Annex 14Annex 14AerodromesAerodromes

Volume 1Volume 1

Aerodrome Design and OperationsAerodrome Design and OperationsBy:- Cheng Ling PerngBy:- Cheng Ling Perng

The ObjectivesThe Objectives

• Understanding the philosophy of ICAO’s Annex 14 SARP for Aerodromes

• Identify, explain and discuss the more important Standard And Recommended Practices (SARPs) of Annex 14

MethodologyMethodology

• Classroom manual text review (referring to Annex 14 text & review accordingly)

• Study of texts, tables, figures & charts

• Discussions on important topics and how to resolve the issues

• Technical visit to an aerodrome (if necessary)

Development of SARPsDevelopment of SARPs

• ICAO adopted Aerodrome SARPs in 1951 & designated it as Annex 14

• Many amendments since 1951• 1990, Annex 14 split into 2 volumes

– Vol. 1 - Aerodrome Design & Operations– Vol. 2 - Heliports

• Signatories agree to abide by or to exceed the standards

• If signatories choose to differ, they must file a difference with ICAO

Annex 14 Amending ProcessAnnex 14 Amending Process

• A country submits an issue to ICAO• If pertinent, ICAO forms a Project Team• Research, risk analysis & impact assessments

are done over a few years• Brought before the aerodrome ICAO main

meeting• Draft and consultation• Final amendments

– Ex. International Runway Friction Index (IRFI)

Annex 14 – Table of ContentsAnnex 14 – Table of Contents

• Abbreviations and Symbols• Manuals – related to this Annex• Foreword• Chapter 1 - General• Chapter 2 – Aerodrome Data• Chapter 3 – Physical Characteristics • Chapter 4 – Obstacle Restriction & Removal• Chapter 5 – Visual Aids for Navigation

Annex 14 – Table of ContentsAnnex 14 – Table of Contents

• Chapter 6 – Visual Aids for Denoting Obstacles• Chapter 7 – Visual Aids for Denoting Restricted

Use Areas• Chapter 8 – Electrical Systems• Chapter 9 – Aerodrome operational services• Chapter 10 – Aerodrome maintenance• Appendices 1 to 6• Attachment A – Suppl. Guidance Material• Attachment B – Obstacle Limitation Surface• Index

Editorial PracticesEditorial Practices

• Standards:- light face roman

• Recommended practices:- light face italics

• Status of RPs:- prefix as Recommendation

• Notes:-light face italics

• Status of Notes:- prefix as Notes

StandardStandard

• Any specification, the uniform application

of which is recognized as necessary for

the safety or regularity of international air

navigation and to which Contracting States

will conform in accordance with the

Convention

Recommended PracticeRecommended Practice

• Any specification, the uniform application

of which is recognized as desirable in the

interest of safety, regularity or efficiency of

international air navigational, and to which

Contracting states will endeavour to

conform in accordance to the Convention

SARPsSARPs

• Standards are identified by the verb <shall> and are mandatory

• Recommended practices are identified by the verb <should> and are only recommendations

Critical AircraftCritical Aircraft

• The aeroplane identified from among the

aeroplanes the aerodrome is intended to

serve has having the most demanding

operational requirements

Aeroplane reference Field LengthAeroplane reference Field Length

• The minimum field length required for take-off at maximum certificated take-off mass, sea level, standard atmospheric conditions, still air an zero runway slope, as shown in the appropriate aeroplane field manual

The First Premise: The Aerodrome The First Premise: The Aerodrome Reference CodeReference Code

• The aerodromes are coded according to the physical requirements of the critical aircraft

• The aerodrome facilities (or part of) must meet physical requirements of the critical aircraft

MotivationMotivation

• Understanding the rationale applied in the development of Annex 14 will help the aerodrome inspector/operator to be more consistent in their interpretation and application of SARPs

• It will be helpful for them to have a thorough knowledge of SARPs that are more difficult to understand

