Post on 03-Jan-2016
AP Psych DMA
1. Who was Hilgard? What did he/she study?
Don’t forget to write the question & to leave room for your answer.
• DMA• Chapter 7• Hypnosis• Drugs
Today’s Agenda
Homework:•DMAs are due Friday•FRQ # 1 & 2 due Thursday, Oct. 6th
•Chapter 7 notes – due Tuesday, Oct. 11th
•Chapter 7 test – Tuesday, Oct. 11th
•Chapter 7 test review session – Monday, Oct. 10th, 7:00 AM, Wheeler’s room
Hypnosis Hypnosis An interaction in which one person
(the hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur
Clip
Posthypnotic Amnesia supposed inability to recall what one
experienced during hypnosis induced by the hypnotist’s suggestion
Hypnosis Unhypnotize
d people can also do
this
Hypnosis Orne & Evans (1965)
control group instructed to “pretend” unhypnotized subjects performed the
same acts as the hypnotized ones
Posthypnotic Suggestion suggestion to be carried out after the
subject is no longer hypnotized used by some clinicians to control
undesired symptoms and behaviors
Acting as if you are Hypnotized
N. P. Spanos
Hildegard – Dissociation TheoryHildegard’s ice water experiment
◦Subjects under hypnosis exhibited ability to withstand the pain of the icy water longer than those not under.
Hildegard’s contention◦A part of the person’s consciousness
experiences the pain, but this part is hidden from awareness by what he called “amnesic barrier”
More Hildegard
Spanos’ issue with Hildegard:Subjects used for this research were
chosen based on their high susceptibility to hypnosis.
In other words they…◦ “have a strong investment in presenting
themselves in the experimental setting as good hypnotic subjects.”
◦ Therefore they know that a waking state is being compared to a hypnotic state and want to demonstrate the effectiveness of hypnosis
Spanos' view
Hypnosis is an increased state of motivation to perform certain behaviors◦and is not an altered state of consciousness
Spanos contended that hypnotized subjects are actually engaging in voluntary behavior designed to produce a desired consequence.
Spanos ran his own experiment:
Half the subjects were told they’d be tested using hypnosis.◦Half were not.
Guess what…◦The pain ratings under hypnosis of the subjects expecting hypnosis were drastically different in favor of hypnosis
◦Pain ratings under hypnosis for the subjects who weren’t expecting hypnosis were the same.
So how do we know we’re under?
According to Spanos:People define themselves as having
been hypnotized ◦when they interpret their own behavior under hypnosis in ways that are consistent with their expectations about being hypnotized.
An exampleIn one of Spanos' experiments, two groups of students were given lectures about hypnosis and then put under hypnosis. ◦The difference between experiment and control?
◦The experimental group was told that arm rigidity was a spontaneous event during hypnosis.
The result?
Not one student in the control group experienced spontaneous arm rigidity during the control group's hypnosis session.◦However, subjects in the experimental group did.
◦The expectation of behavior led to the experience of the behavior.
Do you daydream a lot? Do you lose track of time when reading, playing video games….?
Hypnotic suggestion?
A person's susceptibility to hypnosis correlates with his or general tendency to become absorbed in other activities ◦Such as reading or daydreaming.◦In other words, imagination is vital.
It's all in how you say it
Hypnotists often use tests to see how "under" a subject is.◦Spanos claimed that these tests are often carried out in such way as to invite the subjects to convince themselves that something out of the ordinary is happening. Put up your right arm, please…
You are relaxed, Your arm is growing heavy…and you can not hold it up.
The "suggestion" has two very interesting aspects:One request asks subject to do somethingThe other asks the subject to interpret the action
as having occurred involuntarily.Of course it helps if the suggestion makes sense.
(A heavy arm falling vs. light arm rising.)
Your hand is reaching into your wallet and you can't stop it from handing Ms. Wheeler a dollar. Just checking.
Explaining Hypnosis
What are some of the symptoms of addiction?
Drugs and Consciousness
Psychoactive Drug a chemical substance that alters perceptions
and mood
Physical Dependence physiological need for a drug marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
Psychological Dependence a psychological need to use a drug for example, to relieve negative emotions
Dependence and Addiction Tolerance
diminishing effect with regular use
Withdrawal discomfort
and distress that follow discontinued use Small Large
Drug dose
Littleeffect
Bigeffect
Drugeffect
Response tofirst exposure
After repeatedexposure, moredrug is neededto produce same effect
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants drugs that reduce neural activity slow body functions
alcohol, barbiturates, opiates
Stimulants drugs that excite neural activity speed up body functions
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine
Psychoactive Drugs
Hallucinogenspsychedelic drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input LSD
Psychoactive Drugs
Barbituratesdrugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
Psychoactive Drugs
Opiatesopium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin)
opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety
Psychoactive Drugs
Amphetaminesdrugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
Cocaine Euphoria and Crash
Psychoactive Drugs
Ecstasy (MDMA) synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen both short-term and long-term health risks
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide a powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid
THC the major active ingredient in marijuana triggers a variety of effects, including mild
hallucinations
Trends in Drug Use
1975 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
80%
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
High schoolseniors
reportingdrug use
Alcohol
Marijuana/hashish
Cocaine
Perceived Marijuana Risk
‘75 ‘77 ‘79 ‘81 ‘83 ‘85 ‘87 ‘89 ‘91 ‘93 ‘95 ‘97 ‘99Year
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentof
twelfthgraders
Perceived “great risk ofharm” in marijuana use
Used marijuana
Create Your Own DARE
Please complete the handout with a partner.
Near-Death Experiences Near-Death
Experience an altered
state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death
often similar to drug-induced hallucinations
Near-Death Experiences
Dualismthe presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact
Monismthe presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing