Applications of PPI

Stepper Motors - D/A - A/D - Temperature Sensor

Stepper Motors

• More accurately controlled than a normal motor

allowing fractional turns or n revolutions to be

easily done

• Lower speed, and lower torque than a comparable

D.C. motor

• useful for precise positioning for robotics• Servomotors require a position feedback signal for

control

Stepper Motor DiagramRotor Alignment

Stepper Motor Step AnglesSPR: Steps per Revolution SA: Step Angle (degree)

500 0.72

200 1.8

180 2

144 2.5

72 5

48 7.5

24 15

SASPR

360 SPS: Steps per second

SPS = (RPM * SPR) /60

Stepper Motor Types

– Variable Reluctance

– Permanent Magnet

Variable Reluctance Motors

Variable Reluctance Motors

• This is usually a four wire motor – the common wire goes to the +ve supply and the windings are stepped through

• The current example is a 30o motor• The rotor has 4 poles and the stator has 6

poles• Example

Transient StateStable State

0

30

60

50

25

75

1

43

2

5 6

Variable Reluctance Motors

• To rotate we excite the 3 windings in sequence–W1 – 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

001001001001 –W2 – 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0

100100100100 –W3 – 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

010010010010• 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 30

• This gives two full revolutions

Unipolar Motors

Half Cycle Stepping

105

75

45

150

90

60

30

Full Cycle Stepping

Unipolar Motors (Full)

• To rotate we excite the 2 windings in sequence–W1a – 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

1000100010001 –W1b – 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

0010001000100 –W2a – 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0

0100010001000–W2b – 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

0001000100010 – 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360

• This gives two full revolutions

Basic Actuation Wave Forms

Unipolar Motors (Half)

• The two sequences are not the same, so by combining the two you can produce half stepping–W1a – 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1

0000011100000111 –W1b – 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0

0111000001110000 –W2a – 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1

1100000111000001 –W2b – 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0

0001110000011100 – 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120 145 150

Enhanced Waveforms (Full)

• better torque• more precise control

Unipolar Motors (Enhanced Full)

• To rotate we excite the 2 windings in sequence–W1a - 1100110011001100110011001 –W1b - 0011001100110011001100110 –W2a - 0110011001100110011001100 –W2b - 1001100110011001100110011

• This gives two full revolutions at 1.4 times greater torque but twice the power

Motor Control Circuits• For low current options the ULN200x

family of Darlington Arrays will drive the windings direct.

Interfacing to Stepper Motors

8255 Control Word

Example (Enhanced Full)

Required Sequence: 1100 – 0110 – 0011 - 1001

Digital to Analog Converter

Example – Step Ramp

Analog to Digital

Vin Range

Timing

Interfacing ADC

Example

Temperature Sensor

Printer Connection

IO Base Address for LPT

Printer’s Ports

8255 Mode Definition Summary

Mode 0

• Provides simple input and output operations for each of the three ports. – No “handshaking” is required, data is simply

written to or read from a specified port.– Two 8-bit ports and two 4-bit ports.– Any port can be input or output.– Outputs are latched.– Inputs are not latched

• Mode 1 Basic functional Definitions:– Two Groups (Group A and Group B).– Each group has one 8-bit data port and one 4-bit control/data port.– The 8-bit data port can be either input or output. Both inputs and outputs are latched.– The 4-bit port is used for control and status of the 8-bit data port.

8255 mode 1 (output)

Mode 1 – Control Signals

• Output Control Signal Definition– OBF (Output Buffer Full F/F). (C7 for A, C1 for B)

• The OBF output will go “low” to indicate that the CPU has written data out to the specified port.– A signal to the device that there is data to be read.

– ACK (Acknowledge Input). (C6 for A, C2 for B)• A “low” on this input informs the 8255 that the data from Port A

or Port B has been accepted. – A response from the peripheral device indicating that it has read the

data.– INTR (Interrupt Request). (C3 for A, C0 for B)

• A “high” on this output can be used to interrupt the CPU when an output device has accepted data transmitted by the CPU.

Timing diagram for mode1(output)

8255 mode 1 (input)

Mode 1 – Control Signals

• Input Control Signal Definition– STB (Strobe Input). (C4 for A, C2 for B)

• A “low” on this input loads data into the input latch.– IBF (Input Buffer Full F/F) (C5 for A, C1 for B)

• A “high” on this output indicates that the data has been loaded into the input latch; in essence, an acknowledgement from the 8255 to the device.

– INTR (Interrupt Request) (C3 for A, C0 for B)• A “high” on this output can be used to interrupt the CPU when an

input device is requesting service.

Timing diagram for mode1(input)

• MODE 2 Basic Functional Definitions:– Used in Group A only.– One 8-bit, bi-directional bus port (Port A) and a 5-bit control port (Port C).– Both inputs and outputs are latched.– The 5-bit control port (Port C) is used for control and status for the 8-bit, bi-directional bus

port (Port A).

Mode 2• Output Operations

– OBF (Output Buffer Full). The OBF output will go low to indicate that the CPU has written data out to port A.

– ACK (Acknowledge). A low on this input enables the tri-state output buffer of Port A to send out the data. Otherwise, the output buffer will be in the high impedance state.

• Input Operations– STB (Strobe Input). A low on this input loads data

into the input latch.– IBF (Input Buffer Full F/F). A high on this output

indicates that data has been loaded into the input latch.

Pin Function

PC7 /OBF

PC6 /ACK

PC5 IBF

PC4 /STB

PC3 INTR

PC2 I/O

PC1 I/O

PC0 I/O