MethodologyMethodology

• Formal presentation and review of SARPs

• Study of texts, tables, figures, graphs and charts

• Discussions on topics, of problems and solutions

• Technical visit of an aerodrome

OutlineOutline

• Part I Rationale

• Part II Physical Characteristics & OLS

• Part III Visual Aids and other SARPs

• Rationale

• Part I

Part IPart IOutlineOutline

• Development of SARPs

• Amending Process

• Annex 14 Table of Contents

• Aerodrome Coding Concept

Status of Annex ComponentsStatus of Annex Components

′ Material comprising the Annex proper:• SARPs• Appendices• Definitions• Tables and Figures

′ Material approved by the council for publication with the SARPs:

• Forewords, introductions• Notes, attachments

The Aerodrome Coding ConceptThe Aerodrome Coding Concept

′ Based on two premises• Aerodrome reference code• Type of approach

′ Example: 3C NP

′ Designed as a planning tool

′ Applied in reverse when aerodrome built

Aerodrome Reference CodeAerodrome Reference Code

Code element 1 Code element 2

Codenumber

(1)

Aeroplane referencefield length

(2)

Codeletter(3)

Wing span

(4)

Outer main gearwheel span

(5)

1

2

3

4

Less than 800 m

800 m up to but notincluding 1 200 m

1 200 m up to but notincluding 1 800 m

1 800 m and over

A

B

C

D

E

F

Up to but notincluding 15 m

15 m up to but notincluding 24 m

24 m up to but not Including 36 m

36 m up to but notincluding 52 m

52 m up to but notincluding 65 m

65 m up to but notIncluding 80 m

Up to but notincluding 4.5 m

4.5 m up to notincluding 6 m

6 m up to notincluding 9 m

9 m up to notincluding 14 m

9 m up to notincluding 14 m

14 m up to notIncluding 16 m

a. Distance between the outside edges of the main gear wheels.

Table 1-1. Aerodrome reference code(se 1.3.2 to 1.3.4)

Non-Instrument Runway (NI)Non-Instrument Runway (NI)

• A runway intended for the operation of aircraft using visual approach procedures

Non-Precision Runway (NP)Non-Precision Runway (NP)

• An instrument runway served by visual aids and a non-visual aid providing at least lateral guidance adequate for a straight-in approach

Precision Runway (P)Precision Runway (P)Category ICategory I

• An instrument runway served by ILS and/or MLS and visual aids intended for operations with a decision height not lower than 60m (200 ft) and either a visibility not less than 800 m or a runway visual range (RVR) not less than 550 m

Precision Runway (P)Precision Runway (P)Category ICategory I

′ Lateral and vertical guidance

′ Down to 60 m (DH)

′ Operating visibility not less than 880 m or RVR 550 m

′ Most common of P runways

Precision Runway (P)Precision Runway (P)Cat II - IIICat II - III

′ Same as Cat I except Cat II has DH down to 30 m (100 ft) with visibility not less than RVR 350 m

′ Same as Cat I except Cat III has DH and visibility from an RVR of 200 m (600 ft) down to no visual range limitations

The Second Premise:The Second Premise:The Type of Approach The Type of Approach

′ The SARPs translate the combination of the Aerodrome Reference Code and the type of approach procedure available for the runway (Ex. 3C NP) into specific aerodrome physical requirements

′ The safety margin is increased as the approach minima is lowered

ReviewReview

′ What differentiates a non-instrument runway from a non-precision runway?

′ What two factors establish the rationale behind the SARPs?

′ Aerodrome reference codes are based on two elements. What are they?

′ How do SARPs change with lower approach minima?

Physical Characteristics and Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

(OLS)

Part II

Part IIPart IIOutlineOutline

′ Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS)

′ Displaced Threshold

′ The strip and the inner edge

′ Stopway

′ Runway end safety area (RESA)

′ Clearway

′ Declared distances

Runway CharacteristicsRunway Characteristics

′ Primary runway should be adequate to meet operational requirements of critical aircraft

′ Length of runway corrected for elevation, temperature, slope, humidity and surface

′ Length or runway need not be for maximum mass operations of critical aircraft

′ Similar rationale for secondary runway

Runway StripRunway Strip

′ Defined in Annex 14

′ A defined area including the runway and stopway, if provided, intended:

