were e underlyng geoogy soees canges s paern
and were ard geologcal foraons cross rers n ower
regons causng rejuenaon leadng o waerfals rapds
ec able prodes a gudene on e szes of subsrae
aeral found n rer beds nforaon obaned fro
ckens & Graa 200 & JM Kng (pers co
Kis Rver, Southe Cpe
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Ctory
sz rn
it < 006mman 0062 mmGra 2-20
mmtons 2 -30 cmBours >30 cmBrock sabs of rock
S I d I d
Srea, Megsr
23
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2
Part 2: Freshwater Invertebrates
Freswater inverebrates are anials witout backbones
large enoug to be seen wit te naked eye, wic live a par
of teir ives in freswater biotopes (Macay & Eastburn 990) Eac anial wll be confned to a part of e river
were ceical and pyscal condons are suiable for it
(Davies & Day 998)
us as te river flows fro its source to te sea, te different
freswater invertebrates would be found in different parts ofe river Soe will be adapted o te fast flowing waters of
e ounains, oters to e slower curren of e lower par
of te river wie yet oters ay be adapable and can be
found all aong te lengt of te rver ust as rivers can be
differen so i can be epected at tere wil also be
differences in te invertebrate counities in te respective
rvers
is part of te book describes freswater invertebrates
found in Sout African rvers Because any of te
nverebrates coected are n te larval and nypal sages,
os of te descripions are based on ose stages
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26
ORDER:EPHEMERO ERA
Mayy nymphs ary greaty in shape and size al are ery weadapted to sit the ariety o habitats that they occr in hecimbers bottom sprawers and brrowers preer qiet waterso ponds or backwaters o streams whie the cingers are to beond in ast riles where they cing to rocks or any othersbmerged sbstrate
A mayly nymphs arecharaterised by an elongatedbody large head we- deeopedmothparts and stot legsPaired gils on the abdomen arethe most characteristic eatre todistingish mayy nymphs romother insects
hese gils ary greatly they canbe typically ea-like oa or eenringed hree tails are awayspresent except in the amiyBaetidae where some species
ony hae two tailshe amily Prosopistomatidae
Mayfy y
does not match the characteristics as described aboeProsopistomatidae nymphs has lat oal bodies with noisible gills and a short stbby tai
.
Flly deeoped nymphs will ony come to the srace when
they are ready to transorm in which case the oter skin is shedand the irst adt stage emergeshis adt sbimago wil sit ndistrbed on egetation oranything rom a ew mintes to 24 hors nti another layer isshed and the inal adt imago emerges
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Adult a
Adult myfles re dnty nsects wt trnsprent wngs ndlong ts Tey cn be spotted n te vcnty of fres wter oncm sunny dys or n te evenngs wen tey re ttrcted tolgtsAdut myfles only ve for few ours n wc tme te feme
wl mte nd ly eggs
27
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8
Family name : BaetidaeCmmn name : Small minnow flies
Structure
Sma spindesaped dies
Lea-saped gis n t sides te admen Tw tree tais, depending n speies
Behaviour
Dart ativey rm stne t stne r ing nt
varius sustrates
Habitat
Rks pants r arse sand
Mderatey ast streams
Colour , Ligt sand t dark rwn
Sensitivity
1 5
Maure
10
Gls
Young
Youg ad maure sages of Baetis harrsoni
15
ApproximateSize
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Ama
Siz
Amat
Sz
Dierent Baetdae nymphs
ArmaSz
ArmatSz
29
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30
Fa0ily na0e : CaenidaeCommon name : Cainf/ies
Structure
Nymphs relaively sma
Humped backs
Two prominent s quare glls
Behaviour
Swim n shor burss, dophn-stye, or crawl slowy over
he substrate
Habitat
Sones or muddy areas
Sow or very slow sreamsColour
Brown
1 5
Sensitivity _
Humped back
Square gls
Caenidae nymph
10 15
ApproximateSz
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Fa0ily na0e : HeptageniidaeCommon nam Fla-headed mayflies
Struture Unusually road had
ong sradou als arg lack ys Fla ody
Behaiour Runs swily or shor dsancs gs ar hd clos o h ody whn a rs
Habitat
Sons or sumrgd cs o wood Modra o as lowng srams
Colour Gry yllow dark rown or lack wih sckls
5 5Sensitiity
- Long speadng tas
Aoat
Si
Hepagendae nymph
'Broad head
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32
Fmiy nme : LeptophebiieCommon name Prongills
Structure S quare heads
Ver long, sreading tails Feather, leaf-like gills on both sides of abdomen
Behaviour Running over the substrate Swimming dohin-stle for short distances
Habitat Stones or submerged ieces of wood Gentle flowing streams
Colour Dark brown
Sensitivity
Vey ong tas
5
Squae head
Gs
AoxmateSe
Dfeent speces of eptophebdae
5
AoxmateSze
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Fily ne : OligoneurideCommon name Brush/egged mayfly
Structur Large nymphs oined heads Long ufs of hair on he foreegs Large, eaf-shaped gis on he sids
Bhavour Swf runnng over he subsrae
Habtat Coarse sand or sandy paches Very fas fowing sreams
Colour Brown
Snstvty
AroxiateSie
5
eaf-shaped gs
Ogoneudae nymph
5
ong ha
33
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Fiy ne : PoyitrcyideCommon nme Pale urrowers
Stuctue Vey pominent mouthpts
Les e pte fo iin into ivebnks Lon wvy is on both sies of the bomenBehaviou
Sits quiety insie buow Active wvin of the is when t est
Habitat Muy ivebnks Moetey fst fowin stems
Coou . Cem o ple bown
5 5Sensitivity
Mouthparts
34
Gs
Poymtarcydae nymph
AroxiateSze
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F0iy ne : TeognoieCommon name Spiny crawlers
Structure Awell built upper body Eyes are set to the side of the head Some spees hae musular legs Two large round gills isible on the abdomen
Behaviour Crawling slowly Swimming in a jerky fashion
Habitat Stones or dense egetation Fast streams in Southern and Eastern Cape
Colour
Pale brown, dark brown or spekled
5Sensitivity
G
Deret pece Tegaddae36
5
AppoxmaeSe
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Fmiy nme : Tricorythieommon name Stout crawlers
Structre A musular uer body
Strong musular legs Brush-lke moutharts arge eyes
Beaviour lamberng over substrate The three tals tlt uwards when a rest Swmmng s a onvulsve uwards movement, followed by
fallng down wth body n veral oston, legs extendngto he front
Habitat Roks or any sold submerged subsrae Fast flowng sreams
Coour
Dark brown
Sensitivity
AppoxmateSze
I
Tcythda ymph
sh-k uthpas
Lag ys
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38
ORDER:TRICHO
Caddisies
Cafly aae can e de n to categoe namely :the otae cae-ng tye caed cadfe an thetye that contct non-otae helte cae-e o feeng cafen oth ntance the chaactetc eongate oft oy thfnge-ke g on the aomen an ana aenage aeeen th hch t ancho telf ethe to the cae o to the
atehee a of eg exten fom thee egment ehn thehea eenng on the famy one o a of thee egmentae haene
he caed cadfe conct cae fom an gan t ofegetaton o k that ae ge togethe to fom a
chaactetc cae hae he anmal tay ne the caeom aa tage thogh to a tage ot of the caeng tye cannot m th the exceton of the famyetoceae hee the leg ae aate fo mmng
he fna nta laae of the fee lng tye ecala cae geneay mae om k an an o tone
fagment an hch ae fmy cemente to the tate Afne net attache to the cae to catch foo atce Feeng laae can moe aon y fckng the aomen ome to e
Cafle en mot of the tme n the ate n theaa fom ae hch the a tage foo atng fo
aot o eek
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Caddsfly aa
h ad ha m a mal moh- c ha wv fo aoxmay o moh. Ad fma aomm
fod d owh hy o d hwa o ay .
