APUSH Chapter 4/10APUSH Chapter 4/10

King Cotton / Slave TradeKing Cotton / Slave TradePages 310-321Pages 310-321

• Southern EconomySouthern Economy– IssuesIssues

• Cotton’s RelationshipsCotton’s Relationships– SlaverySlavery– ExpansionExpansion– Southern SocietySouthern Society

• Slave TradeSlave Trade

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

Characteristics Characteristics of the of the

Antebellum Antebellum SouthSouth

1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”

3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Undeveloped financial system.Undeveloped financial system.

6.6. Inadequate transportation system.Inadequate transportation system.

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791

Actually Actually invented by a invented by a

slave!slave!

Impact of the Cotton GinImpact of the Cotton Gin

• Transforms work of slaves from Transforms work of slaves from cleaning cotton to fieldhandscleaning cotton to fieldhands

• Combination of spinning machines Combination of spinning machines and cotton gin increases need for and cotton gin increases need for additional slavesadditional slaves

• 1800 – Slaves = 1 mil1800 – Slaves = 1 mil• 1860 – Slaves = 4 mil1860 – Slaves = 4 mil

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Graniteville Textile Graniteville Textile Co.Co.

Founded in 1845, it was the South’s first attempt at industrialization in

Richmond, VA

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

““Peculiar Institution” Peculiar Institution”

• Southern term for slavery – an Southern term for slavery – an unusual or unique institutionunusual or unique institution

• Why not call it slavery?Why not call it slavery?

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

The majority of Southern families do not own slaves!!!

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00

Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy

Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00

Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ran away. Sold out of jail, $540.00

Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccessoriesSlave AccessoriesSlave AccessoriesSlave Accessories

Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccessoriesSlave AccessoriesSlave AccessoriesSlave Accessories

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

A Real Georgia A Real Georgia PlantationPlantation

The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”

A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or

Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible. Fictive kin (brother, sister, uncle, aunt, etc.)

4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient

in the U. S. than in the U. S. than ElsewhereElsewhere

Slavery Was Less Slavery Was Less Efficient Efficient

in the U. S. than in the U. S. than ElsewhereElsewhere

High cost of keeping slaves fromescaping.

GOAL --> raise the “exit cost.”

u Slave patrols.

u Southern Black Codes.

u Cut off a toe or a foot or ‘hobble’.

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance1. “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used

as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance2. Refusal to work hard.

3. Isolated acts of sabotage.

4. Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

• After escaping in After escaping in 1849,1849,

she returned 19 she returned 19 times to lead times to lead hundreds of hundreds of slaves to freedomslaves to freedom

• Civil War – nurse, Civil War – nurse, scout, cook, and scout, cook, and spyspy

Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman

““There’s two things I got a right There’s two things I got a right to…and these things are Death to…and these things are Death and Liberty. One or the other I and Liberty. One or the other I mean to have.”mean to have.”

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

The Underground Railroad

The Underground Railroad

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas

Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

1822

Gabriel Prosser

1800

Black CodesBlack Codes

• New legislation further restricting the rights New legislation further restricting the rights of both enslaved people and free blacks. of both enslaved people and free blacks.

• The legislature made it illegal for slaves to The legislature made it illegal for slaves to preach, to be “insolent” to white people, to preach, to be “insolent” to white people, to carry a gun, to hunt in the woods, to carry a gun, to hunt in the woods, to cohabitate with a free black or white person, cohabitate with a free black or white person, to own any type of livestock. to own any type of livestock.

• These new codes also forbade white people These new codes also forbade white people from teaching an enslaved person to read. from teaching an enslaved person to read.

Southern Social Structure / Southern Social Structure / Defense of SlaveryDefense of Slavery

Pages 328-340 Pages 328-340

• Southern Social StructureSouthern Social Structure– Role of the Planter EliteRole of the Planter Elite

• Proslavery ArgumentsProslavery Arguments

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population --> Total US Population --> 23,000,00023,000,000

[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Southern Population Southern Population (1860)(1860)

Southern Population Southern Population (1860)(1860)

This 1841 proslavery cartoon contrasts healthy, well-cared-for African American slaves with unemployed British factory workers living in desperate poverty. The comparison between contented southern slaves and miserable northern “wage slaves” was frequently made by proslavery advocates. SOURCE:Library of Congress.

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

The Bible as a Defense?The Bible as a Defense?

• ‘‘He hath made everything beautiful in He hath made everything beautiful in its season’ and showed how all the its season’ and showed how all the orders and distinctions in society came orders and distinctions in society came from God, and that if it was so from God, and that if it was so appropriate and beautiful, that some appropriate and beautiful, that some should be high and some low, and that should be high and some low, and that some were born to rule and some to some were born to rule and some to serve. The pastor applied it so well to all serve. The pastor applied it so well to all this ridiculous fuss that is made about this ridiculous fuss that is made about slavery, and he proved distinctly that slavery, and he proved distinctly that the Bible was on our side, and supported the Bible was on our side, and supported all our institutions so convincingly. all our institutions so convincingly. 

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An American Aberration?American Aberration?

Southern Slavery--> An Southern Slavery--> An American Aberration?American Aberration?

1780s: 1st antislavery society created in Phila.

By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state.

1807: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.

1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.

1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.

1844: slavery abolished in the Fr. colonies.

1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

Abolition / Women’s RightsAbolition / Women’s RightsPages 442-448Pages 442-448

• Abolition MovementAbolition Movement– IdeasIdeas– Key IndividualsKey Individuals– TacticsTactics– PoliticsPolitics

• Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights– IssuesIssues– ActionsActions

22ndnd Great Awakening Great Awakening

• Most significant movement in American Most significant movement in American religionreligion--reorganization and creation of new reorganization and creation of new

denominationsdenominations**-promotes social reform and **-promotes social reform and

improvementsimprovementsWHY?WHY?

-fosters growth and involvement among -fosters growth and involvement among lower socio-economic classeslower socio-economic classes

-widens societal splits (expands social -widens societal splits (expands social classes) classes) Rich vs. Poor churches and denominationsRich vs. Poor churches and denominations

Impacts of the 2Impacts of the 2ndnd Great Great AwakeningAwakening

• Social Reform MovementsSocial Reform Movements– TemperanceTemperance– AbolitionAbolition– Women’s RightsWomen’s Rights– Prison reformPrison reform– EducationEducation

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement 1816 American Colonization Society created (gradual, voluntary emancipation.

British Colonization Society symbol

Abolitionist MovementAbolitionist Movement

Create a free slave state in Liberia, WestAfrica.

No real anti-slavery sentiment in the North in the 1820s & 1830s.

Gradualists Immediatists

Anti-Slavery AlphabetAnti-Slavery Alphabet

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

Slavery & Masonryundermined republicanvalues.

Immediate emancipation with NO compensation.

Slavery was a moral, notan economic issue. R2-4

The LiberatorThe Liberator

Premiere issue January 1, 1831

R2-5

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All

Villanies!

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All

Villanies!

Other White AbolitionistsOther White Abolitionists

Lewis Tappan

Arthur Tappan

James Birney

Liberty Party. Ran for President

in 1840 & 1844.

Black AbolitionistsBlack Abolitionists

David Walker(1785-1830)

1829 Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World

Fight for freedom rather than wait to be set free by whites.

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”

R2-12

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

Sojourner Truth (1787-1883)

or Isabella Baumfree

1850 The Narrative of Sojourner Truth R2-10