• To reduce the risk of damage to aircraft running off a runway ; and

• To protect aircraft flying over it during take-off or landing operations

Graded AreaGraded Area

′ Not defined in Annex 14

′ Included in the strip

′ Intended to serve in the event of an aeroplane running off the runway

′ Obstacle free and free of ditches, holes

′ Supportive of vehicles and aircraft

Obstacle Limitation SurfacesObstacle Limitation Surfaces(OLS) Purpose(OLS) Purpose

To define the airspace around aerodromes to be maintained free of obstacles so as to permit safe aerodrome operations and to prevent the growth of obstacles around aerodromes

Obstacles Limitation SurfacesObstacles Limitation Surfaces(OLS) Requirements(OLS) Requirements

′ For NI, NP & P runways (4.2)

• Inner horizontal surface• Conical surface• Approach surface• Transitional surfaces

Figure 4-1 Obstacle LimitationFigure 4-1 Obstacle LimitationSurfaces (1)Surfaces (1)

Figure 4-1 Obstacle LimitationFigure 4-1 Obstacle LimitationSurfaces (2)Surfaces (2)

Obstacle…Obstacle…

′ For Cat II-III runways (4.2)• Conical surface • Inner horizontal surface• Approach surface & inner approach surface• Transitional surface• Inner transitional surface• Balked landing surface

Figure 4-2 OLS for Cat II-IIIFigure 4-2 OLS for Cat II-IIIRunwaysRunways

Dimensions of OLS-Approach Dimensions of OLS-Approach RunwaysRunways

Dimensions of OLS…Dimensions of OLS…

Dimensions of OLS for RunwaysDimensions of OLS for RunwaysMeant for Take-OffMeant for Take-Off

RUNWAYS MEANT FOR TAKE-OFFRUNWAYS MEANT FOR TAKE-OFF

Surface and dimensions

(1)

1

(2)

Code number

2

(3)

3 or 4

(4)

TAKE-OFF CLIMB

Length of inner edge

Distance from runway end

Divergence (each side)

Final width

Length

Slope

60 m

30 m

10%

380 m

1 600 m

5%

80 m

60 m

10%

580 m

2 500 m

4%

180 m

60 m

12.5%

1 200 m

1 800 m

15 000 m

2%

a. All dimensions are measured horizontally unless specified otherwise.

b. The take-off climb surface starts at the end of the clearway if the clearway length exceeds the specified distance.

c. 1 800 m when the intended track includes changes of heading greater than 15 for operations conducted in IMC, VMC by night.

d. See 4.2.24 and 4.2.26.

Displaced ThresholdDisplaced Threshold

′ Defined in Annex 14: A threshold not located at the extremity of a runway

′ Provides obstacle free approach slope

′ May be used for take-off

′ Affects LDA

′ Temporary or permanent

′ Specific markings

Diagram of Displaced Threshold MarkingsDiagram of Displaced Threshold Markings

Relocation of a ThresholdRelocation of a Threshold

′ Not defined in Annex 14

′ Pre-threshold usually not suitable for a/c

′ Affects all declared distances

′ Specific markings: chevrons (7.2), closed runway markings (7.1)

The Strip & the Inner EdgeThe Strip & the Inner Edge

′ Strip provides protection for a/c on the ground & in flight

′ Usually slope of OLS starts at outer edge of strip′ In a displaced threshold, the inner edge of OLS

is at the point of displacement′ The inner edge is the point at which the

approach surface commences′ So, strip end & inner edge are not always co-

located

QuestionsQuestions

′ If a runway is 1000 m long, how long is the strip?

′ Runway 06/24 is 2500 m long. Threshold of 06 is displaces 300 m and the threshold of runway 24 is displaced 250 m. How long is the strip?

′ Where is the inner edge on runway 06?

StopwayStopway

′ Defined in annex 14 & explained (3.6)′ A defined rectangular area on the ground at the

end of the take-off run available (TORA) prepared as a suitable area in which an a/c can be stopped in the case of an abandoned take-off

′ Within the strip & has the width of the runway′ Included in ASDA′ Width equal to runway′ Expensive

Runway End Safety Area (RESA)Runway End Safety Area (RESA)

′ Defined in Annex 14 & Explained (3.4)

′ At each end of runway strip

′ Purpose: to reduce the risk of damage to an aeroplane undershooting or overrunning the runway