Adul caddsfy
Caddsfly pupa
39
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Fiy nne : EcnoieCmm ame Case/ess caddisflies
Stucte Sf sm bdy N gills e sides Dscive paer e eadr Tree ardeed segmes beid e ead
Beaviour Acive crawig Acive flickig f e abdme we flaig
Habitat Ses submerged a quaic vegeai Slw sreams Que pls
Colou Cream , greeis
5Sensitivity
Tree ardened segmens
Gs absen
Dsncve paern
Ecnomdae arva
5
AppomateSe
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Fny ne : Ecnode
G : Precnon
Structure Soft, sooth body No gills on the sides Dstinctie segent behind the head Could be istaken for Psychoyiidae
Behaviour Crawling loats on the surface when disturbed
Habitat Silk tunnels under stones Head waters of streas
Colour Grey with blue or green
Sensitivity
Dstnctve segment
AroxateSe
Gs absent
Parecnmna arva
4 1
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Faily nae PolycenopodidaeCmmn name Case/ess caddisflies
Strctre
Brad _bdy
Fir egmen behind head hardened Back hair n eg
Characeriic pruberance where eg jin bdy
Characeriic paern n he head
ehavor
Crawing
Habtat
Siken ne n ne Fa fwing waer
Color Greenih
1 10
1
Senstvty
42
Gils absent
Pattern First segment hardened
Prouberane(no visibe with naked eye)
Poyentropodidae aa
AroxiaSiz
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at ead
Large motarts
Marostemum aenseead estnt brown
wt no attern
Long sende ead and nek
Polymorhanisus biuntatus
at ead wt dstntve attern
ort taerng body -
Amhisyhe sottae
ydrosydae arvae
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6
Faiy nae : PhiopotaidaeCommon name Case/ess caddisf/ies
Structure Lage head wth wel deveoed mouthat
Soft whte labum vbe when extended Soft bode bght coloed No gll on the de
Behavour Afat vcou twtchng of the bod Cawng backwad when held n the hand
Habtat
Naow ken tube unde tone Fat owng team
Colour Ceam eow o oange
5Senstvty
Extended abum
Gs absent
Phopotamdae aa
AoxateSe
5
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48
Fa0iy na0e : Barbarohthonidaeoon nae Cased caddisflies
Stuctue Cases are long slender and slightly crved
Consrcted fro silk Ornaened with nte sand grains
Beaviou
Very active crawling
Habitat
Stones and vegetation
Clear, acid onain streas of Western and Sothern
CapeColou
Dark brown
1
Senitivity
Miute sa
gra1s
Curve case
Barbarochthonae
10
Typca gaterng ofBarbarochthons o a rock
1
ApproxmaSiz
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Fy ne : GossosotdeCommon name Cased addisflies
Stuctue Cases made from small stones
. swc Stones bundled togeter to form a neat eap
Two openings - one for te ead and one to te rear forte two anal laws
Behaviou Very slow rawling
Habitat On or under sones Clear, aid mountain streams of Western and Soutern
Cape
Colou Wite to brown, depending on type of stone used
5 Sensitivity
Gsssmtds k
Hed
5
Oeg ws
AoxaeSe Gsssmtde 9
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50
Fa0ily na0e : HydroptilidaeCommon name : Micro caddisf/ies
Structure Cases are constructed from sik or very fine sand with
vegetabe matter Oval, botte-shaped or cyindrica
Open on both ends
Anchored to substrate by means of slk threads or
anchoring dscs
Behaviour
Not actve
Habitat On or under stonesf Slow to very sow flowing streams
Colour Pale, brown or green
Sensitivity
5- 1
10 15
AppoxiateSize
ApproximaeSize
Hydroptilidae
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Fily ne : PisuliideCommon nam Cased caddisf/ies
tructure Fary arg sod cas Constructd from larg ts of lavs No swmmng har on gs
Behaviour Actv crawlng
Habitat af pockts
trams wth ovrhangng trs
low movng strams ackwatrs or fast strams wtharas whr dad lavs gathr
Colour Dark rown
ensitivity
AroaSi
Swmmng ha asent
Psudae
. "
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2
Faily nane : LeptoceridaeCommon name : Cased caddisflies
Structure Cases straight or curved
Construced from plant material, silk or sand Long swimming legs, densely fringed
Behaviour
Acive swimming
Resembles swimming sticks
Habitat
Amongst vegetation
Acid streams of Western and Souhern Cape
Any sream wih low p H
Colour Shades of brown or green
Sensitivity
ApproximateSize
5
ong legs, fringed
Leptoceidae
10 15
ApproximaeSize
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Sk nng sde the case
)
Naked Leptocerdae
A seecton of dferent Leptocerdae cases
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56
ORDER :COLEOE
Beetles
Coleoptera is the largest order of insets and ertainly thegroup that most peope are familiar with. The majority ofeetles are terrestrial with the exeption of a few families thatare auati in oth the adult and larval stages while families
suh as sephenidae only have the arval stage in the water.Coleoptera oupy almost every availale freshwater haitatfrom mountain streams to temporary pools or the mud and
sand at the edges of ponds
Adult memers of this order have an outer pair of wings thatare hard and leathery and not used in flight. The softhindwings whih are used for fght are onealed under theouter wings when at rest
n ertain families suh as Elmidae the legs are not adaptedfor swimming and adult eetles rawl lumsily over sustrate.Other families suh as Dytsidae are very good swmmerswith hind legs flat and hairy to at lie oars.
The majority of adult auatieetles need atmospheri
oxygen to survive. They arrya supply in air ules or inthe form of a thin film aroundthe ody This flm shows upas a silvery oating when theeetles are sumerged.
n ertan famlies the adult eetles
are ale to fly. This enaes themto move to different water odieswhih they usually do at night. Adu beete
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Beete lavae diffe consideabyfom the adults not only inappeaance but also in the wyhey move. Some swim veywell while othes get aoundwith a sluggish cawlSome lavae also come to hesuface fo fesh ai, while thosewith pope gills can emain
submeged fo a longe peiodof ime.
