© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20121

Improving Your Structural Mechanics Simulations with Release 14.0

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20122

EKMData Mgt

Process MgtWorkgroupsEnterprises

Etc.

The most comprehensive platform for Multiphysics Simulations

– ANSYS Workbench Framework

– ANSYS DesignXplorer

– ANSYS Engineering Knowledge Manager (EKM)

ANSYS Workbench Platform

Workbench FrameworkProject managementMultiphysics coupling

Design point managementScripting

SDKEtc.

ElectronicsFluidsMechanicalMeshingGeometry

DXDOE

OptimizationEtc.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20123

Simulation Driven Product DevelopmentOur Vision & Strategy

Knowledge Management

Advanced Tools/Technology

Integrated Systems

Workflow Management

Process Management

Enterprise Access

Data Management

© 2008 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20124

In-Depth Technology Spanning Multiple Domains

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Phase Change

Mass Transport

More…

Thermal

Compressible

Incompressible

Laminar Flow

Turbulence

Multiphase Flow

Non-Newtonian Fluids

More…

FluidsTech

nical D

ep

th

Steady-State, Transient, Harmonic & Modal

Linear & Nonlinear

Technical Breadth

Quasi static (Low Freq)

Full Wave (High Freq)

Eddy current

Transient with motion

Circuit Coupling

More…

ElectromagneticsStructural

Large Displacements

Finite Strain

Contact

Multibody Dynamics

Random Vibration

Implicit & Explicit

More…

Tet/PrismHex/Hex Core

StructuredUnstructured

Multi-zoneBody-fitted Cartesian

Patch IndependentMore…

Meshing

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20125

Structural Mechanics Product/Technology Description

Linear Structural

Steady State Thermal

ANSYS

DesignSpace

ANSYS

Structural

ANSYS

Professional

ANSYS

Mechanical

Linear Structural

Steady State Thermal

Transient Thermal

Linear Dynamics

Linear Structural

Non-Linear Structural

Linear Dynamics

Nonlinear Dynamics

Linear Structural

Non-Linear Structural

Linear Dynamics

Nonlinear Dynamics

Steady State Thermal

Transient Thermal

Acoustics

Direct Coupled

Solver Technology

Fun

ction

ality

Technical Breadth

Mid-RangeFront End High-End

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20126

Structural Mechanics Themes

MAPDL/WB Integration

Physics coupling

Rotating machines

Composites & Fracture Mechanics

Application Customization

Thin structures modeling

Contact analysis

Performance

Advanced Modeling

Geometry Handling

Listening to your needs, we have been able to identify a number of themes which form the basis of our roadmap and guide our developments

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20127

What will Release 14.0 bring you?

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20128

Let’s now take a closer look at some topics

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 20129

MAPDL/WB Integration

Finite Element Information Access within ANSYS Mechanical

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201210

ANSYS Workbench is originally a geometry based tool. Many users however also need to control and access the finite element information.

Motivation

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201211

Spot Welds

Connections created internally at the solution level are available and can help understand the results

Reviewing Connections

Weak springs and MPC contacts as generated by the solver

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201212

Nodes can be grouped into named selectionsbased on selection logic, using locations or other characteristics – or manual selections

Selections of Nodes

Box Selection Node Picking Lasso Selection

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201213

Applying Loads and Orientations to Nodes

“Nodal orientation” allows users to orient nodes in an arbitrary coordinate system.

Direct FE loads and boundary conditions can be applied to selections of nodes.

Nodes are oriented in cylindrical system for loads and boundary condition definitions

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201214

Results on Node Selections

Results are displayed on elements for which all nodes are selected.

Nodes named selections allow to scope on specific regions of the mesh or remove undesired areas.

Results with first layer of quads removed

Results on quads layers only

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201215

Restart and Direct FE Loads

Nodal Forces and Pressures objects can be added to a restart analysis without causing the restart points to become invalid.

Other loads can now be modified without losing the restart points.

