Post on 26-Mar-2015
AP BIOLOGY ReviewCampbell Chapter 7
Plants that can tolerate extreme cold have a
higher percentage of phospholipids with ______________ fatty acid tails.
SATURATED UNSATURATED
unsaturated
Cholesterol can be called a “temperature buffer” because at higher temperatures (like body temp) it makes the phospholipids ________ fluid by restrainingtheir movements. less more
At lower temperatures cholesterol hinders the close packing of phospholipids so it __________ the temperaturerequired for membranes to solidify. lowers raises
less
lowers
Proteins that penetrate the hydrophobic core of a membrane are called _________________
Membrane proteins with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________
Living things must control the balance of waterand ions in their tissues. This is called
_____________________
integral proteins
glycoproteins
Osmoregulation (kind of homeostasis)
If a Paramecium were to swim from a hypotonic environment to an isotonic one, would the activity of its contractile vacuole increase or decrease?
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif
It would decrease, because less water would be entering
Campbell Concept check 7.3
An environment in which the concentration ofsolutes outside and inside the cell are equal is
called _________________
An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________
swell & burst shrink stay the same size
The diffusion of water across a semi-permeablemembrane is called _________________
isotonic
stay the same size
osmosis
An environment in which the concentration ofsolutes is greater outside the cell than inside is
called _________________
An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________
swell & burst shrink stay the same size
Membrane transport that requires energy is called
________________
hypertonic
shrink
ACTIVE
The Na+-K+ pump in animals causes the
cytoplasm inside cells to be more ___________
than the surrounding extracellular fluid
negative positive
Membrane lipids with carbohydrates attached are called ____________________
In passive transport molecules always move
___________ their concentration gradient.
down up
negative
glycolipids
DOWN
An environment in which the concentration ofsolutes outside is less than inside the cell is
called _________________
An animal cell placed in this type of environment will _____________________
swell & burst shrink stay the same size
Channel proteins that facilitate the movement of water across cell membranes are called
___________________
hypotonic
swell and burst
aquaporins
Transport proteins called _____________ proteins
function by forminng a hydrophilic tunnel that
allows charged molecules or ions to pass through
the hydrophobic portion of a cell membrane.
Transport proteins called _____________ proteinshold on to their passenger molecules, change
shape, and shuttle them across the membrane.
channel
carrier
Campbell Concept check 7.5
Name 3 kinds of passive transport
Name 3 kinds of active transport
Osmosis, diffusion, facilitated diffusion
Na+-K+ pump, co-transport, bulk transport,endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis
Name the kind of transport
Name the kind of transport
Facilitated diffusion with an Ion channel
Facilitated diffusion with acarrier
A transport protein that generates voltage across
a membrane is called an ________________________
When nerve cells establish a voltage across their membrane with a sodium-potassium pump, does this pump use ATP or produce ATP?
Electrogenic pump
The pump uses ATP.To establish a voltage, ions would have to be pumped against their gradient, which requires energy
Campbell Concept check
Name this kind of transport
Give an example of bulk transport
Sodium-potassium pump
Endocytosis (phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis) Exocytosis
http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nakpump.gif
Animation from: http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/cell-movement.html
http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20nine/
Name this kind of transportused by bacteria to take infood or white blood cellsto engulf bacteria
phagocytosis
If this vesicle is releasing
products outside the cell,
this type of transport is called
________________________
If this vesicle is bringing
small molecules & fluids
into the cell, this type
of transport is called
______________________
exocytosis
pinocytosis
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html#Vesicle-mediated%20transport
The currently accepted model that describes cellmembranes as the arrangement of constantly movingproteins embedded in or attached to a bilayer or
phospholipids is called the ______________________________________
Click here to See Fluidity
Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif
Fluid mosaic model
Name this kind of transport that enables the
cell to acquire bulk quantities
of specific substances
The molecules that bind to these receptors are
called _____________________
Receptor mediated endocytosis
ligands
http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/biology/bio4fv/page/rectpr.htm
Name the kind of transport that moves molecules from high concentration to low across a membrane without using energyand without the help of any carriers or vesicles
_______________________
DIFFUSION
Name this kind of transport in which transport of
one substance DOWN its gradient is coupled to the
movement of another moving UP the gradient.
cotransport
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/sucrosepump.jpg
Explain why the
sodium-potassium pump
is NOT considered a
cotransporter.
