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Ancient Civilizations(River Valley Civilizations)Asian Studies II
*NOTES*
CIVILIZATION- (1) group of people living and working together for the purpose of creating an organized society.
(2) “the highest cultural grouping of people which distinguishes humans from other species”
(3) “complex systems or network of cities that emerge from pre-urban culture”
WHAT IS A CIVILIZATION???
*NOTES*EIGHT BASIC FEATURES OF A CIVILIZATION:
(1) Writing Systems (2) Infrastructure- public works such as bridges, roads etc.
(3) Government / Laws
*NOTES*
(4) Art / Architecture
(5) Social Classes
*NOTES*
(6) Organized Religion (7) Job Specialization
(8) Development of Cities
An agricultural surplus led to the emergence of civilization
CultureThe way of life of a
group of peopleRise of cities
Growth of Government.
Usually monarchs
Emergence of Religion
Priests take an active role. New Social
StructureDifferent social classes emerge
Use of WritingFirst was Cuneiform in
Sumer
Artistic ActivityTemples, Pyramids,
Palaces, Painting, and Sculpture
Seatwork 2.3: In one paragraph (5-7 sentences), discuss two negative (bad) and two positive (good) consequences of civilization building. What types of issues do complex societies deal with???
ASIAN CIVILIZATIONSocial Studies II
Archaeologists believe this is where one of the world’s first civilizations arose. Mesopotamia (today’s Iraq) – is known as the cradle of Civilization.
TODAY’s OBJECTIVES:• Summarize how geography affected the cultural development in the Fertile Crescent.• Describe city-states and how other cultures learned from them.• Describe Sumerian religious beliefs, social structure, and technology.• Explain the influence of Sumer on later civilizations.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: 4 early River Valley Civilizations
• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)• Egyptian Civilization - Nile River
• Harappan Civilization - Indus River• Ancient China - Huang Ho (Yellow) River
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”
• Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia)
City-States in Mesopotamia
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”
City-States in MesopotamiaI. GEOGRAPHY
A. Mostly dry desert climate in SW Asia (Middle East)
SW Asia
(the Middle East)
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Fertile Crescent
1. Except in region between Tigris / Euphrates rivers2. a flat plain known as Mesopotamia lies between the two rivers3. Because of this region’s shape and the richness of its soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent. - the rivers flood at least once a year, leaving a thick bed of mud called silt.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”
City-States in MesopotamiaI. GEOGRAPHY
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
3. Because of this region’s shape and the richness of it’s soil, it is called the Fertile Crescent. - the rivers flood at least once a year, leaving a thick bed of mud called silt.
Sumerians were first to settle in this region, attracted by the rich soil.B. Three Disadvantages / Environmental Challenges
1. Unpredictable flooding / dry summer months2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless3. Limited natural resources - stone, wood, metal
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
I. GEOGRAPHY
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Sumerians were first to settle in this region, attracted by the rich soil.
B. Three Disadvantages / Environmental Challenges1. Unpredictable flooding / dry summer months2. No natural barriers for protection - small villages lying in open plain were defenseless3. Limited natural resources (stone, wood, metal)
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
C. Solutions 1. Irrigation ditches2. Built city walls with mud bricks3. Traded with people around them for the products they lacked. Initiated Bronze Age.
Sumerian innovations in achieving civilization
set example others would follow.
But to arrive at these solutions,
required organized government.
Let’s now look at the type of government the Sumerians had.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
II. The City-State Structure of GovernmentA. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent
countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat –
a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Definetype of
government
The Ziggurat at Ur was first excavated by British archaeologist Woolley in 1923. The Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities restored its lower stages in the 1980s.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
II. The City-State Structure of GovernmentA. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent
countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat – a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.
Right: Standing nude "priest-king," ca. 3300–3000 B.C.; Uruk.
Left: Bas-relief depicting priests intervening between worshipers and gods.
Definetype of
government
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
II. The City-State Structure of GovernmentA. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent
countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm land
Definetype of
government
D. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At the center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat – a massive,
tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.G. Military commanders eventually became ruler / monarch - then began passing rule to their own heirs, creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty – a series of rulers descending from a single family line.
Definetype of
government
Historians wonder…Did the Sumerians develop this new type of government on their own, or did they learn and adopt it only after contact with other peoples – cultural diffusion?
Cultural diffusion is the spread of elements of one culture to another people, generally through trade.
Take the spread of writing. Similarities between the pictograms of Egyptian hieroglyphics, Sumerian cuneiform, and the Indus script are striking.
Can you give examples of cultural diffusion in your society today?
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
II. The City-State Structure of GovernmentA. Although all the cities shared the same culture …B. each city had its own government / rulers, warriors, it’s own patron god, and functioned like an independent
countryC. includes within the city walls and also the surrounding farm landD. Examples include Sumerian cities of Ur, Uruk, Kish, LageshE. At center of each city was the walled temple with a ziggurat –
a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
F. Powerful priests held much political power in the beginning.G. Military commanders eventually became ruler / monarch - then began passing rule to their own heirs, creating a new structure of government called a Dynasty – a series of rulers descending from a single family line. H. Through their trade with neighboring peoples, the Sumerians spread their new innovations. This is cultural diffusion – the spread of one culture’s ideas, products, traditions, beliefs etc. to another people.
Let’s now examine Sumerian beliefs and other elements of their culture.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
III. SUMERIAN CULTUREA. RELIGION
A Sumerian warrior-god, gold figurine, ca. 2,400-2,500 B.C.E.
1. Belief in many gods - polytheismGod of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. The Sumerians viewed their gods as hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)
Marduk, the Dragon godPP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Reflection Time:
How does every event happening to people at any given moment affect how they think about their God(s)?
