APA (5APA (5thth ed.) Citation Style ed.) Citation Style

How to create reference list How to create reference list entries and how to cite them a entries and how to cite them a

paper or reportpaper or report

Garth Homer Nov. 2008

OverviewOverview

purpose of a style guidepurpose of a style guidestandardizestandardizeeasier to find what you wanteasier to find what you wantProvide credibilityProvide credibility

somewhat arbitrarysomewhat arbitraryAPA does not always “make sense” but …APA does not always “make sense” but …

OverviewOverview

if there is a question about how to do it, if there is a question about how to do it, the the Publication Manual of the American Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssociationPsychological Association is the reference is the reference sourcesource

APAAPA has a Web site that can also be has a Web site that can also be usefuluseful http://www.apastyle.org/askexpert.htmlhttp://www.apastyle.org/askexpert.html

CITATIONS AND REFERENCESCITATIONS AND REFERENCES

DEFINITION:

CITATIONS ARE USED WHEN FACTS OR OPINIONS ARE USED IN THE BODY OF YOUR REPORT OR RESEARCH WORK TO ADD VALIDITY.

TO USE AN OPINION THAT IS NOT YOUR OWN AND NOT CITE IT CAN BE PALGERISM.

REFERENCES GIVE THE DETAIL AROUND YOUR CITATIONS. ONLY CITED WORKS CAN APPEAR IN YOUR REFERENCE LIST.

Structure of a reference: Structure of a reference:

Periodical [paper copyPeriodical [paper copy]]

Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, CAuthor, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. .

C.C. (Year).(Year). Title of article.Title of article. Title of Title of periodical,periodical, xxxx,, yyy-yyy.yyy-yyy.

includes items published on a regular basisincludes items published on a regular basisjournals, magazines, scholarly newsletters, etc.journals, magazines, scholarly newsletters, etc.

hanging paragraph formathanging paragraph format

Structure of a reference: Structure of a reference: Periodical [paper copy]Periodical [paper copy]

Leonard, D., & McAdam, R.Leonard, D., & McAdam, R. (2003).(2003). Corporate social responsibility.Corporate social responsibility.

QualityQuality Progress,Progress, 36,36, 27-33.27-33.

Citing a sourceCiting a source in the paper in the paper

1. One work by one author1. One work by one author Author’s name given in the body of your paper:Author’s name given in the body of your paper:

Leonard and McAdam reportedLeonard and McAdam reported… … (2003) (2003)

Author’s name not given in the body of your paper Author’s name not given in the body of your paper but rather in parentheses:but rather in parentheses:

In a study on the comparison process (Leonard& In a study on the comparison process (Leonard& McAdam 2003)…McAdam 2003)…

Citing a sourceCiting a source in the paper in the paper

2. Citing a secondary source2. Citing a secondary source In Smith’s 1998 study (In Smith’s 1998 study (as cited in Leonard & as cited in Leonard &

McAdam, 2003McAdam, 2003)…)… Research (Smith, 1998Research (Smith, 1998, as cited in Leonard & , as cited in Leonard &

McAdam, 2003McAdam, 2003) has shown …) has shown …

Do NOT include Smith (1998) in the reference Do NOT include Smith (1998) in the reference list. DO include Leonard and McAdam (2003).list. DO include Leonard and McAdam (2003).

Citing a sourceCiting a source in the paper in the paper

3. Direct quotations3. Direct quotationsFor direct quotations, include the page number of For direct quotations, include the page number of

the quotethe quote

Stereotypes have been defined as “generalized Stereotypes have been defined as “generalized and usually value-laden impressions that one and usually value-laden impressions that one social group uses in characterizing members of social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (Lindgren, 2001, another group” (Lindgren, 2001, p. 1617p. 1617).).

ONLINE RESOURCES

Structure of a reference:Structure of a reference:Online DocumentOnline Document

Structure of a reference:Structure of a reference:Online PeriodicalOnline Periodical

If you use a periodical database to get an online, If you use a periodical database to get an online, full-text version of the article [HTML, PDF], you full-text version of the article [HTML, PDF], you need to add some more information.need to add some more information.

Author, A. A. (year) Title of workAuthor, A. A. (year) Title of work.. Title of journalTitle of journal Retrieved month, day, year from sourceRetrieved month, day, year from source

-ADDED INFORMATION--ADDED INFORMATION-

Retrieved month, day, year, from source.Retrieved month, day, year, from source. when YOU retrieved itwhen YOU retrieved it

Structure of a reference:Structure of a reference:Online DocumentOnline Document

Author, A. A. (year) Title of workAuthor, A. A. (year) Title of work.. Title of journalTitle of journal Retrieved month, day, year from source or DOIRetrieved month, day, year from source or DOI

electronic sources include aggregated electronic sources include aggregated databases, Web sites or Web pages, databases, Web sites or Web pages, newsgroups, Web- or e-mail based newsgroups, Web- or e-mail based discussion groups / newslettersdiscussion groups / newsletters

Online article in a databaseOnline article in a database

Structure of a reference:Structure of a reference:Online Periodical (Online Periodical (NO DIGITAL IDENTIFIER)NO DIGITAL IDENTIFIER)

Leeds, R.Leeds, R. (2003).(2003). Breach of trust.Breach of trust. Harvard International Review,Harvard International Review, 25,25, 76-76- 83.83. Retrieved January 9, 2004, from theRetrieved January 9, 2004, from the

Academic Search Premier databaseAcademic Search Premier database..