ete
57
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Faily nae : Dytiscidae - adultsCommon name : Predacious diving beetles
Sucture Oval shaped bodies
Rounded backs Elongated hind legs with last segment attened and fringed
Behaviour Fast swimming/diving using hind legs together like oars
Resting just below water surface, head down and tip of
abdomen pushing trough surface film
Habitat
Amongst plants on the edges of ponds/pools Backwater areas of streams
Colour Black or brown
Some species carry yellow markings
1 5
Sensitivity
58
ApproxmateSie
Frged hnd eg
Dytiscdae adults
10
AppoxmateSze
15
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Faily nante : Elidae - adulsCommon name : Rifle beetles
Structure Very small
Slender antennae, last segmen widened in some species Sharp claws on he feet
Behaviour
Very slow moving
Walkincrawling whilst clinging o substrate with long claws
Habitat
Stones or any solid substrate
Fast streamsColour
f Blackf Some species wih red toes
Sensitivity
ApproximateSize
1 5
Emidae adults
10
I
ApproximateSize
15
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Fy ne : Ede rveCommon name Rile eeles
Structure Dierent body shapes aording o speies
All body segmens hardened Three tufts of anal gills
Beaviour Moves as slow as the adults Tufs of anal gills visible at intervals
Habitat tones or any solid substrate ast streams
Colour Cream dark brown or reddish brown
Sensitivity
AoxmateSe
5
Gs AoximateSe
Emae aae
I 5
AoxmateSe
6
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Fiy ne Gyrinide - rveCommon name Whirligig eeles
Stuctue Long slender body
Featery glls on te sides For ooks on ast segment o abdomen Well deeloped motparts
Behaviou Crawng on sbmerged egetaton or sbstrate Actie swmmng in a way sinos manner
Habitat
Under stones or oter sold sbstrate On egetaton Sow to moderatey ast streams
Colou Pale brown
5
Sensitivity
Strong motparts
AppoxiateSize Gyrndae arva
Gs
5
63
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Fily ne : Hydenide - dultsCommon nme Minue moss eeles
Structure Minute in sze
Mouthpts onge thn ntenne Antenne club-shped
Behaviour Active swmmes
Habitat Stgnnt pools Wet ocs ound wtefls Amongst plnts on the edge of stems
Colour D bown shiny
Sensitivity
Muthpat
AroxiateSe
ydaendae adut
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Faily nae : Hydrophilidae - adultsCommon name Water scavenger beetles
Stuctue Oval body t rounded back
Sort clubbed antennae, mostly dden Moutparts muc longer tan antennae
Behaviou
Actve smmng, usng nd legs alternately
Tey come to te surface t ead frst to break surface
flm t tp of te antenna
Habitat
Amongst vegetaton In muddy patces along rverbanks
Quet sallo pools or slo edges of streams
Colou Brons or black
1 5 10
Sensitivity
Mouth part
15
Mouth part
Hydrophildae adult
ApproximatSi
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Faiy nae : Hydrophiidae - arvaeCommon nme Waer scaenger eeles
tructure Soft womlike Well-deveoed mouthts
Behaviour Slow movng Ceeing/cwing wth hed tited uwds
Habitat Pools
Quet show edges of stems
Coour Ple bown
ensitivity
Wdopd mouthpats
AppoxatS
Hydophda aa
67
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Fily ne : Psephenide lrveCommon name Waer penny eeles
Structure Broad disc-like body very fla
ead legs and gills no visible from aboveBehaviour
Move around in a slow gliding fasion Enire body acs as a sucker o cling o rocks
Habitatf On rocks or oer solid subsrae Sallow fas sreams
Coour Brown wi copper inge
5 5Sensitivit
68
eg
Pephende
AoxateSe
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,
Dytiscidae - the egs ae we adaptedfo swimming and diving
Sucke
Mae Dytiscidae. Suckes on the font egs are usedto hod the female duing matng
69
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0
ORDER:HEMI
True bugs
mptra coul b scrb as th orr wth th gratstvarty of boy shaps Boy sz can also rang from thvry small Pla to th vry larg Npa
Bugs can b stngush om othr nscts by thmouthparts that ar mof to prc an suck Somfams protct thmslvs by stngng vcously whnhan carssyYoung bugs ook an bhav k th auts thy ar just
'
smar an mmatur
From ths larg orr of nscts only a fw famls ar rayaapt to a quatc habtats Npa an Bostomatacan rman unr watr but n to b mor or ss ncontact wth th watr surfac fm Othr famls such asVa Grra an yromtra run or float on thsurfac Fams such as Notoncta an Corxa arth bst swmmrs wth lgs aapt spcfcally for thatpurpos
h typs that stay on top of th watr hav th rspratorycharactrstcs of trrstra nscts wh th ons vngbow th surfac n to com to th surfac at ntrvals tornw thr ar suppy
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Fa0ily na0e : Belosto0atidae
Common name : Giant water bugs
Sucture Large, robust nymphs
Prominent eyes
Forelegs adapted to seize and hod prey
Behaviour
Swim with foreegs s etched forward
Cling to submerged substrate with tip of abdomen in
contact wth the air
Habitat Bottom of shalow pools
Backwater areas or quet areas of streams
Colourt Brown or dull green
1 5 10
Sensitivity . -15,_ .-
Male Belostomatdaecarying eggs on the back
Prominent eye
Foreleg
Belostomatidae
72
ApproximateSize
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Fily ne : CorixideCommon name Water boatmen
Structur Small cga-shaed
Mdde legs ong endng wh wo claws o anchonguoses
Hnd legs ong fnged fo swmmng o exended beak mouhas fused wth he head
Bhavour Swm n a quck dang fashon owng wth the hnd legs
Habtat
Shallow ools Que muddy aeas of steams
Colour Dak gey motled yeow bown o black
Snstvty
Frged hnd eg
AoxateSe
Crxdae
15
AoxateSe
73
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Fily ne : Gerride
Common name Pond skate
Struture Bod form either stout or narrow Forelegs short adated for seizng re Midde and hind legs thin and ver long
Behavour
f Skating or leaing on the surface film of onds andstreams
Habtat
On surface of onds or streams Shaded areasCoour
Dark brown
Senstvty
74
AoxateSze
org
Forg
AroxiateSze
Difrnt typs of rra
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F0y n0e : Hydro0etrdeCommon name Marsh treaders
Structure Sener ck-ke boe
Leg an anennae very thn fral Beak fol away uner the hea
Beaviour Wak about on floatng vegetaton Float aroun on urface of pool
Habitat Floatng vegetaon Backwaer of ream
Coour Brown
Sensitivity
. Antenna
Aoxiate
Sie
Eyes
/
ydrometrdae
5
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Fa0ily na0e : NepidaeCommon name Wter scorpios
Suctue Body ape aried according to pecie
Foreleg modified for eizing prey Long repiratory tube on tip of abdomenBehaviou
wim lowy wit alternating troke of midde and indleg
it quiety amongt egetation wit foreleg in trikingpoition
Habitat Vegetation tra or mud allow pool or low tream
Colou Pale brown to dark brown or black
Sensitivity
6
ForeegEye
(
Respraoy be
AroxaS
Difere ypes of Nepdae
oeeg
AoxatSz
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!Respraory ube
Nepdae
ForeegsAea
Foreegs
/I
ydoerdae
Derece bewee Nepdae ad Hydoerdae
Nepdae easg o beuldae
77
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Faily natne : NaucoridaeCommon name : Creeping water bugs
Structure Oval, s light ly f lat bodies
Heads exceptiona lly broad Fore legs adapted for ho lding prey
Apiercing beak situated under the head
Behaviour
Move around in a fast ha lf creeping swimming fashion
Stings vicious ly when hand led care less ly
Habitat
Dense vegetation Edges of streams
Colour Brown or green
5
Sensitivity L_ 1
\
ApproxmateSze
Broad head
0
Diferent types o Naucoridae
78
15
Foreleg
ApproximateSie
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Fmy nme : NotonectdeCommon nam Back swimmers
Strutre Unusuay arg ys
Long hnd gsBehaviour
Swm on thr backs usng only th hnd gs Rsts wth body at an angl wth tp of abdomn n
contact wth th ar roduc a burnng stng whn handld carlssly
Habitat
oos Backwatrs of strams
Coour attrns of wht, parl, yllow, brown and black
Sensitivity
Hd eg
AroxiateSze Notoectdae
arge eyes
"
79
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Family name : PleidaeCommon name : Pigmy backswimmers
Structure Very small bodes
Strongly arched backsBehaviour
Clng to submerged vegetation
Swims witheasy, fast motion
Entire body covered wth air bubbe which shows as a
slvery shine
Habitat Dense vegetation
Shallow, clear water
Colour Yellow, grey or brown
1 5 0
Sensitivity
Arched back
Side view
15
PleidaeApproximate
Size
80
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Fmiy n0e : VeiideCmmn name Brad-huldered water trider
Structure Small pump dies
Legs adapted fr runningr Middle and hind legs attaches t dy at its widest partBehaviour
Running n surface f water Scatters in a directins when distured
Habitat Pls
Sme species prefer riffles in sma streamsColour
Brwn r lac
Sensitivity
AppomaS
5
Drnt typs of Vlda
rAppomat
Si
5
8
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82
ORDER ODONATA
Dragonflies I Damselflies
Odonata is divided into two suborders namely :nsoptra, (true dragonflies andZgoptra (damselflies.It is easy to distinguis between te two wen in te adultstages as true dragonfies are large insects olding te wingsorizontal wen at rest. Damselflies are small slender insectsfolding te wings parallel wit te abdomen wen at rest.
