Post on 12-Sep-2014
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Approach to Integrate Land Use and Transport within Spatial Planning
Processes
Session 2B: Enabling Integrated Planning through Urban and Regional Development Planning Acts in
India
URBAN CHALLENGESPotential of Urban India
300 million more people will live in Indian Urban areas in next 20 to 25 years (equal to population of US )New urban population equal to size of 34 Bangalores are going to be added Engine of growth: 220 million people would be employed in cities – 2/3 of total working
Aspirations and Prosperity:Percentage of urban households having car has increased from 5.6% in 2001 to 9.7% in 2011
Similar to demographic dividend of young India, urban areas of India is also facing growth dividend
Other side of prosperityBicycle usage in urban areas have reduced in the last decadeCities like Delhi has most polluted air in the world. 300 deaths due to respiratory diseases per 1 lakh population per year - highest in the world
Lack of affordable housingInsufficient affordable public transportInsufficient and unequal physical and social infrastructureDegradation of urban environmentLong trips and long time spent in travellingHigh greenhouse gas emission and climate change
URBAN CHALLENGES ARE INTERLINKED
INDIA ON THE URBANIZATION CURVE
India
China
Mexico
Brazil, USA
Indonesia
Europe
Urbanization situation in World Geographies between
2010 - 2030
Key Decision Maker : Governor, Chief Minister
Key Decision Maker: Mayor
Strategies: National Policy & Finance, Demonstration Projects, Capacity Building
Strategies: Unified authorities, Plan/Vision documents
Country and state leaders represent urban populace hence cities are priority and have
autonomy to make their own decisions.
Unending urban sprawl along the peripheries
Low density, uncoordinated urban growth and spatially segregated land uses leading to longer trips
URBAN CHALLENGE - BANGALORE
Source: Prof. Shivanand Swamy, Centre of Excellence in Urban Transport ,CEPT
Average Vehicle Km vs Urban Sprawl
URBAN SPRAWL & LACK OF PUBLIC TRANSPORT ACCESS
Built up area 2000 - 2008
Built up area in 2000
Intensity of BMTC Connectivity
Urbanized Area Of Bangalore Results:
Every 3rd person owns a 2 wheelerEvery 10th person owns a carOnly 8.3% of trips are by walk
Source: BMRDASource: BMTC & EMBARQ
SPRAWL, SEGREGATED USES & FREEWAY ORIENTED GROWTH
Bus 15 Km
Car 11.59 Km
2 wheeler 8.02 Km
Source: http://www.ichangemycity.com/budget
Average Trip length of Bangalorean
Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagar Palike Budget 2013 - 14
Results:
WHY TOWN PLANNING ACTS ARE UNABLE TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES
Role of ActsActs set the processes of planningThey mandate aspects needs to be covered in spatial planningThey provide powers and delegate roles to the agencies
ContextPartial devolution of functions to the elected bodies as per the 74th CAA; Low capacities to implement reforms by urban local GovernmentsConflict of roles and lack of coordinated approach between agencies involved.
High pace of urban growth and growing complexity of issuesChanging aspirations and unmet needs of cities and people for global competitiveness
WHY TOWN PLANNING ACTS ARE UNABLE TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES
Lack of integration between spatial, socio-economic and transport planningLack of regional planning approach that integrates peripheries and rural with city areasLack of integration between scales and no clear mandate to prepare local area plans;Lack of linkages between the master plans, municipal financing, implementation and operating strategy;Often the plans are rigid and deterministic, leading to poor levels of implementation;Often very technical and mechanical exercise not relating to on ground aspects for example: local economy, livelihood, culture;Large sections of populations not included in the planning process;Degradation of urban environment and climate change hardly addressed.