Analysis Settings tabular data: No restart point is lost

Added after initial solve

Second Load step modified for restart

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201216

MAPDL/WB Integration

Linear Dynamics in ANSYS Mechanical

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201217

Mode Superposition Transient was the only major area not in WB:

ANSYS Dynamics

Nonlinear Transient

DynamicsModal Harmonic Response

Modal Superposition

Linear Transient

DynamicSpectrum Harmonic Response

Response Spectrum Random Vibration

Rigid Body Dynamics Flexible Dynamics

Dynamics capabilities - review

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201218

Workbench and Mechanical enhancements

→MSUP Transient Analysis supported

→Joint feature can now be used in Harmonics, Random vibration analysis

→Reaction Force & Moment results is now supported

Modal Superposition Transient

Joints in HarmonicAnalyses

Reaction Forces in a Harmonic Analyses

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201219

Physics Coupling

Data Mapping

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201220

Motivation

Exchange files are frequently used to transfer quantities from one simulation to another.

Efficient mapping of point cloud data is required to account for misalignment, non matching units or scaling issues.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201221

Supported Data Types

New at R14.0

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201222

Increased Accuracy

The smoothness of the mapped data depends on the density of the point cloud.

Several weighting options are available to accommodate various data quality.

Triangulation versus Kriging

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201223

Validating the Mapped Data

Visual tools have been implemented to control how well the data has been mapped onto the target structure

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201224

Importing Multiple Files

Multiple files can be imported for transient analyses or to handle different data to be mapped on multiple bodies

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201225

Rotating Machines

Studying Rotordynamics in ANSYS Mechanical

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201226

Motivation

ANSYS Mechanical users need to be able to quickly create shaft geometriesas well as analyze dynamic characteristics of rotating systems

Industrial fan (Venti Oelde)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201227

Geometry Creation

Geometries can be imported from a CAD system or imported from a simple text file definition as used in preliminary design

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201228

Import/Export of Bearing Characteristics

ANSYS provides an interface that allows to import bearing characteristics from an external file

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201229

Specific Solver Settings

Rotordynamicsanalyses require a number of advanced controls:

→Damping

→Solver choice

→Coriolis effect

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201230

Campbell Diagrams

Campbell diagrams are used to identify critical speeds of a rotating shaft for a given range of shaft velocities

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201231

Composites

Enhanced Analysis Workflow and Advanced Failure Models for Composites

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201232

Motivation

Efficient workflows and in-depth analysis tools are required to model and understand complex composites structures

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201233

Defining Material Properties

Composites material require specific definitions including orthotropic properties, as well as some constants for failure criteria (Tsai-Wu, Puck, LaRc03/04, Hashin)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201234

Manually Defining Layers on Simple Geometries

Users can define simple layered sections for a shell body as well as define thicknesses and angles as parameters

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201235

Defining Layers on Complex Geometries

For complex geometries, the ANSYS Composite PrepPosttool is used and layer definitions are imported in the assembly model in ANSYS Mechanical.

Courtesy of TU Chemnitz and GHOST Bikes GmbH

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201236

Investigating Composites Results

ANSYS Mechanicalsupports layerwisedisplay of results.

ANSYS Composite PrepPost offers comprehensive capabilities for global and plywise failure analysis.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201237

Advanced Failure Analysis

Crack growth simulation based on VCCT is available to simulate interfacial delamination.

Progressive damage is suitable for determining the ultimate strength of the composite (last-ply failure analysis)

2D laminar composite

Initial crack

Start of damage (layer 1)

Progressed damage (layer 1)

Progressed damage (layer 3)

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201238

Customization

ANSYS Design Assessment

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201239

Motivation

Many of you have expressed the need for:→Computing and displaying specific results→Be able to achieve more complex “User defined results”

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201240

What is Design Assessment?

The Design Assessment system enables the selection and combination of upstream results and the ability to optionally further assess results with customizable scripts

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201241

Expanded Result Access

Filtering of potentially invalid combinations can be suppressed to enable greater user control. This allows the user to access results not typically available in the base analysis.

Modal=No Beam Results

DA + “Allow all Available Results” allows beam results

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201242

Design Assessment for Advanced “User Defined Results”

Design Assessment enable users to extend user defined results capabilities with:

→Expressions using mathematical operators as supported by Python

→Coordinate systems, Units Systems

→Integration options

→Nodal, Element-Nodal & Elemental result types

→Import from external tablesScript used to display scalar element data stored

in an external file

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201243

Customization

Application Customization Toolkit

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201244

Motivation

As a Mechanical User, you may want to:→ Customize menus→Create new loads and boundary conditions→Create new types of plots→Reuse APDL scripts without command snippets

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201245

What is the Application Customization Toolkit?

