Post on 19-Jan-2016
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AP BIOLOGY 12 LABSWhat is the main concept of each lab?
LAB 1: DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS
Semi-permeable membrane Must be small enough to fit through pores
Transport proteins Active transport Glucose/Starch/Iodine
6 varying M of solutions placed in distilled water
1 piece of potato placed in 6 varying solutions
% change = Final-initial/initial x 100
LAB 2: ENZYMES
Speeds up reactions 2H2O2 O2 + 2H2O
Catalase speeds up
This lab measured the rate (what else to measure?) Disappearance of substrates or appearance of
products Normally will have a maximum rate when all enzymes
working Stopped enzyme by using acid to denature
Could use salinity or temp Disrupts 4*, 3* or 2* bonds, esp the active site
KMNO4 was an indicator pink meant no more H2O2
LAB 3: MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS Onion root cells b/c dividing rapidly
(div/elong/maturation, meristem, etc) Counted # of cells to determine longest part of cell
cycle Interphase (G1, S, G2) vs. Mitosis (PMAT) and Cyotkinesis
Meiosis = reduce chromosome # and increase variation Sordaria = fungi with sexual spores that show c.o. Measure rates by comparing %
LAB 4: PIGMENTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS Pigments = proteins that use light
energy to excited e- Primary = chlorophyll a/b Secondary = accessory = carotenoids
= beta carotene and xanthophyll Separate using chromatography (paper
and solvent, gas) Physical properties such as size, mass,
polarity Rf value = distance pigment/ distance
solvent Light rxns = capturing of light energy
into electron carriers to be used to fix carbon Normally NADP, substitute DPIP (must
be more…) Measure effect if (no light, boiled,
combinations) Heat sink to remove light Spectrophotometer measures light
passing through DPIP becomes more clear as it gets reduced
LAB 5: RESPIRATION
In PEAS!! Dry, germinating, beads
C6H12O6 + 602 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP Measure consumption or production
Respirometer KOH removes CO2
Gas laws PV=nRT Loss of gas means decreased pressure
water moved in
Don’t forget anaerobic
LAB 6: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Transformation
Taking up of foreign genes into host (bacteria) Requires restriction enzymes to cleave DNA, ligase to
reseal Source = bacterial protection from invading viruses
Use same restriction enzyme Need vector (plasmid)
Heat shock to get plasmid in, CaCl2 to attract Grow on restrictive media to test
Gel Electrophoresis Compare DNA samples (could require PCR if sample is small)
Enzymes cut at sites that are unique RFLPs Separate based on size using gel with pores Use electricity as force Buffer to prevent damage
LAB 7: GENETICS
Examine offspring to determine pattern of inheritance Dom/rec, Codom, Incompl, Sex-linked,
Multiple Alleles P1, F1, F2
Make predicitions Red x white (two options) Red x red
Are you statistically correct?
LAB 8: EVOLUTION
Is evolution occuring? Hardy-Weinberg p+q = 1, p2+2pq+q2=1 Are allele values staying constant? Also help determine % of genotypes
If occuring: Gene flow, gene drift, natural selection,
mutation, non-random mating H-W’s conditions
Heterozygote Advantage “a” never disappears
Black is recessive to pink. Can you count the # of recessive alleles?
Lab 9: Transpiration Structures and Adaptations
Lab 10: Circulatory Different heart rates and bp PQRS wave Ecto/Endo
Lab 11: Animal Behavior Innate vs. Learned Design Experiment
Lab 12: Dissolved Oxygen and Primary Production DO varies according to temp, other dissolved nutrients Represents biological processes (photo and resp)
Photo = produce O2 and produce food = primary productivity Gross (amount available + whatever was consumed) Net (amount available) Light, existing, dark
Graphing!! Good titles, Good labels, Good units Extrapolation of data
Design Control, limited variable, designated IV, DV Prediction of data