APUSH – UNIT 2CHAPTERS 6-7

Duel for North AmericaWar for American Independence

French and Indian WarPages 164-173

Causes Key Events Key Individuals Outcomes Impact on the Colonists

Causes

Battle for the Ohio Valley Key to French fur trading Key to English colonial expansion

Most Frenchsettlers weretraders or furtrappers. Theylived alone orwith Indian tribes. At thestart of the F & I War, there were approximately80k Frenchvs. 1m English in NorthAmerica.

Beaver Felt Hats

Fashionable and Functional

Disputed Territory Between France and Britain

Albany Plan

Who is missing? What is the symbolism?GOAL = Bolster common defense through colonial unity!!

Albany Plan It is proposed that humble application be made for an act

of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act, as hereafter follows.

1. That the said general government be administered by a President-General, to be appointed and supported by the crown; and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several Colonies met in their respective assemblies.

5. That after the first three years, when the proportion of money arising out of each Colony to the general treasury can be known, the number of members to be chosen for each Colony shall, from time to time, in all ensuing elections, be regulated by that proportion, yet so as that the number to be chosen by any one Province be not more than seven, nor less than two.

Black is the important stuff…..

Albany Plan (Con’t) 9. That the assent of the President-General be

requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution.

14. That they make laws for regulating and governing such new settlements, till the crown shall think fit to form them into particular governments.

15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the ocean, lakes, or great rivers; but they shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature.

Albany Plan (Con’t)

16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes, as to them shall appear most equal and just (considering the ability and other circumstances of the inhabitants in the several Colonies), and such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the people; rather discouraging luxury, than loading industry with unnecessary burdens.

22. That, in case of the death of the President-General, the Speaker of the Grand Council for the time being shall succeed, and be vested with the same powers and authorities, to continue till the King's pleasure be known.

Both the Colonies and Parliament rejected this plan.WHY?

Peace of Paris 1763

(1) Britain gains Canada and French America (east of Miss River)

(2) Britain receives Florida in exchange for Cuba

(3) Spain receives Louisiana territory in exchange of war debt

1+2+3 = No more French possessions in North America

Proclamation of 1763

No westward migration past the Appalachian Mountains Why? Colonial response?

Red line is the stopping point (supposedly) for colonial migration

Two Big Words

Mercantilism

Salutary Neglect

Mercantilism

Theory that a country’s power is directly related to the amount of gold and silver it possesses.

To increase G & S you need to: Export more than you import (favorable

balance of trade) Colonies serve as suppliers of raw

materials and customers for finished goods

Adam Smith Big Daddy of Economics“To prohibit a great people, however, from

making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.”

Which one is the colonist?

Salutary Neglect

Idea that a government will enforce only the laws that benefit it the most and ignore those that are not cost efficient or necessary at that particular time.

What happens when the government decides to enforce laws it had previously ignored?

Acts and more Acts….Pages 173-181 Sugar Act

Significance and components Quartering Act Stamp Act

Issues, actions, and outcomes Townshend Acts Boston Massacre

Significance

Sugar Act

1. Charge a tax on molasses2. Charge a new tax on imports3. Strengthen the enforcement of

smuggling laws

* First law to raise revenue in the colonies for the Crown – WHY??

Quartering Act

Law requiring colonies to provide food and shelter for British troops

Issues?

Stamp Act

Direct tax on almost all paper items like: Wills, newspapers, playing cards

Creates the most colonial protest WHY? Virtual representation? HOW?

Stamp Act Repealed

What replaces it?

How are the Townshend Acts different?

The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre

Crispus Attucks "And honor to Crispus

Attucks,who was leader and voice that day;The first to defy,and the first to die,with Maverick, Carr and Gray.It riot or revolution,or mob or crowd as you may,such deaths have been seeds of nations,such lives shall be honored for ay".

- John Boyle O'Reilly

A easier way to remember events?

Patriots...............Proclamation of 1763 Start...................Stamp Act, 1765 The.....................Townsend Acts, 1767 Battle..................Boston Massacre, 1770

Reading Review On a sheet of paper (1/4 would

work) write a word or phrase (as few as possible) describing each of the following: Committees of Correspondence Tea Party Intolerable Acts Lexington & Concord

** I CAN SUMMARIZE THIS IN 9 WORDS

Colonial ResponsesPages 181-186 Committees of correspondence

Goals Tea Party

Outcomes and reactions Intolerable Acts

Significance and components First Continental Congress

Key Actions Lexington and Concord

Committees Committees of Correspondenceof Correspondence

PurposePurpose warn neighboring warn neighboring coloniescolonies about incidents with about incidents with

British. (Builds British. (Builds Unity)Unity) broaden the resistance broaden the resistance movement. movement. ((PropagandaPropaganda))

Tea Act Tea Act (1773)(1773)8 British East India Co.:British East India Co.:

Monopoly on British tea Monopoly on British tea imports.imports.