′ Not included in declared distances

′ Minimum length: 90 m

′ Width: twice that of runway

ClearwayClearway

′ Defined in Annex 14 & explained (3.5)′ A defined area on the ground or water under the control

of the appropriate authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial climb to a specified height

′ Commences at the end of TORA, may extend beyond the strip

′ Included in TODA′ Length: not more than 50% of TORA′ Width: 75 m on each side of extended centre line′ Inexpensive & common

`Declared Dstances`Declared DstancesTORA & TODATORA & TODA

′ TORA: Take-off run available. The length of runway declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking-off

′ TODA: Take-off distance available. The length of the take-off run available (TORA) plus the length of the clearway, if provided

ASDA & LDAASDA & LDA

′ ASDA: Accelerate-stop distance available. The length of the take-off available (TODA) plus the length of the stopway, if provided

′ LDA: Landing distance available. The length of runway which is declared available and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing. LDA is TORA less any displacement of the threshold

Diagrams of Declared DistancesDiagrams of Declared Distances

Exercise

<<ABC International Airport>>

Declared Distances

Declared Distances of Declared Distances of <<ABC International Airport>><<ABC International Airport>>

′ Runway 09/27 is 200 m long

′ Rwy 09: clearway 580 m, stopway 300m, displaced threshold 150 m

′ Rwy 27: stopway 350 m, clearway 350 m

′ What are the declared distances for this airport?

Runway Diagram ofRunway Diagram of<<ABC International Airport>><<ABC International Airport>>

Declared distancesDeclared distances

RWY TORA ASDA TODA LDA

m m m m

09 2000 2300 2580 1850

27 2000 2350 2350 2000

End of Parts 1 and 2

Visual Aids and Other SARPs

Part III

Outline of Part 3Outline of Part 3

′ Markings

′ Lighting

′ Signs

′ Secondary power supply

′ Fencing

′ Maintenance

′ Appendices and attachments

Visual AidsVisual Aids

ForewordForeword

′ The longest chapter in Annex 14

′ Visual aids increase in number and complexity as aerodrome code number increases and approach minima decreases

′ The presentation will be centered on markings, lights and signs

′ Visual aids require daily inspections and proper maintenance by specialized personnel

MarkingsMarkings

′ Order of importance: P, NP, NI

′ Colour of runway: white

′ Colour of taxiway and a/c stands: yellow

′ Outlining in black of white markings

′ For night operations: reflective materials

′ Markings: solid areas or series of longitudinal stripes

Runway MarkingsRunway Markings

′ Rwy designation: two-digit, magnetic, letter for parallel rwys (L,C,R)

′ Runway Centre line′ Threshold markings′ Transverse stripe ′ Arrows′ Aiming point′ Touchdown zone′ Side stripe

Diagram of runway markingsDiagram of runway markings

Other markingsOther markings

′ Taxiway centre line, (de-icing, apron)′ Runway holding position′ Aircraft stand′ Apron safety lines and passenger safety

lines′ Road holding position′ Mandatory instruction′ Information

Apron Safety Lines and Passenger Apron Safety Lines and Passenger Path LinesPath Lines

Lights: General CommentsLights: General Comments

′ Lights which may cause confusion′ Frangibility′ Surface lights′ Intensity and control′ Emergency lighting′ Aerodrome beacon′ Identification beacon′ Maintenance

Approach Lighting SystemsApproach Lighting Systems

′ Simple approach lighting system

′ Precision approach lighting system

′ Precision approach category I-II lighting system

Visual Approach Slope IndicatorsVisual Approach Slope Indicators

′ When: turbojet service, inadequate visual guidance, misleading ground information, obstacles, slope of runway or terrain

′ Suitability for day and night operations′ Obstacle protection surface & slope of rwy′ T-V ASIS, AT-VASIS′ PAPI, APAPI′ Maintenance and calibration

Diagram of Visual ApproachDiagram of Visual ApproachSlope Indicator SystemsSlope Indicator Systems

Runway LightsRunway Lights

′ Runway Threshold Lights (RIL)′ Runway edge lights: white, 60m spacing for

instrument rwy and 100m for NI rwy′ Runway threshold lights: min. of 6, green′ Runway end lights: min. of 6, red′ Runway centre lights: Cat.II-III, for take-off′ Rwy tdz lights: Cat.II-III′ Stopway lights: red′ Figure 5-19, p.79

