Aquatic Food Systems Approaches for Developing Global to Local Aquaculture Systems:

A Return to Mother AfricaBarry A. Costa-Pierce

UNE NORTH: The Institute for North Atlantic Studies

Department of Marine SciencesSchool of Marine Programs

University of New EnglandPortland & Biddeford, Maine, US

2018 Wallenberg ProfessorSWEMARC: The Swedish Mariculture Research Center

University of Gothenburg, SWEDEN

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Ecological aquaculture….. is a discipline that merges the use of ecological principles and practices, such as ecological design, ecological engineering, and ecological approaches to management with the understanding of the social ecology of aquatic foods in aquatic farming families, communities and regions. The goal of ecological aquaculture is to create and sustain innovative,economically and socially viable aquaculture ecosystems at all scales of society from local to global . Ecological aquaculture is not new. It is an integral part of our planetary wisdom and cultural heritage…an essential part of our past…and a vital part of our future…

Ecological design*plans at scale for human ecosystems that include aquaculture (and fisheries)

Ecological engineering*uses green/renewable and appropriate technologies

Ecological economics*plans for both economic and social profit*regional multiplier effects

Ecological governance*orders of outcomes framework*evolutionary – follows sustainability

trajectories of change

Ecological Aquaculture: Principles & Practices

Ecosystems Ecology Approach to Ocean Food Systems

Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2003. Use of ecosystems science in ecological aquaculture. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada 103(2): 32-40.

Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2002. Ecology as the paradigm for the future of aquaculture, p. 339-372. In: B.A. Costa-Pierce (Ed.) Ecological Aquaculture: The Evolution of the Blue Revolution. Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK.

Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2008. An ecosystem approach to marine aquaculture: A global review, p. 81-116. In: Soto, D. et al. (eds). Building An Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings 14. Rome, Italy.

Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2016. Ocean foods ecosystems for planetary survival in the Anthropocene, p. 301-320. In: E.M. Binder (ed.) World Nutrition Forum: Driving the Protein Economy. Erber AG, Austria.

Costa-Pierce, B.A., upcoming 2020. Radical Aquaculture.5m, U.K.

AquacultureEcosystemsEcological

Aquaculture

SustainableFisheries

SustainableAgriculture

Social Ecosystems

Social Ecosystems

Social Ecosystems

118,500 km2

450,300 km2

Increased fishermen 32% from 1983 to 2000

Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2016. Ocean foods ecosystems forplanetary survival in the Anthropocene, p. 301-320. In: E.M. Binder (ed.) World NutritionForum: Driving the Protein Economy. Erber AG,Austria. 368pp.

FoodEnergyWaterWasteShelter

United Nations (2015)

9.7 billion 205011.2 billion by 2100

FAO (2009); Clay (2011)

70% more food (2050)140-210% (2100)

2 BILLION depend on seafoods

Aquatic ecosystems provide only ~4% of total

human foods

LOCAL TO GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

Fisheries and Aquaculture Systems Interact as

Complex Social-Ecological Systems

with

They are “Aquatic/Ocean Food Systems”

2018

2050

Europe

2010 738 mil2050 719 mil

North America

2010 345 mil2050 447 mil

Latin/South America

2010 590 mil2050 751 mil

Asia2010 4,164 million2050 5,142 million

Africa2010 1,022 million2050 2,192 million

Chin et al. 2011. Special Section on Population. Science 333: 540-594.

World Population Day. 11 July 2011. “India is projected to surpass China as the world’s most populous country in the world by 2020”

Global middle class or “consumer” class will rise 3,200 million (2016) to 5,000 million (2030)

China’s middle class is 400 million (2018)India’s middle class is 50 million (2006) and will rise to 500 million (2050)

Crist et al. (2017)

Homi Kharas and Kristofer Hamel Thursday, September 27, 2018. A global tipping point: Half the world is now middle class or wealthierhttps://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2018/09/27/a-global-tipping-point-half-the-world-is-now-middle-class-or-wealthier/

2030

“FISHERIES” is a

Continuum of Capture Fisheries and Aquaculture and Trade

167.2 MMT 73.8 MMT

93.4 MMT

Corn 1,078 MMTWheat 750 MMTRice 486 MMTSoybeans 350 MMTBarley 146 MMT Pork 118 MMT

Poultry 118 MMTBeef 70 MMTSheep 15 MMT

FAO, 2018; Statista 2018; USDA, 2018

Fish Production, Consumption and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review Analysis (2013)

Aquaculture Production in Africa (World Fish Center, 2013)

1 (MMT)987,000 MT EGYPT (71%)

221,000 MT NIGERIA (16%)

2009

90,000 MTUS$ 150 millionMackerel, sardines,

frozen tilapia

Kaminski et al. (2018) Commercialization and upgrading in the aquaculture value chain in Zambia. Aquaculture 493: 355–364.

“Nigeria, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya, and Ghana have experienced significant growth in aquaculture albeit from a low baseline, and there are examples of increasing intensification and commercialization in the value chain”.

