Post on 19-Jul-2015
Approaches to environmental services research in the CGIAR
Meine van Noordwijk
ISPC – Tuesday 31 March 2015, Bogor (Indonesia)
1. Why? What’s the giga-issue in terms of Sustainable Development Goals?
2. Ecosystem and environmental services: externalities of land-use intensification?
3. Where are environmental services in the CGIAR Strategic Results Framework?
4. Theory of place * theory of change 5. Typology of issues*place 6. Interventions in coupled socio-ecological systems 7. Issues * place * interventions 8. Who’s doing what globally 9. Who’s doing what within CGIAR, interacting globally?
9.1 Segregating rather than integrating ES concerns? 9.2 Questions to be addressed 9.3 Current effort
10. Outcome/impact perspectives on further CGIAR involvement with ES 10.1 Vision of agenda 10.2 Suggested way forward for the CGIAR
SDG 1&2: End Extreme Poverty and Hunger
SDG 1&8: Economic growth and decent jobs within plane-tary boundaries
SDG4: Effective Learning for all
SDG 5: Gender equa-lity, social Inclusion, & human rights for all SDG3: Health
and well-being at all ages SDG 1&2, 12: Improved
agricultural systems raising rural prosperity
SDG 9,11: Empo-wered inclusive, productive and resilient cities SDG 7,13: Human-in-
duced climate change curbed, sustainable energy ++
SDG 6,14,15: Biodiver-sity secured, good ma- nagement of water, oceans, forests and natural resources
Credible, Salient, Legitimate science
SDG 8,10,16: Governance transformed, technolo- gies for sustainable development ++
Monitoring, Data
Inn
ova
tio
n
c
Glo
bal
ch
ange
p
roce
sses
c
Loca
l
lear
nin
g
Neg
otia
ted o
p-
tion
s in
con
text
SDG17: Means of Implemen-tation
Environmental integrity (SDG’s 1,2, 5, 6, 12, 13, 15)
Global Ag & For production SDG’s 1,2,5,7
+
-
Futures we want
Historical trajectory
‘Green revolution’
‘Envi- ronmental awareness’
Here and now
Futures we fear
Rehabilitation
of degraded
lands
Gradual loss of
‘forest func-
tions’
Time or space
Lack of voice
Low income
Food insecurity
Low access to public services
C stocks
Biodiv.(global)
Agrobiodiversity
Wshed functions
The ‘poverty *
environmental
services’ nexus
on a time-or-
space line
Different forms of ‘poverty’
Different effects on ‘environmental services’
Fore
st o
r tr
ee c
ove
r
van der Ent RJ, Savenije HHG, Schaefli B, Steele‐ Dunne SC, 2010. Origin and fate of atmospheric moisture over continents. Water Resources Research 46, W09525,
PfromEt/Et
Pfrom Et/P
40% of rain-fall is derived from land, 60% from oceans But location matters
Actual landscape
Demographic change & life-styles
Democratization power centralization
Infrastructure, transport
Energy supply & demand
Global commodity markets
Climate, variability &
change
Water
Global conven-tions, SDG’s
Biodiversity & its change
Science & technology
Who cares, who is affected by or benefits from the changes in tree cover and associated ecosystem services? How are stakeholders organized and
empowered to get leverage & influence the drivers? Are both genders empowered?
Why is land use what it is? What are the drivers of
current human activity and what are levers (regulatory framework, economic in-centives, motivation) for modifying future change?
Who makes a living here, what is ethnic identity,
historical origin, migrational history, claims to land use rights, role in main value
chains, what are key power relations? Gender specificity of
all the above?
So what? How do ecosystem services (provisioning,
regulating, cultural/ religious, supporting) depend on tree
cover and the spatial organization of the landscape? Gender specificity of appre-ciation and dissatisfaction?
How are forests and trees used? What land use pat-terns with or without trees are prominent in the land-scape and provide the basis
for local lives and liveli-hoods? What value chains are
based on these land uses?