Many members of Many members of Parliament held shares.Parliament held shares.

Permitted the BEI to Permitted the BEI to sell tea directly to sell tea directly to colonies without colonial colonies without colonial middlemen middlemen (cheaper tea!)(cheaper tea!)

8 North expected the North expected the colonists to eagerly choose colonists to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.the cheaper tea.

Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party (1773)(1773)

*COLONIAL PROTEST*

The Coercive or IntolerableThe Coercive or IntolerableActs Acts (1774)(1774)

Lord NorthLord North

1.1. Port Bill – Port Bill – Closes Closes Boston Boston HarborHarbor2.2. Government Government Act Act - Martial Law- Martial Law

4.4. Administration Administration ofof Justice Act Justice Act

3.3. New Quartering New Quartering Act Act

*SEIGE OF BOSTON*

TheTheQuebec Act Quebec Act

(1774)(1774)

1. Authorized permanent gov’t for former French territory

2. Established Catholicism as state religion in Quebec

Colonists were concerned thatthis was a preview of the future!

First Continental Congress First Continental Congress (1774)(1774)

55 delegates from 12 55 delegates from 12 coloniescolonies

AgendaAgenda How How to respond to to respond to the Coercive the Coercive Acts & the Acts & the Quebec Act?Quebec Act?

1 vote per colony 1 vote per colony represented.represented.

A easier way to remember events? Patriots................Proclamation of 1763 Start....................Stamp Act, 1765 The.......................Townsend Acts, 1767 Battle,..................Boston Massacre, 1770 Then.....................Tea Act & Tea Party, 1773 Congress..............Committees of Correspondence Is..........................“Intolerable Acts,” 1774 Formed.................First Continental Congress

The British Are The British Are Coming Coming . . .. . .

Paul ReverePaul Revere & & William DawesWilliam Dawes make make their midnight ride to warn the their midnight ride to warn the

MinutemenMinutemen of approaching British of approaching British soldiers.soldiers.

The Shot Heard The Shot Heard ’’Round Round the Worldthe World!!

LexingtonLexington & & ConcordConcord – April – April 18,177518,1775* 1ST COLONIAL MILITARY ACTION*

Does this sound familiar?

1. The world’s most powerful nation is caught up in a war against a small guerrilla army.

2. The superpower must resupply its troops from thousands of miles away (very expensive).

3. Support for the war at home is divided.

Does this sound familiar? (Part 2)

4. The rebels are receiving financial and military support from the superpower’s chief rival.

5. As the war drags on and casualties increase, generals are disgraced and the rebels gain momentum.

Who is the superpower? Who are the rebels?

History Repeats Itself

The American Revolution

Vietnam

Iraq?

Early StagesPages 186-194

Second Continental Congress Goals Actions (including Olive Branch)

Bunker Hill Significance

2nd Continental Congress Goals

Continue fighting until King and Parliament address issues

Raise money for defense Olive Branch Petition

Last ditch effort for reconciliation King George declares the colonies in revolt

The Second Continental The Second Continental CongressCongress

(1775)(1775)

Olive Branch Olive Branch PetitionPetition

Bunker Hill (June, 1775)Bunker Hill (June, 1775)

The British suffered over 40% casualties.

Significance?

Thomas PaineThomas Paine: : Common Common SenseSense

Selections The cause of America is, in a great

measure, the cause of all mankind. (What does this sound like?)

The laying a country desolate with fire and sword, declaring war against the natural rights of all mankind, and extirpating the defenders thereof from the face of the earth, is the concern of every man to whom nature hath given the power of feeling; of which class, regardless of party censure, is COMMON SENSE!!!!

Selections…

SOME writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins.

Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices.

The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher

Phase IPhase I:: The Northern The Northern CampaignCampaign[1775-1776][1775-1776]

Phase IIPhase II::

NY & PANY & PA[1777-1778][1777-1778]

New York City in FlamesNew York City in Flames(1776)(1776)

Washington Crossing the Washington Crossing the DelawareDelaware

Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

Declaration of IndependencePages 186-194 Part II

Reason for? Jefferson’s dilemma Key points Audience Role of the signers?

