- Past climate changes : general presentation and tools

- Antarctic ice cores : from Byrd to Vostok

- Greenland ice cores : from Camp Century to GRIP/GISP2

- Ongoing projects : North GRIP, EPICA and others

-45

-40

-35

-30

-25

310030002900280027002600-55

-50

-45

-40

-35

3100300029002800270026002500

GISP 2

GRIP

GRIP and GISP 2 diverge below about 2720 m

?

High resolution Climate Record of the NorthernHemisphere back into the last Interglacial Period. North Greenland Ice-Core Project (NorthGRIP) Members

To appear in Nature, September 9

NorthGRIP Project

DenmarkBelgiumIcelandFranceGermanyJapanSwedenSwitzerlandUSA

North GRIP Project : undisturbed Eemian (gas measurements)

North GRIP / GRIP difference appears modulated by the size of the ice sheet

Comparison of NorthGRIP with a North atlantic record

10 10 NATIONS: Belgium, Denmark, NATIONS: Belgium, Denmark, France, France, Germany, Italy, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Sweden, Switzerland, United KingdomKingdom

Two SITES : Dome C et DML.Two SITES : Dome C et DML.

5 CONSORTIA : : Gas, Chemistry, Isotope, Physical properties, Dust.

KOHNEN

DOME C

D.D.U.

G. Von Neumayer

B.T.N.

EDC96EDC991996/1997 : casing 130m

1997/1998 : 364m

1998/1999 : 781m

1999/2000 : casing

2000/2001 : 1459m

2001/2002 : 2864m

2002/2003 : 3201m

What is the geographical significance of the

Vostok temperature record ?

Can we extend it further back in time ?

Comparison of five cores from the East Antarctic Plateau

EPICA Dome C provides more detailed information

1000Profondeur 2000 3000EPICA Dome C

Note the change of pacing below 2800 m corresponding to MIS 12 (around 450 kyr BP)

Dating obtained by an inverse method aimining to an optimal use of the chronologicalinformation available (developed by F.Parennin)

1

0

8006004002000

2

1

0

-1

-2

-440

-420

-400

-380

-360 EDC99 and EDC96 deut

Oceanic record (Bassinot et al., 1994) Oceanic record Specmap

7.5

5.5 9.3

16.2

16.2

11.3

Change of pacing is also seen in the oceanic record (at least to a certain extent)Correspondence between MIS 16.2 and the low deuterium value

Comparison with the Devils Hole calcite record

16

14

8006004002000

1.0

0.5

0.0

-460

-440

-420

-400

-380

-360 Temp Devils Hole Ocean Bassinot deutsmoothEPICA DC

Change of atmospheric composition during termination 5

The period around the transition towards 11.3 resembles the last transition

The first part of 11.3 is Holocene like (as far as the deuterium record is concerned)

-460

-440

-420

-400

-380

-360

430420410400390380

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30x103

Stage 12 to 11. Last transition

EPICA Dome C / transitions (over 50ky)

What is the geographical significance of the

Vostok temperature recordat the glacial-interglacial timescale ?

We can extend Vostok further back in time

Deep (more than 2 km long) ice cores in Antarctica

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0-55.00-450 -400

Vostok

Dome Fuji

D 18O

Depth (m)

Comparison of Dome Fand Vostok profilesWatanabe et al., Nature

-60

-58

-56

-54

-52

-50

-48

-46

160140120100806040200

-520

-500

-480

-460

-440

-420

Vostok D

Dome Fuji 18O

18O in ‰/SMOW (Dome Fuji)

D in ‰/SMOW (Vostok)

Age in kyr BP

-60

-58

-56

-54

-52

-50

-48

-46

160140120100806040200

-520

-500

-480

-460

-440

-420

Vostok D

Dome Fuji 18O

18O in ‰/SMOW (Dome Fuji)

D in ‰/SMOW (Vostok)

Age in kyr BP

Comparaison of Vostok and Dome Fuji isotopic profiles

Watanabe, Jouzel, Johnsen, Parrenin, Shoji, Yoshida

(Nature, 2003)

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

350300250200150100500

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

Dome Fuji Vostok

Age in kyr BP

Inversion temperatureSurface temperature

Comparison of the Dome F and Vostok temperature profiles

-460

-440

-420

-400

-380

-360

8006004002000

-500

-480

-460

-440

-420

-400

-62-60-58-56-54-52-50-48

Dome F (Watanabe et al., 2003)

Vostok (Petit et al., 1999)

Dome C(EPICA community members, sub)

11.3

9.3

18.4 20

Comparison of the Dome F, Vostok and EPICA Dome C(800 kyr)

K.Pahnke, R.Zahn, H.Elderfield, M.Schulz , Science, August, 2003

340,000-year Centennial-Scale Marine Record of Southern Hemisphere Climatic Oscillation (45°S, East of New Zealand)

-500

-480

-460

-440

-420

-400

806040200

-42

-40

-38

-36

-34

-32

-30

-28

2 3 4 5 6 7

8

910

11

12 14 16

18

1920

EPICA Dome C

GRIP

D

EPICA Dome C and GRIP Millenial Variability

-44-42-40-38-36-34

806040200

-460-440-420-400-380

-62-60-58-56-54-52 -480

-460-440-420

EPICA DC

GRIPSS09

Dome F

Vostok

Age (ka)

A1 A3A2 A4 A5 A6

88

148 12 19 20

8 12

9

10

11

Comparison of Vostok, Dome F, EPICA Dome C and GRIP over the last 80 ka

Blunier and Brook, Science 2001

Raisbeck et al., Goldschmidt Conference, 2002

The 10Be peak straddles event 10, exactly as seen in the GRIP core. This implies that, within our ability to resolve, which we presently estimate as 200 years, the GRIP and EPICA climaterecords at this time are synchronous.

Small events / Large events ? Interesting modelling approach ofJohnsen and Stocker, Paleoceanography, 2003

Stocker and Johnsen ; Paléocéanography, 2003

East Antarctica : Deep ice core Characteristics

H(m) A(g/cm2) Z (m age (ky)

Vostok 3750 2 3310 420

Dome F 3090 2.7 2503 330

EPICA DC 3320 2.7 3190 800

EPICA DML 2760 6.4 2565 200

Dome B 3.5 780 30

Dome A

The future of ice core researchInternational Participation in Ice Core Sciences (IPICS) Workshop

-500-480-460-440-420

300025002000150010005000

-60-58-56-54-52-50

-500-480-460-440-420

10008006004002000

-60-58-56-54-52-50

Dome A

Dome A

Dome F

Dome F

A project to recover the longest possible ice core paleoclimate record

Jean Jouzel and Frédéric Parennin

International Partnership for Ice Core Science

Some criteria- High ice thickness and low Accumulation : - A/H as low as possible : East Antarctica ….- Low horizontal speed (dome)- Some melting at the base ? Relatively flat bedrock- Well documented and accessible area- Need for more data and dedicated modeling

Importance of drilling in coastal areasGreenland : getting back to the previous glacialTropical and mid - latitude glaciers

There is some possibility to get a more than 1 Myr undisturbed paleorecord

but identiying a site will need to better document accumulation and other propertiesas well as improved 3D ice flow modeling

This was a pleasure for me to give these ISCS lectures

Thanks for your attention