e nympal stages of Odonata are probably te best- knownas tey are large and easy to spot.Dragonfy nymps are robust creatures mostly
Dragonfy nymph
brown or speckled living understones or in te sand. esenymps move in a fascinatingway. Water is taken into tebody for respiration purposesand ten s quirted out trougte anus wic means tattey actually propeltemselves wit a stream ofwater.
Dragonfy adut
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The damelfly nymh on theothe hand ae moe daintywith long odie and uuallythee gill at the ti of theadomen. The hae and e
of the gill diffe geatly and cane ued fo identificationuoe. Thee nymh imlywalk aound amongtvegetation o wim in anawkwad way moving theadomen fom ide to ide.
Both dagonfly nymh and Dasefy yphdamelfly nymh have a modifiedlowe li the mak which lie folded ack unde the head.Thi mak can fold oen to catch ey. The end of the mak
widen with diffeent teeth aangement and inciion alo
ued fo identification uoe. See age 95 )
ut foe tanfomation the nymh would cawl out ofthe wate uually onto vegetation o othe uitale oject.The oute kin lit oen on the ack an when thi oeningi lage enough the new adult emege. It it on the oldkeleton fo an hou o moe until the wing ae dy and
had.
Dasefy adut
83
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84
Faily na0e : AeshnidaeCommon name : Dragonflies
Structure Long, tapering bodies
Large eyes Thin an tennae
Behaviour Walking
Swims in shor t burs ts as wa ter is propelled ou t of the body
Habitat
Under s tones
Slow or fas t s treams
Colour Green, brown or black
1 5
Sensitivty .
ApproximateSize Long tapering body
10
Dferent types of Aeshnidae
15
Large eye
ApproximaeSie
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Fily ne : GophieCommon name Dragonflies
Sucture Body hape differ dependng on pece Large dark eye Shor ubby anennae Leg adaped for dgging n and
Behaviour Crawl abou under and, leavng rack or ndenaion in
he and
Swm n hor bur uing e propu on
Habitat Sand bank muddy pache Edge of ream
Colour Pale medium brown
Sensitivity L_
'
Stubby antenna
oateSie Dferent types of Gomphdae
oateSe
85
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86
Faily name : CorduliidaeCmmn name : Dagonflies
Structuref Oval bdes
Runded heads Very lng legs
Behaviour
Waking
Swims with legs stretched ut backwards
Habitat
Stnes
Swer areas f the streamCoour
Pale brwn seckled
Sensitivity
Runded head
.
Very lng legs
Crdulidae nymph
0
j /
. --
AppoxmateSze
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Faniy nae : Libelulidaeommon name Dragonflies
Structure Oval bodie
Trianglar ead Blging eye eg not a ong a wit ordiidae
Behavour Walking Swim in ort brt eg are eld in one oition
Habtat
Stone mddy atce Backwater area very low tream
Colour Pale eckled or dark brown
Senstvty
AoxiaSi
ranguar head
Bugng eyes
Derent types o beludae
8
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Fy ne : Copteryge
Common name Damslflis
Stuctue Long, cylindrical body
Long antennae with base wider than tip hree large gil s, swollen hollow on insideBehaviou
Slow moing amongst egetationHabitat
Vegetation Edges of streams
Coou Pale brown
Sesitivity
88
Iong antennae
Caopterygdae nymph
,
AppoxiatSi
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F0iy n0e : ChorocyphideCommon nam Damselflies
Structure Short cylindrical bodis Two stiff gills Gills srratd
Beaviour Walks slowly with abdomn and gills tiltd upwards
Habitat Undr stons
Backwar aras or slow strams
Coour Brown or dark brown
5Sensitivity
Long antennae
I
I 5
AoxateSize Gs st seated
Choocyphdae nymph
8
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Family name : Chlorolestidae (Synlestidae)Common name : Damsel/ies
Structure Long slim bodies
Long antennae( Three gills with rounded tips, single dark band a cross ea ch
gill
Behaviour
Slow movng amongst vegetation
Habitat
Vegetaton
Edges of slow streamsColour
Pale brown
1 5 10 15
Sensitivity
90
Gils
Dark band
Long antennae
ApproximateSze
Chlorolestidae nymph
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Faily nae : LestiaeCommon name Damselfles
Structure Very long very slim bodies
.
Large wide eads Long very in legs
f Tree long gills rounded ips curved
Behavour
Slow moving amongst vegetation
Habtatf Vegetation
Backwater areas poolsColour
Brown
l
Senstvty
Gills
Lng in egs
Lesidae ymp
92
10
Large ead
AppoxateSie
1
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Faily nae : PlatycneidaeCmmn name Damselflies
tructure Shrt, stut bdies
Srng legs
Three shrt gils with dark ba d arss Glls swllen, hlw n the inside
Behaour Cimbers n rks r egetatin
Habtat Under stnes, n egetatn Headwaters f streams
Colour Brwn
enstty-_
\\
Strong egs
Short body
Gs wth dark band
AoxiatS
Patycnemdae nymph
3
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Fmiy n0e : ProtoneurideCommon name Damselflies
Structure Shor apering bodies
Long legs, hind legs reaching ips of gillsf Pedicels presen a base of gills
Behaviour
Slow moving amongs vegeaion
Habitat Vegeaion
Headwaers of sreams
Colour Brown
1 5 10
Sensitivity
Sort body
Gis
rotoneurdae nym
94
15
AoxateSze
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he mask Aesdae
Gompdae
Caopeygdae
Coenagodae
beudae
Deen mask shapes95
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96
ORDER DIPTERA
Flies, mosquitoes, midges
Diptera is one of the largest orders of insects with on y a fewfamilies having a quatic arval or pupa stagesMan likes to think of Diptera in a negative way, mainly becausethe common ypes such as housefles and mos quitoes can besuch a nuisance, and also carry disease such as Malaria that isspread by the female Anopheles mos quio
Dpteran larvae occur in a most every concevable a quatchabitat from tree holes (e g. Chironomidae and Culcidae) tostreams, ponds stagnant pools and even rushng rivers(eg B epharoceridae)
The a quatic Dipteralarvae show greatvariabilty in
sructureand habtat Themajority howeverwould havee ongated, wormlike
!pera arva bodies, with eyes andlegs absen.