Where are remaining forests and planted trees? Since
when? How does tree cover vary in the landscape (pat-terns along a typical cross-
section, main gradients), and how has it decreased and
increased over time?
lSocio-ecological system dynamics
Institutions, identity,
pride
Drivers
B1. Incentive structure through policy change (tax, subsidy etc)
A2. LU rights (e.g. community forest mngmnt)
B2. PES and conditional ES incentives
Response/ feedback options
Biodiversity, Watershed functions, GHG emissions,
Landscape beauty
Actors/ agents
Land use/cover changes
Conse-quences & functions
Livelihoods, provisioning & profitability
A1. Land use policies, spatial development planning, roads
Modified from: Van Noordwijk, M., B. Lusiana, G. Villamor, H. Purnomo, and S. Dewi. 2011. Feedback loops added to four conceptual models linking land change with driving forces and actors. Ecology and Society 16(1): r1. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/resp1/
C. Suasion and institutional support
G
G G
G
G
G = Potential gender specificity of analysis & targeting of interventions
Mo
net
ary
fun
gib
ility
5 scales of economics
Individual & household decisions on scarce resources
National scale decisions on scarce resources
Environmental economics: inter-nalizing externalities of individual decisions for common goods
Ecological economics: planetary boundaries put hard constraints
Behavioural economics: really internalizing externalities at emotional core of decision making
Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 37, 389-420
Marketable goods & services
People (land users)
Land is used by people to satisfy their own needs within emerging local institutions, but once they find external markets for products and services, this feeds back to their land use decisions
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Marketable goods & services
People are complex entities… Their decisions are influenced by many aspects of a ‘well-being’ or Maslow pyramid, representing their ‘basic needs’, their social relations within evolving local institutions, and human capital.
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Externality of decision making
People elsewhere including neigh-bours and ‘tele-connections’
Land use, however, has environmental effects that affect the land users directly, but also impact on people elsewhere
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
Ecosystem services*
* Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning
People elsewhere including neigh-bours and ‘tele-connections’
The terminology of ecosystem and environmental services reflect these impacts on others, as externalities of LU decision making
Externality of decision making
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
Ecosystem services*
* Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning
The various ES affect people at all levels of their well-being pyramid. To deal with negative effects of declining ES, they have 6 options:
Externality of decision making’
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Option 1: move to a clean place elsewhere
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
Human history is full of shifting loci of culture, but now there’s nowhere left to go; global impacts affect any place on this planet
Externality of decision making’
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Option 2: forbid pollution, regulate land use
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
This option depends on power relation and may require strong enforcement; it breaks down under more democratic governance
Externality of decision making’
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Option 3: engineer to reduce ES dependence
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
Engineering
Engineering can help with e.g. water and water-related issues (floods, landslides), but tends to be high-cost and rigid (sunk costs)
Externality of decision making’
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Option 4: payments for environmental services Marketable
goods & services
People (land users)
PES (payment for environmental services)
Bu
yers
Selle
rs
ES metric
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
People else- where including neighbours and ‘teleconnections’
Income Income
PES emerged as a ‘simple’ solution to financially intenalize externalities
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
But, the PES reality is more complex…
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
Engineering
Ecosystem services*
* Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning
PES (payment for environmental services)
Bu
yers
‘Sel
lers
’
Intermediaries
ES metric
Externality of decision making
Option 5: boycott products without certification
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
* Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning
Boycotts help to increase awareness and can lead to ‘ecocertification’ as response, but this may have high transaction costs for all
Externality of decision making’
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Option 6: Link the institutions and identities
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
* Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning
Creating a shared sense of identity, moral standards of acceptable behaviours can internalize externalities of LU decisionmaking
Externality of decision making’
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID Identity, self-
realization
Suppor
ting
E
volu
tion
ary
Marketable goods & services
Influence & lateral flows
Climate Water Geomorphology *erosion/sedi- mentation *landslides Nutrients Fire Vegetation & flora Fauna Biogeography
Reg
ula
tory
Cultura
l
Pro
vision
ing
Engineering
* Environmental Services (ES) equals ecosystem services (ES*) minus market-based provisioning
Fairnes
s per
ception
Efficie
ncy
Green accounting
Fairness & efficiency
Externality of decision making
Access, LU regulation Payments, rewards, incentives, tax Respect, recognition, suasion
Natural capital and ES monitoring
Three PES-related paradigms • Commodification of
environmental services
A. packages of ES become tradable commodities,
B. ecocertification of existing commodities;
• Compensation for foregone ES-unfriendly but legal opportunities;
• Coinvestment in environ-mental stewardship.