Declaration of Independence

When in the course of human events? We hold these truths to be? All men are equal? Unalienable rights? Protection of Divine Providence

Lives, Fortunes, and Honor

Declaration of Declaration of Independence Independence (1776)(1776)

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

A easier way to remember events? Patriots................Proclamation of 1763 Start....................Stamp Act, 1765 The.......................Townsend Acts, 1767 Battle,..................Boston Massacre, 1770 Then.....................Tea Act & Tea Party, 1773 Congress..............Committees of Correspondence Is..........................“Intolerable Acts,” 1774 Formed,................First Continental Congress Later.....................Lexington and Concord Soldiers...............Second Continental Congress Die.........................Declaration of Independence

Independence HallIndependence Hall

New New National National SymbolsSymbols

Britain Americans

Advantages ? ?

Disadvantages ? ?

Comparing the CombatantsPages 201-207 Part I

Military Strengths and Weaknesses

Continental Army Strengths

Home field Motivating cause Inspirational

leadership European officers

Weaknesses Untrained soldiers Shortages of food

and equipment Limited navy No central

government

Britain Strengths

Best trained soldiers and sailors in the World

Strong government with available funds

Support of loyalists and Native Americans

Weaknesses Weak military leaders Distance from home Lack of personal

involvement Unfamiliar territory

Washington’s HeadachesWashington’s Headaches

Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral].

State/colony loyalties.

Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army.

Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

Military StrategiesMilitary Strategies

Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line].

Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down]

Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies.

The American

s

The British

Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So.

Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally.

“Divide and Conquer” use the Loyalists.

Exports & Imports: 1768-Exports & Imports: 1768-17831783

Although War istraditionally goodfor business –

The Revolutionwas bad for bothBritain and the Colonies!!!!

Patriots and LoyalistsPages 201-207 Part II

Loyalists Who? Why? Where? Impacts on the Patriots

Patriots Who? Tactics

LoyalistLoyalist

StrongholdStrongholdss

French Aid /Turning Points Pages 207-217

Motives Assistance / Alliance Global impact Turning Points

Key contributions Key events

Saratoga: Saratoga: “Turning “Turning Point”Point” of the War? of the War?

A modern-day re-enactment

Phase IIIPhase III:: The Southern The Southern Strategy Strategy [1780-1781][1780-1781]

Britain’s “Southern Britain’s “Southern Strategy”Strategy”

Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South.

Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving.

The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!]

Good US General:Nathanial Greene

The Battle of Yorktown The Battle of Yorktown (1781)(1781)

Count de Rochambeau

AdmiralDe Grasse

Cornwallis’ Surrender at Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown:Yorktown:

Painted by John Trumbull, 1797

““The World Turned Upside The World Turned Upside Down!” Down!”

Peace at ParisPages 217-223Part I

Climate for Peace French Goals Treaty Conditions

British strategy American gains

Climate / Goals Why would Britain want the war to end?

$$$ Losing on multiple fronts (other colonies are

revolting) Weaken F – A alliance

What do the French want? Weak America (independent but dependent) Share territory gains with Spain

Treaty Of Paris

Independence!!!

Expanded American territory

No Loyalist retribution / return of property

Recommend repayment of British debt

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

Articles of ConfederationPages 217-223 Part II

Articles of Confederation Issues Compromises Major weaknesses

Land Ordinance of 1785 Significance

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Significance

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

Biggest Issue!

Transfer of lands to centralgovernment bondsthe Union

Creates rulesfor land policy and nationalcollection for land sales

Strong?Weak?

What is a Confederation?

A form of government in which the member states give up a small amount of power to a central government but retain most of the power for themselves. Sovereignty remains with the member states

Weaknesses of theWeaknesses of theArticles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

No power to tax

No power to regulate trade (commerce)

No power to enforce laws

No executive branch

No national court system

A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Views regarding the Articles

"The issue today is the same as it has been throughout all history, whether man shall be allowed to govern himself or be ruled by a small elite."-- Thomas Jefferson

States’ Rights people loved the Articles – Why?

Indian Land Cessions:Indian Land Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Land Ordinance of 1785Land Ordinance of 1785

Western landsales @ $1 peracre

Township System

What about the blue box?

Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Goals

government for the West states, not colonies five states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan,

Wisconsin Three stages of government:

unorganized territory (fewer than 5,000 people) organized territory (5,000 to 60,000 people) statehood (60,000 or more people)

The United States in The United States in 17871787