Post on 26-Mar-2015
AP US HISTORYEAST HIGH SCHOOL
MR. PETERSONSPRING 2011
The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939
Focus Questions
What caused the Great Depression, and how did President Hoover respond?
What strategy guided the early New Deal, and what problems and challenges arose in 1934–1935?
What key measures and setbacks marked the course of the New Deal from 1935 on?
How did the depression and the New Deal affect specific social groups in the United States?
What key developments shaped American culture in the 1930s?
Crash and Depression, 1929-1932
Black Thursday and the Onset of the Depression
Stock prices rise Speculation “margin” buying Interest rates increased
“Black Thursday-”Oct. 24, 1929 Stock market crash
Key industries collapseFed-tight money policiesGlobal economic crisis
Fig. 24-1, p. 731
Hoover’s Response
Bold response Encourages businesses to maintain wages and
employment Emergency Committee for Employment-voluntary
relief coordination Tax increase Reconstruction Finance Corporation
$4 billion Make loans to banks
“recovery just around the corner”
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Fig. 24-2, p. 732
Mounting Discontent and Protest
Central Park-“Hoover Valley” “Hoovervilles”
Farmers’ Holiday Association Force prices up Refuse to sell, dump milk
“Bonus march” Broker up by Gen. Douglas MacArthur
p. 733
The Election of 1932
Republicans re-nominate HooverDemocrats choose Franklin Roosevelt
“bold persistent experimentation” Attacks Hoover’s “reckless spending”
FDR wins in landslideDemocrats win control of Congress
The New Deal Takes Shape
Roosevelt and His Circle
“The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself.”“brain trust”
Not ideologically driven Eleanor Roosevelt plays key role Frances Perkins-first female cabinet member (Labor)
The New Deal
“The only thing we have to fearis fear itself—nameless, unreasoning, unjustified fear.”--Franklin Roosevelt’s first inaugural address (March 1933)
p. 735
The Hundred Days
Major legislation-more than a dozenAlphabet agencies
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) Public Works Administration (PWA) Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) National Recovery Administration (NRA)
Voluntary support Price and production codes
Federal Emergency Relief Act Harry Hopkins Money to state and local relief agencies
Table 24-1, p. 736
p. 738
p. 739
Problems and Controversies Plague the Early New Deal
Supreme Court rules National Recovery Act unconstitutional
AAA provided for crop reductions, hurt farm workers and sharecroppers Southern Tenant Farmers’ union protests
Dust BowlCivil Works Administration (CWA) funds
short-term work projectsPublic Works Administration (PWA) funds
large-scale projects
Fig. 24-3, p. 738
Map 24-1, p. 740
Table 24-2, p. 743
1934-1935: Challenges from the Right and Left
Conservatives call New Deal socialismAl Smith forms anti-New Deal American
Liberty LeagueFather Charles Coughlin attacks FDR with
ant-Semitism, calls for nationalizing banksFrances Townsend calls for guaranteed
paycheck of $200 per monthGov. Huey Long of Louisiana calls for
“Share the Wealth” program confiscating income over $1 million
Roosevelt and New Deal remain popular
The New Deal Changes Course, 1935-1936
Expanding Federal Relief
Works Progress Administration (WPA) Federal Writers’ Project (FRP) and Federal Music
Project (FMP)
PWA completes major projectsResettlement Administration makes loans to
farmersNational Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
Guarantees collective bargaining in private sector NLRB created
Favors unions, unions flourish
The Social Security Act: End of the Second New Deal
Old-age pensionsSurvivor benefitsMoney for disabledLong-term impactNew Deal enlarged government role in life
The 1936 Roosevelt Landslide and the New Democratic Coalition
Republicans nominate Alfred LandonFDR wins bigDemocratic coalition established
White South, parts of West, urban white ethnics, union members, blacks
Table 24-3, p. 745
p. 746
The Environment and the West
Soil Conservation ServiceNew national parks
Olympic National Park Shenandoah National Park
Wilderness preservation movementLarge dams
Grand Coulee Shasta
The New Deal’s End Stage: 1937-1938
FDR and the Supreme Court
FDR proposes court packing bill Press and public react with hostility FDR drops idea
Supreme Court changes views Several new justices appointed
The Roosevelt Recession
Partial recovery Economy slides in 1937
New relief spending in 1938 17% unemployment in 1939
Final Measures: Growing Opposition
Farm Security Administration (FSA) Low-interest loans to farmers
Fair Labor Standards Act Banned child labor Minimum wage (40¢ per hour)
Federal farm price support system established
New Deal over after 1938 election
Social Change and Social Action in the 1930s
The Depression’s Psychological and Social Impact
¼ of all farm families sought assistanceUnemployment never fell below 14%“dull misery in the bones”Women faced discrimination in workplace,
even though more married women workedFamilies often torn apart
Birthrate fell Difficult for children
Blacks, Hispanics, sharecroppers hit especially hard
Industrial Workers Unionize
Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) formed within AFL Organized all workers-blacks, women, unskilled Steel strike results in union at US Steel “sit-down” strikes work to unionize GM CIO breaks away from AFL
AFL adapts and welcomes low-skilled workers
Union memberships rises dramaticallyOrganizers often radicals
Fig. 24-4, p. 751
p. 752
Black and Hispanic Americans Resist Racism and Exploitation
Lynching continued to haunt blacks Supreme Court orders new trial for “Scottsboro Boys”
NAACP battles in courts “don’t shop where you can’t work” campaign
Strikes by farm workers Two killed by shots into union hall in Pixley, CA
p. 753
A New Deal for Native Americans
American Indian Defense Association formed Aimed to reverse Dawes Act
Indian Reorganization Act-1934 Halted tribal land sales No provision for self-government and cultural renewal Tribes split over law
The American Cultural Scene in the 1930s
Avenues of Escape: Radio and Movies
Movies remained popular during depressionFavored New DealGangster movies favored G-menStereotypesVirtuous heroes represent “the people”Color movies
Gone with the Wind (1939) The Wizard of Oz (1939)
p. 757
The Later 1930s: Opposing Fascism: Returning to Traditional Values
Popular Front Communists and Socialists Come together against fascists in Italy and Spain,
Nazis in Germany Many went to Spain to fight in Spanish Civil War Collapsed after Hitler and Stalin sign non-aggression
pact in 1939
p. 758
p. 759
Streamlining and a World’s Fair: Corporate America’s Utopian Vision
Streamlining“The World of Tomorrow”-New York World’s
FairWar of the Worlds
p. 760
p. 761
AP US HISTORYEAST HIGH SCHOOL
MR. PETERSONSPRING 2011
The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939