The Application CustomizationToolkit is a tool that facilitates customization of ANSYS Mechanical.

It provides a way to extend the features offered by ANSYS products.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201246

Toolbar Customization through XML Files

<load internalName="Convection on Blade" caption="Convection on Blade" icon="Convection" issupport="false" isload="true">

<version>1</version>

<callbacks><onsolve>Convection_Blade_Computation</onsolve>

</callbacks>

<details><property internalName="Geometry" dataType="string" control="scoping"></property><property internalName="Thickness" caption="Thickness" dataType="string"

control="text"></property><property internalName="Film Coefficient" caption="Film Coefficient" dataType="string"

control="text"></property><property internalName="Ambient Temperature" caption="Ambient Temperature"

dataType="string" control="text"></property>

</details></load>

XML definition:

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201247

Python Driven Loads and Boundary Conditions

Python script:

# Get the scoped geometry:propGeo = result.GetDPropertyFromName("Geometry")refIds = propGeo.Value

# Get the related mesh and create the component:for refId in refIds:

meshRegion = mesh.MeshRegion(refId)elementIds = meshRegion.Elementseid = aap.mesh.element[elementIds[0]].Idf.write("*get,ntyp,ELEM,"+eid.ToString()+",ATTR,TYPE\n")f.write("esel,s,type,,ntyp \n cm,component,ELEM")

# Get properties from the details view:propThick = load.GetDPropertyFromName("Thickness")thickness = propThick.ValuepropCoef = load.GetDPropertyFromName("Film Coefficient")film_coefficient = propCoef.ValuepropTemp = load.GetDPropertyFromName("Ambient Temperature")temperature = propTemp.Value

# Insert the parameters for the APDL commands:f.write("thickness="+thickness.ToString()+"\n")f.write("film_coefficient="+film_coefficient.ToString()+"\n")f.write("temperature="+temperature.ToString()+"\n")

# Reuse the legacy APDL macros:f.write("/input,APDL_script_for_convection.inp\n")

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201248

Writing APDL Commands From the New Definition

! APDL_script_for_convection.inp

! Input parameters:esel,s,type,,10cm,component,ELEMthickness = 1.1film_coefficient = 120.temperature = 22.

! Treatment:/prep7et,100,152keyop,100,8,2.et,1001,131keyo,1001,3,2sectype,1001,shellsecdata,thickness,10secoff,midcmsel,s,componentemodif,all,type,1001emodif,all,secnum,1001type,100esurffinialls/soluesel,s,type,,100nslesf,all,conv,film_coefficient,temperaturealls

APDL

WB Mechanical

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201249

An Example: ACT driven Submodeling

Users simply select the coarse model’s results file, all APDL commands are automatically created – no more need for command blocks!

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201250

Thin Structures

Mesh Connections

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201251

Motivation

In order to connect meshes of different surface parts so as to merge nodes at intersections, users do not always want or cannot merge the topologies at the geometry level. Mesh based connections are required.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201252

Mesh Connections

Mesh connections work at part level:

→As a post mesh operation

→Base part mesh is stored to allow for quick changes in connections

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201253

Modal Analyses Shows Proper Connections of the Various Bodies

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201254

Further Meshing Enhancements

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201255

Virtual Topologies Interactive Editing

Virtual topologies are handled more interactively through direct graphics interaction rather than tree objects.

User selects entities then applies VT operations

Direct access to operations from RMB menu

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201256

VT Hard Vertex, Edge and Face Splits

Hard vertices can be added at any location on an edge or a face.

Hard vertices can then be used to create face splits from virtual edges.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201257

Virtual Topologies Applications

Get swept mesh on non-sweepablebodies

Improve shell mesh quality and orthogonality with VT combinations

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201258

Contact Analysis

Rigid Body Dynamics

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201259

Motivation

Many mechanisms and assemblies have components that operate through contact.

