AP BIOLOGY

Phylogeny&

Geologic Time

Phylogeny of the human species

Paranthropusrobustus

Homoergaster

Homosapiens

Homoneanderthalensis

?Paranthropusboisei

Australopithecusafricanus

Kenyanthropusplatyops

Australopithecusgarhi

Australopithecusanamensis

Homohabilis

Homoerectus

Homorudolfensis

Australopithecusafarensis

Ardipithecusramidus

Orrorin tugenensis

Sahelanthropustchadensis

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ears

ago

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Example of Molecular Phylogeny 1

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Deletion

Insertion

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Fossil Formation

Rivers carry sediment to the ocean. Sedimentary rock layers containing fossils form on the ocean floor.

Over time, new strata are deposited, containing fossils from each time period.

As sea levels change and the seafloor is pushed upward, sedimentary rocks are exposed. Erosion reveals strata and fossils.

Younger stratumwith more recentfossils

Older stratum witholder fossils

Examples of Fossils

Dinosaur bones beingexcavated from sandstone

Casts of ammonites, about375 million years old

Boy standing in a 150-million-year-olddinosaur track in Colorado

Tusks of a 23,000-year-old mammoth, frozen wholein Siberian ice

Petrified trees in Arizona, about 190million years old

Insects preserved whole in amber

Leaf fossil, about 40 millionyears ago

Absolute “radiometric” dating

Half-life of elements Half-life relative to time

Relative fossil dating using index fossils

The Tectonic Plates of the Earth

Red Circles are volcanoes

NorthAmericanPlate

Eurasian Plate

PhilippinePlate

IndianPlate

ArabianPlate

AustralianPlate

AntarcticPlate

AfricanPlate

Scotia Plate

SouthAmericanPlateNazca

Plate

PacificPlate

Cocos Plate

Juan de FucaPlate

CaribbeanPlate

Techtonics of spreading or colliding

Volcanoes andvolcanic islands

TrenchOceanic ridge

Oceanic crust Subduction zone

Seafloor spreading

PangaeaBy about 10 million yearsago, Earth’s youngestmajor mountain range,the Himalayas, formedas a result of India’scollision with Eurasiaduring the Cenozoic.The continents continueto drift today.

By the end of theMesozoic, Laurasiaand Gondwanaseparated into thepresent-day continents.

By the mid-MesozoicPangaea split intonorthern (Laurasia)and southern(Gondwana)landmasses.

At the end of thePaleozoic, all ofEarth’s landmasseswere joined in thesupercontinentPangaea.

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Ceno

zoic

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leoz

oic

North America

Eurasia

AfricaIndiaSouth

America Madagascar

Australia

Antarctica

Laurasia

Gondwana

Pangaea

Impact Thoery

NORTHAMERICA

ChicxulubcraterYucatán

Peninsula

Snowball Earth

Supporting EvidenceHomologous Structures

Supporting EvidenceEmbryological Homologies

Supporting EvidenceMolecular Homologies

Analogous Structures

Biogeography and Convergent EvolutionSimilar environments - similar appearance

Character Table used to create a Cladogram

Hair

Amniotic (shelled) egg

Four walking legs

Hinged jaws

Vertebral column(backbone)

Character table

CHAR

ACT

ERS

TAXA

Lanc

elet

(out

grou

p)

Lam

prey

Tuna

Sala

man

der

Turt

le

Leop

ard

Turtle Leopard

Hair

Amniotic egg

Four walking legs

Hinged jaws

Vertebral column

Salamander

Tuna

Lamprey

Lancelet (outgroup)

Cladogram

Phylogenic Tree

Droso

philaLa

ncelet Fis

h

AmphibianBird HumanRat

Mouse

Clade

Grouping 1

Monophyletic

Phylogenic tree and Evolution of major Phyla

Droso

philaLa

ncelet

Fish

AmphibianBird

HumanRat M

ouse

Ceno

zoic

Mes

ozoi

cPa

leoz

oic

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542

Neo

prot

eroz

oic

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s ag

o

Molecular Clocks and DNA sequences

It takes time to have change occur.

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Deletion

Insertion

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