Ancient Greece II• 449 BC to 300 BC

Pericles

Peloponnesian WarAlexander the Great

SOL Standards Essential Questions

• Why was the Peloponnesian War important to the spread of Greek culture?

• Why was leadership of Pericles important to the development of Athenian life and Greek culture?

• What were some important contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization?

• How did the empire of Alexander the Great establish a basis for the spread of Hellinistic culture?

Results of the Persian Wars• Greece wins and preserves its

independence• Greeks control trade on the

Aegean Sea• Athens experiences a Golden

Age and continues innovations in government and culture

Athenian Golden AgeArchitecture, drama, poetry, sculpture, philosophy

and science all reached new heights

Pericles

• He extended democracy; most adult males had an equal voice in government

Father of democracy

Funeral Oration 431 B.C.-Famous speech

Golden Age of Pericles• Pericles had

Athens rebuilt after its destruction in the Persian Wars

• The Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction

Parthenon• Temple to the goddess Athena

• Conveys a sense of perfect balance• Doric columns

Greek ColumnsA. Doric

B. Ionic

C. Corinthian

A. B. C.

A. B. C.

Dorky, I , Crown

Phidias• Greek Sculptor

• He sculpted much of the work on the Parthenon

• His figures were graceful, strong, and perfectly formed

“His work was not hideous”

Greek Philosophers

• “Lovers of wisdom”

• Used logic and reason to understand the universe

• Questioned accepted ideas

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

“SPA”

Socrates• Questioned beliefs and moral standards

• Put to death for corrupting the city’s youth and neglecting the gods

Plato and Aristotle

• Wrote The Republic, his idea of a perfect society

• Student of Socrates

Plato

• His work forms the basis for the scientific method

• Student of Plato

Aristotle

Greek Tragedies• Plays which told of human suffering

• Playwrights: Aeschylus and Sophocles

Aeschylus• Wrote The Orestria –tales of murder and revenge

during the Trojan Wars• Shows how pride can bring misfortune, and how

the gods can bring down even the greatest heroes

“Ashes from a fire can be tragic”

Sophocles• Antigone tells of a

princess who sacrifices her own life to honor her slain brother

• Explores the conflict between love and duty, honor and the law

“It will be a tragedy if I don’t get to be a sophomore”

Wrote Antigone and Oedipus

Greek Historians

• Stressed the importance of research

• Showed the need to avoid bias when recording history

Herodotus and Thucydides

Herodotus• Traveled extensively

and visited many lands to collect information

• Wrote about the Persian Wars

Father of History

“This is ….presented so that things done by men not lose their color in time, nor deeds great and marvelous, some bought forth by Greeks and some by foreigners, lose their renown”

Thucydides• Greek historian

“I have written my work, not as an essay which is to win the applause of the moment, but as a possession for all time"

• Wrote about the Peloponnesian War

• Tried to be fair to both sides

The Peloponnesian War• 431BC to 404 BC

Athens and the Delian League

Sparta and the Peloponnesian League

vs.

Results of the Peloponnesian War

• Sparta wins• Athens loses

political power• Cultural advance

is slowed• Greek defenses

are weakened

Phillip II of Macedonia• Conquered Greece (Greek defenses had been

weakened by the Peloponnesian wars)• Father of Alexander the Great

Alexander• Son of Phillip II

• Adopted Greek Culture

Aristotle tutoring Alexander

Alexander the Great• Conquered the Persians

and established an Empire extending from Egypt to India

• Spread Greek culture

Alexander’s Empire• Included Greece and Macedonia and extended

farther into India than the Persian Empire

Alexander’s Death• After 11 years of fighting, Alexander died due to an

illness with fever• Three of his generals established dynasties which

lasted until the rise of the Roman Empire

Hellenistic Age• Years of Greek influence following Alexander’s death and ending with the

Roman conquest.

Hellenistic Culture• Blending of Greek (Hellenic) culture with

Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences

Hellenistic Trade• Hellenistic culture spread through trade

Hellenistic Trade Routes

Hellenistic Achievements• Advances continued in Greek art, architecture,

philosophy, mathematics and science

Greek Mathematicians• Pythagoras and Euclid

“Pythagoras and Euclid thought math was not stupid”

PythagorasPythagorean Theorem: formula used to calculate the relationship between the sides

of a right triangle

Euclid• The Father of Geometry

•Wrote The Elements•His work is still the basis for modern courses in geometry

Greek ScientistsHippocrates and Archimedes

Physics and geometryMedicine

Hippocrates• The Father of Medicine

•Refused to use the gods to explain illness

•Stressed the importance of observation, diagnosis and treatment

•Wrote the “Hippocratic Oath,” which is still used by doctors today.

Archimedes• Invented many practical devices including the

lever and pulley, the screw, and the catapult

“Give me a lever long enough and a place to stand and I will move the earth."