In order to maintain the rapid turnaround for RBD simulations, there has been a subsequent focus on improving speed, accuracy and reliability of the contact capability.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201260

Performance Improvements

Valve: 158 sec elapsed time (2x speed up)

Piston: 9 sec elapsed time (7.5x speed up)

The applicability, robustness and efficiency of the contact has been improved for speed and accuracy –expect a typical 2-5x speed-up

Transition and “jump” prediction have been greatly improved

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201261

Contact Analysis

Flexible bodies

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201262

Motivation

While already providing leading edge technology, ANSYS continues to enhance its ability to robustly and efficiently solve complex contact problems

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201263

Projected Contact

Improved pressure results with surface projection

The Surface Projection Based Contact provides more accurate results (stresses, pressures, temperatures) and is now also available for bonded MPC contacts

Regular contact Projection based

Smoother temperature results on a multilayered structure

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201264

Contact accuracy and robustness

Contact stabilization technique dampens relative motions between the contact and target surfaces for open contactNew contact

stabilization prevents rigid motion

“Adjust to touch” causes rigid body motion and leaves a gap

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201265

Performance

Further benefits from GPU boards

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201266

Taking advantage of the latest hardware is mandatory to solve your large models.

A combination of relatively new technologies provides a breakthrough means to reduce the time to solution

Motivation

+

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201267

Distributed ANSYS Supports GPUs

2.1 MDOF, Nonlinear Structural Analysis using the Distributed Sparse Solver

GPU Acceleration can now be used with Distributed ANSYS to combine the speed of GPU technology and the power of distributed ANSYS

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201268

Speed-up from GPU technology

Solder Joint Benchmark - 4M DOF, Creep Strain Analysis

Results Courtesy of MicroConsult Engineering, GmbH

Linux cluster : Each node contains 12 Intel Xeon 5600-series cores, 96 GB RAM, NVIDIA Tesla M2070, InfiniBand

Mold

PCB

Solder balls

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201269

Speed-up from multiple nodes with 1 GPU board per node

Mold

PCB

Solder balls

Results Courtesy of MicroConsult Engineering, GmbH

1 node @ 8 cores no GPU

1 nodes @ 8 cores, 1 GPU

8 nodes@ 1 core, 8 GPU

2 nodes@ 4 cores, 2 GPU

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201270

Advanced Modeling

Material Models

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201271

Motivation

ANSYS provides a comprehensive library of advanced materials.

Some users however need even more advanced models to include complex nonlinear phenomena in their simulations.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201272

→Anisotropic Hyperelasticity plusViscoelasticity for strain rate effects

→Hyperelasticity coupled with Pore Pressure element

→Shape Memory Alloy enhanced with superelasticity, Memory effect, New Yield Function, Differentiated Moduli (Austenite, Martensite)

→Holzapfel Model - Capture the behavior of fiber-reinforced tissue

Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications

‘Hydrocephalus’ analysis Hyperelastic material with porous media

Stent modeling using shape memory alloys

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201273

Nonlinear materials support for coupled field elements

Coupled field-elements for strongly coupled thermo-mechanical analysis now accounts for plasticity induced heat generation along with friction effects

Friction Stir Welding including heat generation due to friction and plastic deformation

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201275

Advanced Modeling

Advanced Methods

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201276

Motivation

The solver techniques available from our solutions allow to model complex phenomena.

In some cases, better or different techniques are required to improve the accuracy or the convergence of the models.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201277

Advanced Nonlinear Methods

User can now perform:→Buckling from a nonlinear prestressedstate with dead loads (new subspace eigensolver)

→3D rezoning for very large deformations for a wider range of materials and boundary conditions.

Hot-Rolling Structural Steel Analysis with 3-D Rezoning

Buckling of a pre-stressed stiffened container

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201278

Analyzing Fasteners under Large Deformations

Bolt pretension does not include large rotation effects.

With release 14.0, you can now use Joint Loads:→Lock joint at specific load step→Apply Pre-Tension or Pre-Torque load→use iterative PCG solver for faster runtime

Joint Element - Stress appears without significant bending

Pre-tension element - Significant bending stress with large rotation

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201279

Coupled structures/acoustics simulations

Coupled problems are modeled more efficiently:→Quadratic tetrahedral acoustics elements→New acoustics sources→Absorbing areas→Enhanced PML formulation → Near and far-field parameters

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201280

Moisture Diffusion

Moisture induces hydroscopic stresses and alters thermal stresses.