The bodies are sof naked, or covered with brist es or sca es
Some larvae are able to swim th rapid wrgg ng motion,others would smply craw around usng suckers spines orprolegs to drag themselves forwardCertain families, such as Culicidae and Syrphidae are note qupped to obtain oxygen from the water They use siphons
that are pushed through the surface flm
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At te end of te laval stagete skn adens to fom a
pupal case. Most Dipteapupa ae inactive floatingaound tigtly astened toocks o ote sold substate.Mosquito and midge pupaeae te only ones able tomove aound by twitcing Dptea pupa
te bodyupal stages geneally lastless tan two weeksafte wic te case splits open and te young adu temeges.
9
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F0y n0e : Ahercdeommo me Snipe fies
Structure Eloged, ylidil
Hed eble Ed of bdome foks io wo figed ppedges ed polegs o bdome
Beavour Exessive wihig of he body whe disubed
Habtat Lef pokes Moui sems
Colour Bow
Senstvty
5
oked abdome
eatabe head
5
Atedae ava
AoxmateSe
98
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Fiy ne : BephrocerideCommon name Net-winged midges
Stuctue Bodies attened
Sements deeply incised irst six sements with suckers underneath Proles and tuts o ills on the sides
Beaiou Closely attached to substrate Slow moveent usin suckers and proles
Habitat
Stones Mountain streams
Colou Liht brown to dark brown
5Sensitiity
Proeg
Bepharocerd Pupa
Deep cso
Sucker
AoxateSeAoxate
SeBepharocerdae arva ad pupa
5
99
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Fa0ily na0e : CeratopogonidaeComon name Biting miges
Structure Very thin, hair-like
l boy seents e qua in iameter No pro es
No respiratory ube on abomen
Behaviour Swim with curve boy like a snake
Habitat San mu
Ees of streasColour
Pale or brown
1 5
Sensitivit - Hed
Thin hirlke body
Cetopogonde rv
10
15 .
ApproimateSize
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Fatily nate : ChironotidaeCommon name : Midges
Structure Slender, elongated, cylindrical
Small heads Prolegs and gill appendageson tip of abdomen
Behaviour
Back and forth flickng of enire body
Habitat
Silk tubes on any type of substrate
Pools streams
Any container filled with water
Colour Yellow, brown green, red
1 5 10
Sensitivity15
.
Small head
,
AppoximateSie
Pro eg
ApproximateSize
.
Cironomidae larva
Po eg
Gl appendages
AppoximateSize
101
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Faily nae : Culicidae - larvaeCommon name : Mosquitoes
Structure Elongaed, covered wih uf s of hair
Large heads Segmen behind head noiceaby enarged
Respraory tube on tip of abdomen
Behaviour
Floats under surface, saned, wih respiratory ub e in
conact with air
Wriggles away when disturbed
Habitat Pools
Any emporary puddle
Colour Yellow brownish
Sensitivity
5
Enlarged segment .
10
Head
15
ApproximateSize
102
Respiratory tube
Antenna
Cuicidae larvaApproximate
Size
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Faily nae : DixiaeCommo ame : Menscus mdges
Srucure Log, sleder bodies
Cleary defied heads Prolegs o o y two segmets
A b dle of hars ad lobes o ip of abdome
Beaviur
Floats o, or j s der the s rface
Bodybet a U shape
Swims a zig-zag fashio
Habia Slow streams Bacwaer areas of fast sreams
Clur
f Brow or blac
5
Sensiiviy
Fringed lobes
Dixidae larva
104
0
I
ead
5
AppoximateSize
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iy ne : EphyrieCommon name Sore fles
Stuctue Soft, ylindrial bodies Mouh hooks Prolegs present Forked respiraory tube on tip of abdomen
Behaviu Slow rawling motion natve with respiratory tube in ontat with air
Habitat Shalow poos, puddles, stagnant saline water
Clu Pale yellowish brown
Sensitivit
uh hk
Appoxmae
Se
5
rke esprary be
Epyrae arva
5
105
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Faily name : MuscidaeCommon name : House flies
Structure Soft, smooth tapered
Retractabe heads Back mouth hooks
Pupae housed in cosed capsues
Behaviour Creeping whist probing with head
t Pupae float on surface
Habitat Moss ormasses of algae Shallow, still water
Colour White Pupae brown
1 5.
Sensitivity .10Closed apsue
106
I
AppoxmaeSze
Mouth hook
Lara Pupa
Muscidae ara and pupa
15
ApproximateSize
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F0y ne : SyrpheCommo ame Rattaile maggots
Structure Soft wrikle appearace
Seve pairs of prolegs Small retracte hea Telescopic respiratory tube
Behaviour
active merely stayig i a positio close to surface to userespiratory tube
Habitat
Water-fille hoes pollute streams ecayig vegetatioo the eges of pos
ColourCreamy brow
5 5Sensitivity
epratory tube Proeg
Aoxmate Sie
Syrphdae ara09
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Fa0ily na0e : TabanidaeCommon name : Horseflies
Structure
f Large, cylinrica, poine a oh ens
f Very small reracale heaf Creeping riges encircling all aominal segmens
f Shor siphon a ip of aomen
Behaviour
f Boy conracing an expaning lenghwise
f During his moion he inesines also seem o move ack
an forh
Habitatf Muy areas of pools an sreams
Colour
f Whie, off-whie
5
Sensitivity 1-
Sphon
Ceeping rdges
Head
Tabandae lava1 10
10 15
ApproximateSize
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F0y n0e TudeCommon name Crane flies
Structure Large, sof , cylinrical Very small retractable hea Respiratory isc at en of abomen consists of
arrangement of hairs an lobes
ne species without isc, with only two appenagesBehaviour
Active twitching of boy , foling hea across abomen
ne type inflates one segment of the abomen to looklike a bubble
Habitat Species are habitat specific Bottoms of streams, muy e ges of streams, uner algal
scum or in auatic mossesColour
ff-white to brown 5 5
Sensiivity Respatory dsc
Retractabe head
ApprateSe
AppraeSe
Ifated seget
Tpdae dfeet speces
1 1 1
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1 1 2
ORDER : PLECOPTERA
Stonefies
Stneflies re cn sight rund unplluted riverswhere dults cn be sptted s they clber but n thercks.
Plecopera p
The nyphs
re strictly utic ndcc r under stnes in
every kind f unplluted
stre with n bundncef xygen. They cn lsbe seen in debris, lger sses f leves
Se species f Perlidere brightly clured with
yellw nd blck n thebcks while the sllerNtneuride re dull
nd incnspicuus.
A very chrcteristic feture f Perlide nyphs re the tuftsf gills n the side f the bdy s well s gillsbetween the
tw tils These gills cn be seen with the nked eye whenwrking with lrge speciens.