DRIVERSMore favorable economic climate: rapid emergent of the middle classGrowing strength of domestic marketsRising demand for fish; shortages and increasing prices of wild-caught fish

DEVELOPMENTSEGYPT: large ponds; R&D; genetic improvements programs GHANA, UGANDA, KENYA, ZAMBIA: capital-intensive cage-culture NIGERIA, ZAMBIA: land-based rearing units

LOCAL TO GLOBAL CONNECTIONS

Fisheries and Aquaculture Systems Interact as

Complex Social-Ecological Systems

with

They are “Aquatic/Ocean Food Systems”

33% Chewa18% Lomwe21% Yao12% Ngoni9% Tumbuka6% Nyanja4% Sena2% Tonga1% Ngonde3-4% Others

118,500 km2

Aquaculture Cooperative Research & Extension for Innovation

Farmer-led On Farm Experiments

with Scientist Cooperation

“multivariate analyses”

Scientist-ledOn Station Experiments

with Farmer Cooperation

“hypothesis testing”“basket of options”

System Innovation and Optimization

Learning Community

Costa-Pierce, B.A. 2010. Sustainable ecological aquaculture systems: The need for a new socialcontract for aquaculture development. Mar. Tech. Soc. Jor. 44(3): 88-112.

Farmer consultation, discussion and on-farm resource inventory

Choice of exp’ltopics/protocols with farmers

On-FarmExperimentation,

modeling

On-Stationmodeling

On-StationReplicated

Experiments

Discussion of results with farmers

Aquaculture Farming Ecosystems Methodology

Dual Aquaculture Development Strategies

***Sustainable Commercial Peri-Urban Ponds, Tanks & Cages in Reservoirs and Lakes

~~~Community-Based Aquaculture for Poverty Alleviation

Community-Based Aquaculture for Poverty Alleviation

OUR GREATESTOPPORTUNITY

The CollaborativeDevelopment of

Aquaculture EcosystemsOn Family Farms

This is the Heart and Soul of the Blue Revolution

The Barrackpore Declaration23-25 February 2010, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, India

Taking note of the significant but invisible contribution of small indigenous freshwater fish species to culture and capture fishery production of India…

Being aware of the importance of small indigenous freshwater species as an affordable source of nutrition, particularly micronutrients to the rural poor…

Actively examine the feasibility of incorporating small indigenous freshwater fish species into existing polyculture practices through research, development and extension programmes…

Document and protect traditional knowledge and farmers’ innovation with regards to use of small indigenous freshwater fish species

Dual Aquaculture Development Strategies

***Sustainable Commercial Peri-Urban Ponds, Tanks & Cages in Reservoirs and Lakes

~~~Community-Based Aquaculture for Poverty Alleviation

TilapiaAquacultureTechnology

Markets

1970-80’s

1990-2010’sand beyond

Development, Segmentation

Reservoir Area ~32,000 km2

COMMON GOALAccelerate the Supply & Delivery

of Sustainable Seafoods to Humanity by Training the Next Generation of

Ocean Food Systems Leaders

“Transdisciplinarity today is characterized by its focus on “wicked problems” that need creative solutions, its

reliance on stakeholder involvement, and engaged, socially responsible science.”

Bernstein, J. H. 2015. Transdisciplinarity: A review of its origins, development, and current issues. Journal of Research Practice 11(1): R1.

NORDIC MASTERS IN THESUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION & USE OF MARINE BIORESOURCES

Bodø

StartAugust 25, 2019

EndOctober 15, 2020

Inter- and Transdisciplinarity Online Course

Introductory lectures on sustainability goals, food

webs in the ocean

NORD University Bodö

presentation of research options

and local stakeholder

industry possibilities for

project work

University of Akureyri, Holar

University Collegepresentation of

research options and local

stakeholderindustry

possibilities for project work

University of Gothenburg Kristineberg

presentation of research options

and local stakeholder

industry possibilities for

project work

Setting of individual study plans, personal study

counseling for each student, planning of coming project

work

Online Course on FAO ecosystems

approach to aquaculture; aquaculture biology and

technology

Online Course on marine bioresources

management; global and local seafood value

chains

Crist et al. (2017) The interaction of human population, food production, and biodiversity protection. Science 356: 260-264.

Chinese demand for soybeans $75 mil (1995) to $38 billion (2013)

By 2024 China’s demand will be >>US, Brazil, Argentina production

American plains ecosystems were wiped out by food production (Manning, 1995)

“Land for agriculture has come to occupy 40% of the planet’s ice-free lands. On-going tropical deforestation, anticipated expansion of cultivated areas, a projected 55% increase for water by 2050, expected growth in global pesticide use, the steady increase in greenhouse gases (with agriculture a major contributor), and the expansion of global trade of foods and other products all foreshadow a mounting ecological impact of food production. It appears questionable whether sustainable intensification can prevail over biodiversity-encroaching food production trends.”

Aquatic food ecosystems are more productive than terrestrial ones. They produce higher quality foods more efficiently that have greater positive benefits for human health and wellness

with less impacts on the environment.

Brazil, Argentina, Columbia, BoliviaCongo, Angola, Sudan