Coupled-field elements allow to incorporate moisture effects in thermal, structural and coupled simulations.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201281

Advanced Modeling

Explicit Analysis

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201282

Motivation

Explicit formulations extend the range of problems a structural engineer can solve.

Providing handling capabilities similar to implicit solutions provides an easy transition from implicit to explicit.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201283

A Common User Interface

Implicit and explicit solutions share the same user interface for a shortened learning curve and allow straightforward data exchange between disciplines

Crimping

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201284

New tetrahedral element

The new tetrahedral element helps quickly model complex geometries for low velocity applications such as drop tests for mobile phones or nuclear equipmentsSelf Piercing Rivet

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201285

Similarly to implicit analyses, 2D plain strain and axisymmetricformulations provide faster computation of explicit solutions

Fast Solutions Using 2-D Formulations

2D forming

Axisymmetricbullet model

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201286

Advanced Modeling

Offshore Structures

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201287

Over the period of the design of an offshore structure –from Concept through FEED and Detailed Structural and Equipment Design – there are needs for many different analyses related to global structural design and integrity and detailed component level analysis. To ensure delivery timeliness, and reliability where costs of failure are so high, there is considerable value in compatibility between the respective tools. This is delivered by the ongoing integration of ANSYS AQWA in Workbench and delivery of enhanced capabilities in Mechanical/MAPDL for offshore structures analysis.

Importantly, ANSYS Structural Mechanics products now deliver the ability to conduct both global and detailed analysis of offshore structures subjected to various wave and environmental loadings.

Global Offshore Structures

Local joint flexibility analysis

Global hydrodynamics and structural analyses

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201288

• Hydrodynamic Time Response system enhancements include– Fenders (similar to contact)

• Allows connections between 2 structures or between a structure and a fixed point

– Articulations (similar to joints)

Further AQWA Integration in Workbench for Multi-Body Wave Hydrodynamics

Offloading arm represented with series of typical articulations

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201289

• Diffracted wave loading

– Provides simplified pressure loading from Hydrodynamics Diffraction systems (AQWA) onto MAPDL system

• Harmonic Wave Loading

– Regular wave loading now available for harmonic response analyses

– ANSYS FATJACK (for beam joint fatigue of framed structures) automatically reads the RST file data for harmonic load cases

• ANSYS BEAMCHECK (for member checks on framed structures) and ANSYS FATJACK now delivered with Mechanical installation

– See Design Assessment for further information

Extended Wave Loading in Mechanical and links to Regulatory Code Checks

Vessel Loading Transfer from AQWA to MechanicalCourtesy of Vuyk Engineering Rotterdam

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201290

• Aeroelastic coupling (for wind turbine support structures)

– Sequential • Allowing structural (ANSYS) and aeroelastic (3rd

party) analyses to be run independently

• Just use a provided MAPDL macro to write out input data for the aeroelastic analysis

– Fully coupled • Co-simulation of structural and aeroelastic tools

• Custom build of MAPDL required, with a macro to manage the data availability from and to MAPDL

Coupling Mechanical with 3rd Party Aeroelastic Tools for Offshore Wind Turbine Modeling

Images Courtesy of REpower Systems AG

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201291

Physics Coupling

System Optimization with Rigid Body Dynamics and Simplorer co-simulation

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201292

Motivation

Most mechanisms and assemblies are managed via control systems.

System simulation, including the details of the mechanism or assembly, are needed in order to improve modeling accuracy, fidelity and ultimately system optimization.

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201293

Linking Mechanical and Simplorer

Inputs and outputs are defined as “pins” in the Mechanical model and connected to the schematics of Simplorer

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201294

Simulation Results

Force Applied on Pistons Rotational Displacement

Rotational Velocity

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201295

Some Examples

Aircraft Landing Gear

Simplorer schematic of hydraulic circuit and control

RBD model

Robotic Arm Control

Trace of arm trajectory

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201296

And there is much more…

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201297

…check the Release Notes!

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201298

Think also of the “Technology Demonstration Guide”

© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. February 22, 201299

Questions?