After vrius iture stges the nyphs wuld crwl utf the wter nt stnes r debris The skin n the bck sp itspen t llw the dult t eerge
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Fy me : Notoe0oureCommo ame Stonflis
Srucure Smallslede
Two tails ils abset
Behaviour
Slowly uig o swimmig
Habia
Ude stoes amogst dead leaves ast flowig steams
Moutai steams ad oastal steamsColour
ey o bow
5
Sesiivi
Tw s
Nteuide yp
1 1 4
10 15
ApproximaeSie
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Fy ne : ereCommon name Stonefes
Struture Large, robus Two tails Clearly segmened upper bodyf Gills present
Behaviour f Slowly running or swimming Moves body rhythmially up and down when a rest
Habitat Under stones, amongst dead leavesf as flowing sreamsf orthern and Eastern half of he ountry
Colourf Brown or blak with yellow
Sensitivity
Hay egs
Gls Apprmat
S
T as
5
edae ymp
Gs
5
1 1 5
( 1
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1 16
ORDER:LEPIDOPTERA
Aquatic caterpillars
Lepdoptera arecharacteristically terrestrial but one family
includes a couple of speces with truy a quatic larvae. Thesearvae have the characteristic caterpiar body shape as wel
as the legs and prolegs as in the terrestrial species.
The arvae either live in cases attached to floating vegetation,
or in silken nets on rocks in rapid streams.
Mouthparts are adapted for scraping algaeoff the rocks The
bodies are covered with gill fiaments for respiration purposes
Pyralidae nse a stoe shelte
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Fiy ne : PyrieCoon nae Aquati atepilla
Structure Soft wo-like bodies Six legs ive pais of polegs on abdoenf Body oveed wih gll filaents
Behaiour Hiding inside silk o stone sheles
Habitat
Exposed ok sufaesf On subeged plans o algae Rapid steas
Colour Ceay bown tobown
5 Sensitiity ------
oxmateSze
G mets
egs
Wkg egs
yrde ymp
5
1 1 7
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1 1 8
ORDER:MEGALOPTERA
Dobsonies
The order Megaloptera is a small order of insects with onlytwo families. Larvae of al speces of Megaloptera are a quaticand are also the largest of all a quatc insects. These arvaeare among the most striing of a quatic insects They caneasiy be identifiedby the long cylindrical body shape resembling that ofcentipedes
The family Corydalidae have 8 pairs of unsegmentedappendages on the abdomen with a tuft of hairlie gills atthe base of each appendage The respiratory system ofMegaloptera are efficient n such a way that they can surviveout of the water for long peiods of time provided the bodystays damp. The abdomen ends in two hooed claws.
The well developed mouthparts indicate that they are activepredators, feeding on other a quatic insects.
Just before pupation thelarvae crawl out of thewater to pupate understones or in the soil
Gs
Cose-up vew of Megaopera showng he gs
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120
TAXON : HYDRACARINA
Water mites
Hydraarina appear to be nute pider but differ frotrue pider in the way that the head and body egentaton
diappeared All body egent are fued together into one
ingle truture.
Generaly the bodie are oft, ooth and round with four
pair of long hairy eg Another pair of hort appendage
are ituated loe to the outh, thee are withdrawn into thehead ot of the tie Two inute eye are ituated toward
the front of the body
Although very all Hydraarina are eaiy potted due to
ther bright ooration whh an vary fro yellow to green
or red. Dark arking are due to the digetive trat being
vible through the kin
Hydraarina are ot abundant in all frehwater habitat
where they an ing to uberged vegetation or hang
around in quet pool
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Taxo : Hyracara ( Hyrachellae )Common name : Wter mite
Stuctue
t Minute round shape
t Soft body with translu ent skin Eight legs
t Body not dded ino separate segments
Behaviou
f Swimming using all eght legs
abitat
t Submerged egetation or bottom debris
t Slow streams or quet pools
Colou Brown green or red
Sensitivit
ppoxmateSie
1
,
5 1
Hydacara
15
2
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CLASS :TURBELLARIA
Flatworms
Freshwater urbellaria are more or less elongated, ylindrial
or spindle-shaped worms worms. he general harateristis
are the very flat bodies with one end widened to form an
arrowshaped head
wo dark eyespots are situated on the head, the rest of the
body is without legs or appendages
Flatworms annot swim but move over any solid substrate ina gliding fashion. his movement is done smoothly and
effortlessly due to musle ontrations down the length of the
body.
All urbellaria are sensitive to strong light, for this reason they
are more abundant in shaded areas or areas where they an
hide and where there is a good supply of food.
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Clss TurbellriCommon name F/atworms
Structure Elongated worms
Very flat Arrow-shaped head wih two eyespots
Behviour
Glide over any solid object
Curled up when at rest
Hbitt
Under stones or any other solidsubstrate
Colour
Dark on top white underneath
1
Sensitivit
Arrow-shaped head
AoxmateSie
Eyespo
5
Plaara
10
Whe bely
15
123
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1 24
ORDER : AMPHIPODA
Scuds
FreshwaterAmphipoda are a varied group occurring in
unpouted rivers caves or even in borehoes In genera the bodies are slightly curved, flattened lateraly
with two pairs of antennae andfive pairs of walking legs
Scuds are higher than they are wide and swim rapidly on
their sides.
Eyes are well developed except in the cave dwelling species
where the eyes can be absent The cavedwelling types are
also pale or white-cooured opposed to the brightly colouredspecies in surface waters
Amphipoda re more active in the dark and stay hidden
during the day-time, either under stones, amongst vegetation
or buried beneath the top layers of soft bottom substrate
Cave-dwellng Amphpoda are normaly white,wth eyes absent
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F0y n0e : A0hoCommon name Scus, sieswimmes
Structure Curved body shape
latened side ways our antennae wo long two short ive pairs walking egs
Beaviur Swim on the side or back Bury themselves under top layers of soft substrate
Habitat
Under stones amongst vegetation or on bottom debris Unpolluted rivers
Clur Cream grey brown or orange
Sensitivity
,
Antennae
pproiatSz
5
Wakng egs
Amphpda
Ced bdy
5
15
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126
ORDER :DECAPODA
Crabs, shrimps
Deapoda represens all animals with bodies and legshardened to form a ough shell The head and upper body
are fused ogeher, bu the abdomen has lear segmenation.
Crabs differ slightly in that he abdomen is redued and
tuked away under he body.
In general, Deapoda would have four or five pairs of
walking legs, of whih the first pair is greatly modified withthe ips enlarged to form laws with whih to defend iself or
to ah food.
Eyes are arried on salks and are movable.
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Family nare : PotaonautidaeCommon name : Crabs
Structure
Bodies broad no abdomen visible
Four pairs jointed legs One pair appen ages modified into pinchers
Eyes on mov blestalks
Abdomen tucked away under body
Behaviour
Running side-ways
Habitat
Under or amongst rocks
Colour
Brown
Sensitivity
,
ApproxmateSize
1 5
Pinch er
Walking leg
10
Eye
Potamonautdae
15
127
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F0iy n0e : AtyieCommon name rshwatr shrimps
Structure Bodies longer an broad
Fan ail a end of abdomen Five pairs of legs Small pincers on firs wo pairs of legs wi ufs of long
air Eyes on movable salks
Beavour Moves very fas
umps wen disurbed or surprisedHabtat
Among vegeaion Edges of pools or sreams
Colour Translucen grey pink
5Senstvty L_ -1
Fa ta ye o movabe sta
Wag egs
28
Atydae
AoxatS
5
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30
PHYLUM:ANNELIDA
CLASS:OLIGOCHAETA
Aquatic earthworms
Annelida or segmented worms as they are ommonlyknown, are worm-like animas with soft musuar bodies
A quati Oligohaeta have the same struture as the ommongarden earthworms. The body is in the form of a tube, wthno
definite head, no tentaes or legs. The body wall s thinand transluent and the nternal organs an easily be seen.Bundles o hair that help with movement are present loseto surfae o the body. These, however are not visible to thenaked eye.