Campbell concept check 7.4Each ion is being transported
against its gradient. If either ion were flowing DOWN its electrochemical gradient, this would be Co-transport. Co-transport couples the movementof one substance down its gradient with one moving up.
http://www.biologymad.com/NervousSystem/nakpump.gif
Name the kind of transport used by Golgi bodiesin secretory cells to export their products.
Name the molecule that provides energy foractive transport
exocytosis
ATP
The swelling and bursting of animal cells when placed in a hypotonic environment is called _________________
The shrinking and shriveling up of animal cells when placed
in a hypertonic environment is called ___________________
lysis
crenation
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html#Vesicle-mediated%20transport
The swelling of plant cells when placed in a hypotonic
environment ______________ the osmotic pressure insidethe cell increases decreases
We would say the cell is ___________ turgid flaccid
increase
turgid
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html#Vesicle-mediated%20transport
The pulling away of the cell membrane from the cell wall inplant cells when placed in a hypertonic environment is
called _______________________
A plant cell that has lost water and is “limp” is called _____________________
plasmolysis
flaccid
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBooktransp.html#Vesicle-mediated%20transport
Carrier proteinslike this one are______________proteins.
Integral peripheral
integral
Carbon dioxide and oxygen move across membranes in cells by_________________Diffusion
Kind of endocytosis used to take in large particles or whole cells.
phagocytosis
The voltage across a membrane iscalled __________________membrane potential
A membrane that lets certain molecules pass through and not others is called
_______________Semi permeable OR selectively permeable
Name a kind of transport that uses vesicles to move substances acrossa membrane
Pinocytosis, phagocytosis, Exocytosis, endocytosis
Name the kind of transport thatmoves WATER across cell membranes
OSMOSIS
A freshwater fish has about 1% salt in his body. Freshwater is close to 0% salt.
Will water move into or out of this kind of fish?
More solute molecules insidethe fish’s cells than in the freshwater.(HYPOTONIC)Water will moveINTO the fish
Which of the following factors would tend to increase
membrane fluidity?
A. a greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipids
B. a greater proportion of saturated phospholipids
C. a lower temperature
D. a relatively high protein content in the membrane
E. a greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids
compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses
Campbell Concept check
A
Which organelle makes the ATP used to run the Na + -K+ pump?
mitochondria
Type of endocytosis in which cellstake in small molecules or fluids
pinocytosis
The white circles stand for oxygen molecules.
Use what you know about diffusion of molecules to predict which way the oxygen will move.
Diffusion moves molecules from high concentration to low so… from the lungs into the blood
Tell if the transport is ACTIVE or PASSIVE
Facilitated diffusion ___________________Osmosis ____________________Na + - K+ pump ____________________Diffusion ____________________Endocytosis _______________________Exocytosis ________________________Ion channels ________________________Proton pumps ______________________Aquaporins _____________________
PASSIVEPASSIVE
ACTIVEPASSIVE
ACTIVEACTIVE
PASSIVEACTIVE
PASSIVE
This pump is the main electrogenic pump used in ______________ cells. plant animal
Match the picture with the kind of transport
Na+ - K + pump
Energy from ATP is used to move 3 Na + ions OUT of
the cell and carry 2 K + ions INTO the cell
animal
Which of the following processes includes all the others?
A. osmosis
B. diffusion of a solute across a membrane
C. facilitated diffusion
D. passive transport
E. transport of a substance down its concentration gradient
Campbell Concept check
D; diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion are all kinds of passive transport
LABEL THE TONICITY DIAGRAMS
HYPERTONIC HYPOTONICISOTONIC
Name the two types of transport proteins that carry out facilitated diffusion
Which of these would increase membrane fluidity?a) greater proportion of unsaturated phospholipidsb) greater proportion of saturated phospholipidsc) a lower temperatured) relatively high protein content in membranee) greater proportion of relatively large glycolipids
compared to lipids having smaller molecular masses
Campbell Ch 7 self quiz
Channels and carriers
A
Diffusion is a spontaneous process in which molecules move _______ their concentration gradient. up down
Aquaporins are ______________________
a) carrier proteins
b) channel proteins
c) active cotransporters
d) ligands
e) a kind of Na+-K+ pump
down
Channel proteins for water molecules
Explain why plant cells don’t burst in hypotonic environments but animal cells do.