Physical security, shelter
Food & water security
Health
Income
Entreprise
Social relations
ID SDG4 (Continuous learning), SDG5 (Gender, social inclusion)
SDG8 (Employment, decent jobs)
SDG810 (Less inequality),SDG16 (Accountability),SDG17 (Partnership)
SDG1 (End poverty)
SDG3 (Health), SDG12 (consumption), SDG15(conservation)
SDG2 (Food), SDG6 (Water), SDG7(Energy), SDG14 (Oceans)
SDG9 (Infrastructure), SDG11 (Cities), SDG13 (Climate change)
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG’s) address all levels of a ‘human well-being’ or Maslow pyramid*
* The specific formulation of many SDG’s makes clear that they typically involve more than one level, e.g. Gender includes physical security
Economic sectors and their functio-ning and change (incl. indirect ecosystem service effects)
Ecosystem requirements for economic sectors
Economic sector impacts on eco-systems (+ & -)
Human & social
wellbeing
Ecosystem functioning and change
Ecosys-tem resto-ration & care (green jobs)
Labour force and human & socially mediated ES
Ecosystem servi-ces impacting on H & S wellbeing
Human & social wellbeing derived from economy
Human ecology Economics
v
v
Nlocal
(F+I)loc
(H+S)loc 01
02
03
04
05
06
N(Sub)National
(F+I)Nat
(H+S)Nat
NGlobal
(F+I)Glob
(H+S)Glob
11
12
13
14
15
16
21
22
23
24
25
26
Land use zoning, use and property rights
Human popula-tion & Δ
Mar- ket access, tax,subs.
Management& behavioural
choices of land users
Food, fibre, income Harvestable products
Provisioning services Regulating, supporting & cultural services
Land use practices in a landscape
context
Human & environmental health&well-being
Commodity-product- ser-vice value chains, x-border trade
Waterflows (quality,quantity, regularity)
Macro-&me-so climate Biodiversity
Happiness monitoring
Economic development planning
Environmental & wellfare targeted planning
GDP, national econo-mic growth or decline
Natural ca-pital ac-counting
Sust
ain
ab
le d
evel
op
men
t m
etri
cs
AgTech
New green economy, integrated rural-urban development coalitions…
Com
mon
-den
omin
ato
r va
luation
LPFN Global Land
Project
ESP
Land use zoning, use and proper-ty rights
Human popula- tion & Δ
Mar- ket access, tax,subs.
Management& behavioural
choices of land users
Food, fibre, energy, income Harvestable products
Provisioning services Regulating, supporting & cultural services
Land use practices in a landscape context
Human & environmental health&well-being
Commodity-pro-duct- service value chains, x-border trade
Waterflows (quality,quantity, regularity)
Macro-&me-so climate
Biodiversity
Happiness monitoring
Economic development planning
Environmental & wellfare targeted planning
GDP, national economic growth or decline
Natural ca-pital ac-counting
Sust
ain
ab
le d
evel
op
men
t m
etri
cs
AgTech
New green economy, integrated rural-urban development coalitions…
Future Earth
TEEB
SEEA
UN-SDSN
WAVES
IPBES
Com
mon
-den
omin
ato
r va
luation
CGIAR
Getting the diagnosis right,
monitoring change
Understanding consequences of (in)action
Matching options * context * objectives
Negotiating, building
coalitions for change
Tools, data sets
Models
Experiments
Arguments
Capacity development,
communication
10. Data, observation methods for M&E of change
9. Recognition of consequences for ES and all SDGs of business-
as-usual land-use change from multistakeholder perspectives
8. ES-friendly land-use alternatives: technologies, new value
chains, outsourcing staples
7. Scenarios for land-use change in local context, valuation
6. Negotiation platforms to form coalitions for desirable change
5. Co-investment in environmental stewardship
4. Compensation for legal ES-unfriendly options foregone
3. Commodification of ES through ecocertification of products
2. Commodification of ES as such
1. Dynamic polycentric governance for integral SDG achievement
INC
ENTI
VES
FEED
BA
CK
LO
OP
S
Inspired by Donna Meadows’ hierachy