Oligohaeta are ommon in the mud and bottom substrate of
stagnant pools where they lie oiled up or probe around,digestng the substrate They an survive very low levels ofo ygen
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Css : OgocheCommon nam Aquatic earthworms
Structure
Long, thin, oft and muular
Thin, tranlunt body wall o lg or tntal Bund of hair lo to urfa of th body
Behaviour Crawling about in th muddy ubtrat Inativ in a oild up poition
Habitat Mud or bottom ubtratf Pool or quit ara of a tram
olour Pnk
5Sensitivity 1--
Trase bdy a
AppoxmaeSie Ogchaea
5
1 3 1
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PHYLUM ANNELIDA
CLASS HIRUDINAE
Leeches
Hirudinae i oonly reerred to a "blooduker butonly a ew rewater pee wll take blood ro war blooded analHirudnae di er in ze ro inute to te giant peie tatan rea up to 45 wen extended
Te egented body i not a ot a wit Oligoaeta, butalo in te ape o a tube, lattened and very uularTey ave uker on bot end ote body, te ront ukerbeing te aller one and ore or le ued wit te bodyBot uker are ued or attaent, eeding andloootion wi i in a oopng aon Te rear ukero d on to ubtrate wile te body trete out ar
orward, grab onto oeting wit te ront uker, and letgo at te rear to bring tat end o te body orward.
Leee avoid ligt and generally ide under tone oraong plant or in detritu
ertain peie o leee are o ten paraiti and an be een
on i and rutaean were tey eed on bood and tiueluid
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Clss HirudineCommon name : Leeches
Structure Flattene wit rear sligtly wier t n fron No legs or tentacles Suckers at bo ens o boy
Behaviour Move in a creeping looping fasion
Swim wit sieo-sie motion wit boy stretce out
Habitat
Uner stones vegetation or ebris Sallow pools or quiet areas of river
Colour ale wit brigt spots or stripes brown or black
Sensitivity1 5
Scke Head
Sof mscla ody
Scke
Apprat Siz
Hdinae
10
. AppriatSi
Head
15
133
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Phu0 PoriferCommo ame : Feshwate sponges
Structure Thi mat-like cust Feels slightly ough to he touch
Beaviourf Sessi e Gowig i patches o coveig age aeas of substate
Habitat O o ude ocks pebbles ay solid submeged substae . Upolluted slow steams
Colour gey gee o black
5 5Sensitivity
Acta sizeoifea
13
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136
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA
CLASS GASTROPODA
Snails, limpets
Sails are soft-bodied usegeted aials that live isidea shell. The ajority of freshwater Gastropoda have spiralshes oly a few lipet geera have flatter ore coicashells.
A Gastropoda are characterized by the arge uscular footthat exteds fro uder the shell. To the frot of the footlies a well deveoped head bearig tetaces eyes ad aouth. The exposed foot is achored to the shell by easof a uscle which whe cotraced withdraws the footfro sigh
The shells ay appear sooth but growth lies
are preset whe exaied closely. The shel is coveredwith a thi protective ayer which aso cotais the colourpigets.
Sails ove about slowly glidig o the foot while leavigbehid the faiiar slie track.
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Fy ne AncyeCoon nae Lmpe
Structuref Shel s flatened lipelikef Base of shell wide round or ovalf Reseles a sand dune when viewed fro the side
Behaviourf Slow gliding oveent
Habitat On rocks or any solid suerged sustrate
All streas country-wide
Colour Brown or lack
Sensitivit
AoxmateSe
Eye
Tenace
oot
Ancydae
3
-
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Family name : PhysidaeCommon name : Pouch snails
Structure
Shel opening to the left
Shell smooth glossy
f Slender tentacles
Behaviour
f Slow gliding movement
Habitat
Gravel beds, or on a quatic vegetation
Colour Brown
1 5
Sensitivity -
Tac
ApproximateSize
Ey
Opig l
Pysida
10 15
Foo
139
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Fmiy nme : PnorbideCommo ame Orb snais
Structuref Flat sell, tigy coiledt Host for te bilarzia parasite
Beaviourf Slow movig o e footf Sell vertical positio we amal moves aroud
Habitatf Gravel beds or auatic vegetatiof Flowig sreams
Coour Brow
Sensitivity
gt cos
etce
ed
PnorbdeApproximate
Sz
0
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F0iy n0e : ThirieCommon name nails
Structure Stong tck sell Well developed spial ubecles moe ponounced in some individuals
Behaviour Slow moving on te foot
Habitat Gavel beds in flowing steams
Silty substate in pools
Colour Ceam wit bown makings bown
5Sensitivity -
We deveped spra
15
Tuberces
' ''Aoxma
Si
etace
Thardae
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142
PHYLUM : MOLLUSCA
CLASS : BIVALVIA (PELECYPODA)
Clams, mussels
Clams and musses are varied in shape elongated, oval or
anything in between. The she conssts of two halves joined
together wth an elastic igament that forms a hnge.
The shells are often heavily marked with growth lines and
imperfections due to periods of lack of food or low oxygen
evels
Clams and mussels also have a smal muscular foot which
extends from between the two shes. Ths is used mainly forlocomotion as it does not have a proper head, eyes or
tentacles
Mussels and clams can bury themselves deep into the sand
or substrate
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Fa0ily nae : CorbiculidaeCommon name : Clams
Structure( Strong hard shell
( Prominen growth lines
( Strong hinge
Behaviour
Appears to be inactive
Habitat
( Sand or gra el beds
(
Flowing streamsColour Pa e ye low, green or brown
1 5
Sensitivity
Growth rings
,
.
Two halves .
10
Stron hine
ApproximateSize CobcuI idae
15
143
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'
[]c
Fy ne UnoneCommon name : Pealy mussels
Structure
Large elongae shells Prominen growh rings Erosion of he ouer layer visible
Beaviour Inacivef Two halves open slighly when filering waer
Habitat
Deep muddy subsraeolour Dark brown wih pearly eroded paches
5 Sensitivity
Gwth gE
Actual S
Uda
5
5
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References
Dallas, H an JA Day, 1 993 The eect of water qualityvariables on riverine ecosystems : A review Waer ResearcCoission Repor o T T 61/ 93 20pp
Dallas, H 1999 Ecological reference condition project draftfield manual 26pp ( unpublise )
Davies, BR an JA Day 1 998 Vanishing waters. Universiy ofCape own Press Cape own Sou Africa.
Dickens,C an M Graa,2001 South African Scoring System(SASS) version 5. Rapid Bioassessment Method for Rivers.Ugeni Waer, Pieerarizburgunpubise)
Freswaer Researc Uni, 1 992 Fiel guie o subsrae pariclesize Universiy of Cape Town ( unpublise )
Mackay, an D Easburn, ( es ) 1 990 The Murray nprin
Liie, Brisbane, Ausralia 363pp
Rownree, KM An RA Waeson, 1 999 A hierarchicalgeomorphological model for the classification of selected South
African rivers Waer Researc Coission Repor 97/1/ 99,
Preoria. 33pp
Vannoe, R.L , GW. Minsall, KW. Cuins, JR See anCE Cusing, 1 980 Te River Coninuu Concep anadianJournal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science. 37: 130-137
Waeson, R.A 1 99 A geoorpologica approac o e
ienificaion an classificaion of insrea flow reuireens.Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences20 (1/2 ) 38- 61
Wezel,RG 1 983 Limnology2n e Sauners ColegePublising, Pilaelpia, USA
146
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Bbogrphy
Appleon, C. C 1 99 Frshwatr Molluscs of Southrn AfricaUniversiy of aal Press, Pieermarizburb, ouh Afria.