Give an example of an amphipathic molecule.
Cell wall is rigid and keeps them from bursting
Phospholipids have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions; so do many proteins
Name this cell model which proposed that membranes were “sandwiches” of phospholipids between two layers of hydrophilic proteins
Davson-Danielli model
A mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their
A. mass in daltonsB. mass in gramsC. number of moleculesD. number of atomsE. volume
Campbell Self quiz
C. A mole of anything contains 6.02 X 10 23
molecules.
A _______________ molecule has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.
Cell membranes are called _____________________because they allow certain substances to pass through,but keep others out.
amphipathic
Selectively or semi- permeable
The proton pump is the main electrogenic pump in ________________ cells.
plant animal
Membrane proteins that span the membrane touching both sides are called _________________ proteins
Name the molecules which can be attached to proteins or lipids in cell membranes and are involved in cell recognition
plant
transmembrane
carbohydrates
How would you make a 0.5 M solution of sodium chloride?
(The atomic mass of Na is 23 daltons and Cl is 35.5 daltons)
Mass of 1 mole of NaCl = _______ daltons
58.5 g NaCl 0.5 moles = _______ g/L
1 mole 1 L
58.5(23 + 35.5)
Dissolve 29.25 g of NaCl in water to make 1 L of solution
29.25X
Campbell Concept Check 3.2
How many grams of acetic acid (C2H4O2) would you use to make 10 L of a 0.1 M aqueous solution of acetic acid?
(The atomic masses in daltons are approximately 12 for C, 16 for O, and 1 for H)
A. 10.0 g
B. 0.1 g
C. 6.0 g
D. 60.0 g
E. 0.6 g
Mass of 1 mole of acetic acid C = 2 X 12 = 24 daltonsH = 4 X 1 = 4 daltonsO = 2 X 16 = 32 daltons
60 daltons
Campbell Chapter Self Quiz
60.0 g of acetic acid and add water to make 10 L of solution (D is correct)
60.0 g X 0.1 moles = 6 g/L X 10 L = 60.0 g1 mole 1 L
USE lower and higher to complete the following:
Water always moves from an area with ________ water potential to an area with _______ water potential.
Water with solutes dissolved in it will have a
______________ water potential than plain water.
higher lower
lower
According to the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, proteins of the membrane are mostly
A. spread in a continuous layer over the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane
B. confined to the hydrophobic core of the membrane
C. embedded in a lipid bilayer
D. randomly oriented in the membrane with not fixed
inside-outside polarity
E. free to depart from the fluid membrane and dissolve in the surrounding solution
Campbell Concept check
C
An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution.
The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disachride sucrose.
Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion into the cell?
Which solute(s) will exhibit a net diffusion out of the cell?
Campbell Concept check
fructose
glucose
An artificial cell consisting of an aqueous solution enclosed in a selectively permeable membrane has just been immersed in a beaker containing a different solution.
The membrane is permeable to water and to the simple sugars glucose and fructose, but completely impermeable to the disachride sucrose.
Campbell Concept check
Which solution-the cell or the environment- is hypertonic to the other?
In which direction will there be a net osmotic movement of water?
Cell (0.05 M) is hypertonic to the environment (0.03 M)
Water will move into the cell
After the cell is placed in the beaker, which of the following changes will occur?
A. The artificial cell will become more flaccid.
B. The artificial cell will become more turgid.
C. Some water molecules will flow out of the cell, but the majority will flow in.
D. The membrane potential will decrease
E. In spite of the inability of sucrose to cross the cell membrane, eventually the two solutions will become isotonic.
Campbell Concept check
B, C, E are correct