Post on 19-Jan-2016
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Anxiety Anxiety DisordersDisorders
Chapter 14, Lecture 3Chapter 14, Lecture 3“Through conditioning, the short list ofnaturally painful and frightening events canmultiply into a long list of human fears.”
- David Myers
Anxiety Disorders
Feelings of excessive apprehension and anxiety.
1. Generalized anxiety disorder2. Panic disorder3. Phobias4. Obsessive-compulsive disorder5. Post-traumatic stress disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
1. Persistent and uncontrollable tenseness and apprehension.
2. Autonomic arousal.
3. Inability to identify or avoid the cause of certain feelings.
Symptoms
Panic Disorder
Minutes-long episodes of intense dread which may include feelings of terror, chest pains, choking, or other frightening sensations.
Anxiety is a component of both disorders. It occurs more in the panic disorder,
making people avoid situations that cause it.
Symptoms
Discovery Health Channel Phobia Study
Top 10 fears (men and women combined):1. Fear of snakes2. Fear of being buried alive3. Fear of heights4. Fear of being bound or tied up5. Fear of drowning6. Fear of public speaking7. Fear of hell8. Fear of cancer9. Fear of tornados and hurricanes10. Fear of fire
12
3
45
1
2
34
5
Discovery Health Channel Phobia Study
Other results:
We fear giving a speech (36%) more than meeting new people (12%)
We fear embarrassing ourselves in a sport (44%) more than asking someone for a date (35%)We fear being stranded in the ocean (62%) more than being stranded in the desert (24%)We fear the IRS (57%) more than God (30%)
Discovery Health Channel Phobia Study
Things we fear equally:
Rats and dentists (58%)
Elevators and flying (52%)
Public speaking and being alone in the woods (40%)
While the pollsters found the level of fear in American society to be high, they also reported that few seek treatment (roughly 11 percent of those with extreme fear).
Let’s see what you fear with Handout 14-10…
When psychologist James Geer asked people the open-ended question “What do you fear?”, the fifty-one specific fears on this handout were mentioned more than once…The following 11 received the highest intensity ratings: untimely or early death, death of a loved one, speaking before a group, snakes, not being a success, being self-conscious, illness or injury to loved ones, making mistakes, looking foolish, failing a test, suffocating.
Phobias
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.
Phobias
Marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that disrupts behavior.
Two common phobias:
Agoraphobia – fear of situations where escape isdifficult (i.e., open spaces)
Social Phobia – fear of being scrutinized by others
Other Specific PhobiasAcarophobiaFear of itching or insects that cause
itching
AcrophobiaFear of heights
GephyrophobiaFear of bridges
HemophobiaFear of blood
AerophobiaFear of flying
TriskaidekaphobiaFear of the number 13
HerpetophobiaFear of reptiles
MikrophobiaFear of germs
ErgophobiaFear of work
Other Specific PhobiasDextrophobiaFear of objects on the right side of the
body
AilurophobiaFear of cats
AeronausiphobiaFear of vomiting
MurophobiaFear of mice
AmaxophobiaFear of vehicles and/or driving
NumerophobiaFear of numbers
AnthophobiaFear of flowers
NyctophobiaFear of darkness
AnthrophobiaFear of people
Other Specific PhobiasAnglophobiaFear of England or anything related to
English culture
AndrophobiaFear of men
CacophobiaFear of ugliness
ClaustrophobiaFear of closed spaces
TestophobiaFear of tests
SyngenesophobiaFear of relatives
LiticaphobiaFear of lawsuits
OctophobiaFear of the Figure 8
PteronophobiaFear of being tickled
Other Specific PhobiasArachibutyrophobiaFear of peanut butter sticking
to the roof of your mouth
CoulrophobiaFear of clowns
GamophobiaFear of marriage
OchlophobiaFear of crowds
AquaphobiaFear of water
OphidiophobiaFear of snakes
ArachnophobiaFear of spiders
OrnithophobiaFear of birds
AstraphobiaFear of lightning
Other Specific PhobiasBogyphobiaFear of the Bogeyman
AllodoxaphobiaFear of opinions
AmnesiphobiaFear of amnesia
PhonophobiaFear of speaking aloud
BrontophobiaFear of thunder
Pyrophobia Fear of fire
ThanatophobiaFear of death
Cynophobia Fear of dogs
Trichophobia Fear of hair
Allinphobia Fear of garlic
Other Specific PhobiasDementophobiaFear of insanity
GenuphobiaFear of knees
HellenologophobiaFear of Greek terms
AulophobiaFear of flutes
ChromophobiaFear of money
DidaskaleinophobiaFear of going to school
EuphobiaFear of hearing good news
Ideophobia Fear of ideas
PanophobiaFear of everything
XenophobiaFear of strangers
Other Specific PhobiasVenustraphobiaFear of beautiful women
LachanophobiaFear of vegetables
PeladophobiaFear of bald people
SamhainophobiaFear of Halloween
Hippopotomonstrosesquippedaliophobia
Fear of long words
KosmikophobiaFear of cosmic phenomenon
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Persistence of unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and urges to engage in senseless
rituals (compulsions) that cause distress.
A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High
metabolic activity (red) in the frontal
lobe areas are involved with
directing attention.
Brain Imaging
Brain image of an OCD
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Four or more weeks of the following symptoms constitute post-traumatic stress
disorder (PTSD):
1. Haunting memories2. Nightmares
3. Social withdrawal4. Jumpy anxiety5. Sleep problems
Bettm
ann/ Corbis
Resilience to PTSD
Only about 10% of women and 20% of men react to traumatic situations and develop PTSD.
Holocaust survivors show remarkable resilience against traumatic situations.
All major religions of the world suggest that surviving a trauma leads to the
growth of an individual.
Explaining Anxiety Disorders
Freud suggested that we repress our painful and intolerable ideas,
feelings, and thoughts, resulting in anxiety.
The Learning Perspective
Learning theorists suggest that fear
conditioning leads to anxiety. This anxiety
then becomes associated with other objects or
events (stimulus generalization) and is
reinforced.
John Coletti/ S
tock, Boston
The Learning Perspective
Investigators believe that fear responses are inculcated through observational learning. Young monkeys develop fear
when they watch other monkeys who are afraid of snakes.
The Biological Perspective
Natural Selection has led our ancestors to learn to fear snakes, spiders, and other
animals. Therefore, fear preserves the species.
Twin studies suggest that our genes may be partly responsible for developing fears
and anxiety. Twins are more likely to share phobias.
The Biological Perspective
Generalized anxiety, panic attacks, and
even OCD are linked with brain circuits like the
anterior cingulate cortex.
Anterior Cingulate Cortexof an OCD patient.
HomeworkRead p.608-611
“Although nothing justifies terror andvictimization, those who have suffered, [Staub]reports, often develop a greater-than-usualsensitivity to suffering and empathy for otherswho suffer, an increased sense of responsibility,and an enlarged capacity for caring.”
- David Myers