Barralo h, DA. & Lond, .G.H. 198. Order Dipera pp283321 in holz & Holm ed ) Inscts of Southrn AfricaBuerworhs, Durban, ouh Afria.
Colless, D.H & MAlpine, D.K 1 991 Dipera Flies ) pp 71 778 in C IR O ed ) Inscts of Australia A txtbook for studnts
and rsarch workrs2nd ed. Vol2. Melbourne, Ausralia.
Davies, B & Day, . 1 998. Vanishing Watrs UCT Press. CapeTown, ouh Afria.
Delve, . Dryopida and Elminth ida of Southrn Africa ( Adultstags ) 827. nsiu Royal des ienes aurelles, Bruxelles
Endr dyYounga, . 1 98. Order Coleopera pp 1 88280 in
olz & Holm ed ) Inscts of Southrn Africa Buerworhs,Durban, ouh Afria
Evans, H.E. 1 984. Insct Biology A txtbook of EntomologyAddison Wesey, U A.
aobs, DH. 1 98 Order hemipera pp 112-1 75 in holz &Holm ed ) Inscts of Southrn Africa Buerworhs, Durban,ouh Afria.
Lawene, . & Brion, E.B. 1991 Coleopera Beeles ) pp543 83 in C R O ed ) Inscts of Australia A txtbook forstudnts and rsarch workrs 2nd ed Vol2 Melbourne,Ausralia
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Bibliography
eboiss, A. 1991 Trichopte ra ( Caddis flies, Caddises ) pp 787-
816in CS IR O ( ed ) Insects of Australia. A textbook for studentsand research workers.2nd ed Vol2. Melbou rne, Aust rala.
Pennak, R W. 1 953 Fresh water Invertebrates of The UnitedStates (2nd Edition ) he Ronald P ress Co, New Yo rk. USA.
Pcke r, M.D. 1 986 O rde r Plecopte ra pp 74- 77 in Scholtz & Holm
( ed ) Insects of Southern Africa. Butte rwo rths, Du rban, SouthAf rica.
inhey, E.C.G. 1 986 O rde r Odonata pp 41-52 in Scholtz & Holm( ed ) Insects of Southern Africa Butte rwo rths, Du rban, So thAf rica.
Quigley, M. 1 977 Invertebrates of Streams and Rivers. A key toidentification. Edwa rd A rnold, London, G reat B ritain.
Scott, KM.F 1986 O rde r richopte ra pp 327- 340 in Scholtz &
Holm ( ed ) Insec of Southern Africa. But e rwo rths, Du rban,South Af rica.
Thi rion, C. & Mocke, A. & Woest, R. 1 995 Biological Monitoring
Of Streams and Rivers using SASS4 A user manual. IW QS,D WA P reto ria, South Af rica.
Van Eeden J.A. 1 960 Key to the genera of South AfricanFreshwater and Estuarine Gastropods ( Mollusca ) Annals of the
Transvaal Museum. 241 ) : 1-1 7 Great B ritain.
148
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Ine
Aeshnidae 84Aethaloptera maxima 44AMPHIPODA 124,125Amphisyche scottae 45
Ancylidae 1 37ANNELIDA 130132aquatc catrpars 1 1 6 , 1 1 7aquatc arthworms 1 3 0 , 1 3 1Athericidae 98Atyidae 128ac swmms 79Baetidae 27Barbarochthonidae 48
ts 56Belostomatidae 72tng mgs 100BIVALVIA 142ac fs 108Bepharoceridae 99roa-shour watr strrs 8 1rushgg mayfy 33ugs 70
casfs 38Caenidae 30canfs 30Calpterygidae 88Ceratopogonid ae 1 00Cheumatopsyche afra 44Cheumatopsyche thomasetti 44Chironomidae 1 0 1Cho rosyphidae 89
Chorolestidae 90cams 142Coenagrionidae 91COLEOPTERA 56Corbiculidae 143Cordul iidae 86Corixidae 73Corydalidae 119cras 127
cran fs 1 1 1crpng watr ugs 78Culicidae 102,103amsfs 82DECAPODA 126DIPTERA 96Dixidae 1 04
ragonfs 82Dytiscidae 58, 59Ecnomidae 40Elmidae 6061
EPHEMEROPTERA 25Ephydridae 1 05fatha mayfs 3 1fatworms 1 2 2 , 1 2 3fs 96frshwatr prawns 129frshwatr shmps 128frshwat spongs 135GASTROPODA 136
Gerridae 74gant watr ugs 72G ossosomatidae 49Gomphidae 85Gyrinidae 62,63Heodidae 64HEM IPTERA 70Heptageniidae 31Hirudinae 132133
horsfs 1 1 0housfs 1 06HYDRACARINA 120,121Hydrachnellae 121Hydraenidae 65Hydrometridae 75Hydrophilidae 66,67Hydropsychidae 43,4445Hydroptilidae 50
chs 1 3 2 1 3 3LEPDOPTERA 116Leptoceridae 52Leptophlebiidae 32Lestidae 92Libelu idae 87mpts 137Lymnaeidae 1 38Macrostemum capense 45
marsh ts 64marsh trars 75mayfs 25MEGALOPTERA 1 1 8mnscus mgs 104mgs 101mnut moss ts 65
149
I
. I
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MOLLUSCA 36 142mosqutoes 1 0 2 1 0 3mot fles 1 07
1 Muscidae 06. musses 142' Nau coridae 781 Nepidae 76
netwnged midges 99Notonectdae 79Notonemouridae 14ODONATA 82Oligochaeta 130131Ogoneurdae 33orb snals 140Paaemonidae 1 29pale burrowers 34Parecnomina 4 1pearly musses 45PELECYPODA 142Peridae 1 1 5Petrothrncdae 54Phiopotamidae 46Physdae 139pgmy backswmmers 80
pll clams 144Pisuiidae 5 1Panaria 122Planorbidae 40Patycnemidae 93PLECOPTERA 112Pedae 80Poycentropoddae 42Poymitarcydae 42
Polymorphansus bipunctatus 45pond sater 74pond snals 138PORIFERA 1 34135Potamonautidae 127Pouch snails 39predacous dvng beetles 5859prongls 32Prosopistomatdae 35
Protoneurdae 94Psephenidae 68
Psychoddae 107Psychomyidae 47Pyradae 1 1 7rat-taled maggots 109rle beetles 6061
Sericostomatdae 55sore les 1 05shrmps 126sdeswmmers 125Simuidae 108smal mnnow fles 27snals 136snpe les 98Sphaeridae 144spny crawlers 36sponges 1 34stoneles 2Stout crawlers 37Synestidae 90Syrphdae 1 09Tabandae 110Teoganodidae 36Th iari dae 4 1Tipudae 1 1 1TRICOPTERA 38Tricorythidae 37TURBELLARIA 1 22 1 23Unionidae 145Veiidae 8
water boatmen 73water mtes 1 20 21water penny beetles 68water scavenger beetles 66,67water scorpons 76water specs 35Whrlgg beetles 6263
1 50
8/13/2019 Aquatic Invertebrates of South African Rivers Field Guide English
155/156
8/13/2019 Aquatic Invertebrates of South African Rivers Field Guide English
156/156