Other LightsOther Lights

′ Taxiway centre line ( on taxiway, on exit)′ Taxiway edge lights: blue′ Taxiway stop bars: red′ Runway guard lights: yellow, fig.5-23 p.86′ Apron floodlighting′ Visual docking system′ Figure 5-20 p.80′ Inspection and maintenance

SignsSigns

′ Purpose: to convey mandatory instructions, information on a specific location or destination and other information

′ Characteristics:• Frangible• Clear of props & engine pods• Rectangular• Red for mandatory instructions• Illuminated: instrument rwy/ cat. 3-4 NI rwy

Mandatory SignsMandatory Signs

′ White on red background

′ Identifies a position not to proceed beyond unless authorized or cleared

′ Runway designation

′ Co-location with holding position markings

′ No entry

Information SignsInformation Signs

′ Black on yellow

′ Includes direction, destination and runway exit signs

′ Provided where there is an operational need

Location SignsLocation Signs

′ Yellow on black

′ Indicates location on an aerodrome

′ Only sign which may be located with a mandatory instruction sign

′ Outboard of a runway designation sign

′ Where signs are combined to form an array, the individual signs are delineated by a black stripe

Diagram of MandatoryDiagram of MandatoryInstruction SignsInstruction Signs

Information and Location SignsInformation and Location Signs

Visual Aids for DenotingVisual Aids for DenotingObstaclesObstacles

′ Aim: reduce hazards to a/c by indicating the presence of obstacles• (lights &/or markings)

′ Responsibility: CAA, airport authority′ Sensitive areas: approach surfaces, climb

surfaces, obstacle protection surfaces, airport vicinity

′ Obstacles reported in Aerodrome Manual′ Colours: checkered pattern

• Orange & white or red & white

Examples of Marking & LightingExamples of Marking & Lightingof Tall Structuresof Tall Structures

Lighting of BuildingsLighting of Buildings

Closed Runway and TaxiwayClosed Runway and TaxiwayMarkingsMarkings

′ Markings displayed for permanently closed and temporarily closed (RP) rwy & twy: X

′ Location: at each end or portion and interval between markings <300m

′ Colour: white for rwy, yellow for twy

′ Permanently closed rwy & twy: markings to be obliterated

′ Closed rwy & twy: lighting off

Closed Runway and TaxiwayClosed Runway and TaxiwayMarkingsMarkings

Unsuitable Pre-Threshold AreaUnsuitable Pre-Threshold Area

′ Condition: paved & > 60m

′ Pre-threshold area: chevron markings

Unserviceable AreasUnserviceable Areas

′ Condition: any portion of rwy, twy, apron unfit for a/c movement but still possible for a/c to bypass area safely

′ Markers: flags, cones, marker boards and red lights for night operations

Secondary Power SupplySecondary Power Supply

′ For medium & major aerodromes′ Facilities: signaling lamps, obstacle lights,

approach, rwy, twy lighting, essential equipment′ Source of supply: same source but different

substation and routing, or standby power units. Testing of generators

′ Switch-over time: 1 second to 2 minutes depending on runway category (NI, NP, P)

′ Monitoring of visual aids

FencingFencing

′ Aim: to prevent the entrance to the movement area of large animals and unauthorized persons

′ Includes ducts, tunnels, sewers, overpass

′ Patrols on perimeter road inside of fences

′ Security lighting of fencing area

MaintenanceMaintenance

′ A maintenance plan should be prepared:• Short term• Long term

′ Preventive maintenance is less costly′ Pavements: daily inspections, special attention

to cracks and friction′ Visual aids: daily inspections, maintenance often

by specialized personnel, many SARPs aimed at lighting systems

Appendices and AttachmentsAppendices and Attachments

′ Appendices 1 to 6 : Mostly for engineers, land surveyors and technical personnel

′ Attachment A Guidance material: very informative texts on 18 topics such as stopways, clearways, declared distances, strips, AFF, vehicle operations…

′ Attachment B obstacle limitation surfaces diagram: an overall view

′ Index: where to look for information

ConclusionConclusion

′ What have we learned?