TRANSPORT POLICIES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT ALONE NOT ENOUGH
+ =Sustainable transport
Public rail transport Public bus transport
Transport policies to improve public transport alone do not prevent private vehicle travel
Public transport alone do not attract development around stations
LAND USE POLICIES FOR DENSITIES OR MIXED USES ARE NOT ENOUGH
+High density Mixed uses
=Land use policies on increasing densities or mixed land use without accompanying measures to make car travel more expensive or slower have little effect as people will continue to make long trips to maximise opportunities within their time and budgets
Sustainable development
WHY LAND USE TRANSPORT INTEGRATION
Integrated land use and transport policies are more successful than isolated individual policies in either field
WHAT CURRENT ACTS ARE MENTIONING ON LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTEGRATION
Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act (Revised)
Preparation of Land Use Map
Official Gazette
Outline Development Plan (ODP) /Master Plan (MP)
Interim Master Plan
Land Acquisition
Town Planning Schemes (TP) Additional Area
Master Plan
Revision of Master Plan Transfer of Development Right
Mobility plans are prepared on different timeline and for different planning period which often does not coincide with Development plans
No mandate for Regional Plan, Local Area Plan, elaborate public participatory process and mandate to coordinate between planning related agencies
WHAT CURRENT ACTS ARE MENTIONING ON LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTEGRATION
Chapter II, Section 4, subsection [2(vi)]
Chapter III, Section 17, subsection (2) (a) (vi)
Chapter IV, Section 26, subsection (2 (a) (iv)
State Perspective Plan
Metropolitan area Perspective Plan
District Perspective Plan
Policies and strategies for National and state level Transportation network
Policies, strategies and projects for metropolitan area level transportation system including mass transport
Policies, strategies and projects for socio economic development pertaining to district level transportation system
Model Urban and Regional Planning and Development Law (Revised)
WHAT CURRENT ACTS ARE MENTIONING ON LAND USE AND TRANSPORT INTEGRATION
Model Urban and Regional Planning and Development Law (Revised)
Development Scheme
Chapter VIII, Section 78, subsection (1) (q) (r)
(q) Construction, reconstruction, alteration, improvement and maintenance of public roads and streets, bridges; parking lots, transport terminals including railway station, bus depots, air and seaports, bus bays and stops, street lighting and avenue plantation;
(r) Provision of public transportation including mass transportation by rail or road;
IMPLICATIONS – OPPORTUNITY MISSED IN BANGALORE
RMP 2015- Metro Rail alignment and other major transport proposals not integrated as part of land use and densification strategy.
Higher FAR only based on width of access road irrespective of public transport intensity
Potential TOD influence zones
IMPLICATIONS – OPPORTUNITY MISSED IN BANGALORE
Transport projects and investments, their disjunction with the emerging Sub centres of land use proposals
Integration with the peri-urban areas and emerging centres in the region are weak
Bangalore RMP 2015
HOW TO ACHIEVE LAND USE TRANSPORT INTEGRATION
+Compact urban structure
Distribution of centres of activities & connect
Complete transport network
High density along public transit
+ +
Mixed usesImprove public transport
Multi-modal integration
+ + +
Promote pedestrian infrastructure & NMT
Parking management
Accessibility improvement by complete streets
+ + +
HOW TO INTEGRATE AT REGIONAL SCALECASE: COPENHAGEN
A long-range planning vision shaping rail investments, which in turn shaped urban growth
The corridors to channel overspill growth from urban centres were planned early in the planning processEvolution of Copenhagen Region
Copenhagen Regional integration
HOW TO INTEGRATE AT REGIONAL SCALE
Decentralising commercial and other economic activities through the development of regional, sub-regional, and fringe centres of mass rapid transit stations with mixed uses and high densities;
Reducing the need to travel by locating employment centres near residential areas
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IN THE ACTS AND POLICIES, Best Practice: London & UK Comprehensive state urbanisation policy framework
Triangular strategy of Spatial plan – Transport Plan – Economic strategy
Bottom-up planning process
Manuals to demystifying Acts
WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE IN THE ACTS AND POLICIES
Comprehensive state urbanisation policy including framework of detailed policies and manuals to demystifying Acts
Regional approach for Land use and Transport Integration
Mandate coordinated preparation of DP – CMP – Economic Plans
Mandate cooperation between agencies
Preparation of Local Area Plans need to be mandated
More specific directions required in policy framework – such as favouring compact urban form, mixed use, TOD, NMT, safe access, shared streets and parking management
CHANGE IN LIFE OF COMMON MAN BY LAND USE TRANSPORT INTEGRATION
People have easy access to Work Place – Housing – Recreation
Expenditure on transport reduced
Time gained
Safer neighbour hoods
Better opportunities for physical activity
Healthier environment
THANK YOU!