Citation: ( Leeds, 2003 )

Online Article ( with D.O.I)Online Article ( with D.O.I)

Quick,J.C.Quick,J.C. (2008)(2008) Quick reaction to ‘executive Quick reaction to ‘executive dilemmasdilemmas’. ’. Consulting psychology Journal: Consulting psychology Journal: practice and researchpractice and research, , 6060 (1) (1) 38-4138-41.doi: .doi:

10.1037/1065-9293.6010.1037/1065-9293.60

Citation: (Quick, 2008)

Structure of a reference:Structure of a reference:Online DocumentOnline Document

MacDonald, C.MacDonald, C. (n.d.).(n.d.). Creating a code of ethics Creating a code of ethics for your organization.for your organization. Retrieved January Retrieved January

13, 13, 2004, from 2004, from http://www.ethicsweb.ca/codes/http://www.ethicsweb.ca/codes/

Note that this source has no date [n.d.] and that it Note that this source has no date [n.d.] and that it does NOT end with a period does NOT end with a period

Structure of a reference:Structure of a reference:Online Corporate Web SiteOnline Corporate Web Site

WestJet.WestJet. (n.d.).(n.d.). Home page.Home page. RetrievedRetrieved November 8, 2008, from November 8, 2008, from

hhttp://www.westjet.comttp://www.westjet.com

Structure of a reference:Structure of a reference:DVD.DVD.

Doubletalk Productions ( Producer), & Doubletalk Productions ( Producer), & Shepard, K. (Director).Shepard, K. (Director). (2001).(2001). WhoWho stole my cheese? stole my cheese? [DVD],[DVD], UnitedUnited States:States: Doubletake Productions.Doubletake Productions.

Online documentOnline document

Reference for a webpageReference for a webpage

Macdonald,C.Macdonald,C. (n.d.)(n.d.) Creating a code of ethics Creating a code of ethics for your for your organizationorganization. . Retrieved November 14, 2008Retrieved November 14, 2008, , from from http://www.ethicsweb.ca/codeshttp://www.ethicsweb.ca/codes//

Citing a sourceCiting a source in the paper in the paper

4. Electronic sources without page 4. Electronic sources without page numbersnumbers

Use the paragraph number, preceded by the Use the paragraph number, preceded by the paragraph symbol - ¶ - or the abbreviation para. If paragraph symbol - ¶ - or the abbreviation para. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading and the paragraph number following it.heading and the paragraph number following it.

(Macdonald, 2008, (Macdonald, 2008, ¶ 5¶ 5)) (Macdonald, 2008, (Macdonald, 2008, Conclusion, para. 1Conclusion, para. 1))

Structure of a reference and Structure of a reference and citation:citation:

Annual reportAnnual report

Reference:Reference:

WestJet Airlines. (2002). WestJet Airlines. (2002). Annual report to Annual report to

shareholders,shareholders, Calgary, AB: Author. Calgary, AB: Author.

Citation:Citation:

(WestJet Airlines, 2002)(WestJet Airlines, 2002)

Statistical sourcesStatistical sources

Build your reference in three steps:Build your reference in three steps:

With the product you want to cite on your screen or in hand, follow these three With the product you want to cite on your screen or in hand, follow these three steps:steps:

Step 1.Step 1. Identify the product category of the product you want to cite. Identify the product category of the product you want to cite.

Step 2. Determine what information you need to include in your reference.Step 2. Determine what information you need to include in your reference.

Step 3. Use your preferred style to finish your reference.Step 3. Use your preferred style to finish your reference.

http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/12-591-XIE/2006001/build.htmhttp://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/12-591-XIE/2006001/build.htm

Newspaper article ( no author)Newspaper article ( no author)

The age of the entrepreneur is over. The age of the entrepreneur is over. (2008,September 14). (2008,September 14). The Globe and Mail. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from Retrieved from http://www/theglobeandmail.comhttp://www/theglobeandmail.com

Personal communicationsPersonal communications

Includes interviews, phone conversations, discussions, E-Includes interviews, phone conversations, discussions, E-mail from one individual to another (Non archived mail from one individual to another (Non archived discussions)discussions)

G. Homer ( personal communication, April 18, 2008)…….G. Homer ( personal communication, April 18, 2008)…….(B. Franklin, personal communication, July 2, 2006)(B. Franklin, personal communication, July 2, 2006)

NOTE: because they do not represent recoverable NOTE: because they do not represent recoverable information they do not appear in the reference list.information they do not appear in the reference list.

Private informationPrivate information

Briefs,corporate documents, working papersBriefs,corporate documents, working papers

Economic Development Commission, Kelowna. ( 2008, March) Employment levels in Kelowna by month ( working Paper 4). Kelowna, Author

Paper presented at a virtual Paper presented at a virtual conferenceconference

Beddoe, C., (2008). Beddoe, C., (2008). Westjet: the development of a conceptWestjet: the development of a concept. . Paper presented at the Conference on Leadership. Paper presented at the Conference on Leadership. Virtual Confernce. Retrieved May 16, 2008 from Virtual Confernce. Retrieved May 16, 2008 from

http://www.stanford.edu/conference/leadership/http://www.stanford.edu/conference/leadership/

ConclusionsConclusions

Publication Manual of the American Publication Manual of the American Psychological AssociationPsychological Association (5 (5thth ed.) ed.)available in the Reference Collection of available in the Reference Collection of

LibraryLibrary

Individual professors may have particular Individual professors may have particular preferencespreferencesconsult with them on how they might want the consult with them on how they might want the

references presentedreferences presented

Prepared byPrepared by

Garth Homer, Librarian, business and Garth Homer, Librarian, business and statistics.statistics.

Okanagan CollegeOkanagan College 20082008