Post on 01-Mar-2022
AP Biology Study Guide- 1st Semester Final Unit 1- Chemistry and Biochemistry- Chapters 1-5
Matter:
Be able to determine the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons using a periodic table.
Isotope:
Compare covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, nonpolar covalent bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrogen bonds:
Explain REDOX reactions and give an example (think OILRIG):
List the unique properties of water:
What type of molecule does carbon make?
Fill in the definition of each isomer.
STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
Cis = groups on same side Trans = groups on
opposite sides
GEOMETRIC ISOMERS
SUBATOMIC
PARTICLE
Electric
charge
Mass Location
Proton
Neutron
Electron
ENANTIOMERS
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS- Fill in the class name
STRUCTURE
Non-ionized Ionized
EXAMPLE
CLASS NAME
HYDROXYL
• Polar
• Hydrophilic
• Found in
SUGARS
X
ETHANOL
GLYCEROL
Alcohols
CARBOXYL
• Polar
• weak acid
• hydrophilic
ACETIC ACID
AMINO ACIDS
SUGARS
FATTY ACIDS
AMINO
• Polar
• Weak base
• hydrophilic
UREA AMINO ACIDS
SULFHYDRYL
• Form disulfide
bridges
• Help stabilize
tertiary
structure
of proteins
X
Cysteine
PHOSPHATE
• Polar
• Acid
• hydrophilic
• Important in
energy transfer
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
PHOSPHOLIPIDS
DNA
CARBONYL
• Polar
• Hydrophilic
at end of C
chain
X
FORMALDEHYDE
SUGARS
in middle of
Cchain
X
ACETONE SUGARS
METHYL
• Non-polar
• Hydrophobic
X
FATTY ACIDS
OILS
WAXES
List the four macromolecules, their elements ratio, and their function.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Unit 2- Metabolism (labs completed: Enzyme Lab, Osmosis/Diffusion Lab)- Chapter 7 and 8
Membrane Structure and Function
COMPARE/CONTRAST
the kinds of transport
Active
or
Passive
USES:
NO HELP ?
MEMBRANE
PROTEINS ?
VESICLES ?
WHAT HAPPENS?
DIFFUSION
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
CARRIER PROTEINS
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
AQUAPORINS (0SMOSIS)
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
CHANNEL PROTEINS
Na+ - K+ PUMP
PROTON PUMP
COTRANSPORT
ENDOCYTOSIS
(Phagocytosis)
ENDOCYTOSIS
(Pinocyotosis)
RECEPTOR MEDIATED
ENDOCYTOSIS
EXOCYOTOSIS
Sketch the U-TUBE whenever equilibrium is reached. Be sure to include the correct water level for each tube and the
correct solute concentration illustrated with dots.
Hypertonic vs. hypotonic vs. Isotonic Solutions: Characteristics of a Plasma Membrane: Plasma Membranes are composed of: Metabolism and Enzymes Metabolism: Catabolic Pathway: Anabolic Pathway: What is the difference between kinetic, potential, and chemical energy? State the 1st Law of Thermodynamics: State the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics: Explain the variables in the following equation: G= H-T S
Exergonic Reaction:
Endergonic Reaction:
What does ATP stand for and what is it used for?
Activation Energy: Catalyst: Enzymes:
Explain what is occurring the in graph to the left in regard to an enzyme. What else can effect the rate of a reaction?
What is the difference between Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback?
Unit 3- Energy (Labs completed: Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration)- Chapters 9 and 10 Define Cellular Respiration and give the formula: Mitochondria:
Process Starts With Ends With Summary of Process Location
Glycolysis
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Electron Transport Chain
Define photosynthesis and give the formula: What’s the difference between autotroph and heterotroph and give an example of each? Chloroplast:
Explain how the electromagnetic spectrum relates to light and pigment.
Explain the process of the light dependent reaction: Explain the process of the light independent reaction (Calvin Cycle):
Unit 4- Molecular Genetics (Labs completed: DNA Transformation and DNA Fingerprinting)-Chapters 16, and 17)
NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA & RNA)
CHARGAFF’S RULES:
A = T and G = C
A Purine always bonds to a Pyrimidine
Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA
NUCLEOTIDE SUBUNITS
SUGAR = Ribose (RNA)
OR Deoxyribose (DNA)
NITROGEN BASES:
DNA RNA
Adenine Adenine
Guanine Guanine
Cytosine Cytosine
Thymine Uracil
RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA)
Antiparallel molecule because…….
Explain the process of DNA Replication (DNA to DNA) (reads in 3’ → 5’ direction but builds a new strand in 5’→3’
direction)
What is responsible for proofreading and repair in DNA Replication?
Process Location Summary of process Transcription
Translation
What is the role of the following? Messenger RNA (mRNA): Transfer RNA (tRNA): Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): Mutations (Point, Silent, Missense, Nonsense, and Frameshift): Be able to determine the correct amino acid when given either a DNA sequence or mRNA sequence.
Unit 1 Chemistry and Biochemistry Unit-10 (4) Unit 2 Metabolism 10 (8) Unit 3 Energy (cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis)-16 (8) Unit 4 Molecular Genetics—16 (13) 53 questions 5 grid in answers- 90 minutes 8 essay- 90 minutes 2 long (1 genetics, 3 short (2 diffusion, 2 molecular genetics) AP Biology Final Exam- 1st Semester 2016
27. Which of the following statements best explains why there are fewer colonies on plate IV than on plate III?
a. Plate IV is the positive control. b. Not all E. coli cells are successfully transformed. c. The bacteria on plate III did not mutate. d. The plasmid inhibits E. coli growth.
5. Which of the following correctly matches the class of RNA with its function?
a. mRNA transfers a message from DNA in the nucleus to the tRNA in the cytoplasm. b. tRNA transfers a message mRNA in the nucleus to the rRNA in the cytoplasm. c. mRNA transfers a message from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm. d. tRNA transfers a message from rRNA in the nucleus to mRNA in the cytoplasm.