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
III. SUMERIAN CULTUREA. RELIGION
1. Belief in many gods - polytheismGod of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. They were viewed as often hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)
2. Gilgamesh Epic, one of the earliest works of literature. Contains a “flood story” that predates the Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least 2,000 years.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
III. SUMERIAN CULTUREA. RELIGION
1. Belief in many gods - polytheismGod of the clouds / air was Enlil – the most powerful god.(Nearly 3,000 others – with human qualities. They were viewed as often hostile and unpredictable – similar to the natural environment around them.)
2. Gilgamesh Epic, one of the earliest works of literature. Contains a “flood story” that predates the Hebrew Old Testament story of Noah by at least 2,000 years.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
III. SUMERIAN CULTUREB. SOCIETY
1. Three social classesa. Priests and royalty (kings)b. Wealthy merchantsc. Ordinary workers
[Slaves] –were not free citizens and thus not included in class system
2. Women
Left: Statue of Sumerian woman with hands clasped at chest, ca. 2600-2300 B.C. Right: Gypsum statue of man and woman at Inanna Temple at Nippur, circa 2600-2300 B.C.
a. Had more rights than in many later civilizations (could own property, join lower ranks of priesthood)b. But not allowed to attend schools (could not read or write)
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
III. SUMERIAN CULTUREC. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform
Cylinder seals and their ancient impressions on administrative documents and locking devices are our richest source for a range of meaningful subject matters.A wealth of these have been discovered at Sumerian sites. *
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
III. SUMERIAN CULTUREC. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
1. One of the first writing systems - Cuneiform
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
2. Invented wheel, the sail, the plow and sickle3. First to use bronze.
Other Sumerian Achievements• one of the earliest sketched maps
• astronomy
• a number system in base 60from which stems our modern units of measuring time
and the 360 degrees of a circle.
Sumerian Schools: EDUBBAS or Tablet houses
SUMERIAN EDUCATION
Numerical System: based on 60, F R A C T I O N SUsed in writing: STYLUS . Clay tablets: TEXTBOOKS
Development of WEIGHTS and MEASURES
Develop Banking System
Use Shell coins
Set LawsFirst Law From Ur-Nammu, ruler of Ur: Sumeria
SUMERIAN ORNAMENTS
Bust of Lady Pu-abi
Reconstructed with golden earrings and elaborate headdress
A Mesopotamian statue known as "The Ram in the Thicket". This object was found in the Great Death Pit at the Royal Cemetery at Ur and dates from the third millenium BC.
DEATH PIT OF UR
http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/MESO/SUMER.HTM
http://mesopotamia.mrdonn.org
http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/sumer.htm
http://www.nlcs.k12.in.us/oljrhi/brown/mesopotamia/meso.htm
http://www.earth-history.com
SUMERIAN REFERENCES
A K K A D I A N SA K K A D I A , C I T Y O F A K K A
DTHE VERY FIRST EMPIRE IN HISTORY
1800 – 1530 B.C.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
IV. First EMPIRE BuildersA. 3,000 – 2,000 B.C.E. the City-States began to war with each other.
These internal struggles meant they were too weak to ward off an attack by an outside enemy. B. Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2,350 B.C.E.)
1. Took control of the region, creating world’s first empire - when several peoples, nations, or previously independent states are placed under the control of one ruler.
Definetype of
government
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
2. The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years, 2350 – approx. 2150 B.C.E.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
IV. First EMPIRE BuildersA. 3,000 – 2,000 B.C.E. the City-States began to war with each other.
These internal struggle meant they were too weak to ward off an attack by an outside enemy.B. Sargon of Akkad (ca. 2,350 B.C.E.)
1. Took control of the region, creating world’s first empire - bringing together several peoples, nations, or previously independent states and place them under the control of one ruler.
Definetype of
government
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
2. The Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years3. Spoke a Semitic language (related to Arabic and Hebrew)
Arabic Hebrew sample Akkadian text
Invasions, internal fighting, and a severe famine all contributed to the end of the Akkadian Empire.
AKKADIAN’S INTERNAL DISSENTION
Sargon abolished the
local dynasties Sargon diverted the Persian Gulf trade of copper, precious stones to Agade which resulted to Sumer’s impoverishment.
Sargon was of different race.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
C. Babylonian Empire1. Overtook Sumerians around 2,000 B.C.2. Built capital, Babylon, on Euphrates river
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Chapter 2 Lecture Outline: “The Four Early River Valley Civilizations”City-States in Mesopotamia
C. Babylonian Empire1. Overtook Sumerians around 2,000 B.C.E.2. Built captial, Babylon, on Euphrates river
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
3. Reign of Hammurabi [1792-1750 B.C.E.]
3. Reign of Hammurabia. Famous Code of Law
A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar (stele). The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France.
• he wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region.
• Engraved in stone, erected all over the empire.
Why do you think Hammurabi thought it important to place all the cities within his Empire under the same uniform code of laws?
And why do you think he believed it important to place the laws in prominent locations so the people could visibly see them?
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
3. Babylonian Reign of Hammurabia. Famous Code of Law
A total of 282 laws are etched on this 7 ft. 5 in. tall black basalt pillar (stele). The top portion, shown here, depicts Hammurabi with Shamash, the sun god. Shamash is presenting to Hammurabi a staff and ring, which symbolize the power to administer the law. Although Hammurabi's Code is not the first code of laws (the first records date four centuries earlier), it is the best preserved legal document reflecting the social structure of Babylon during Hammurabi's rule. This amazing find was discovered in 1901 and today is in the famous Louvre Museum in Paris, France.
• he wisely took all the laws of the region’s city-states and unified them into one code. This helped unify the region. • Engraved in stone, erected all over the empire.
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
• Strict in nature – “the punishment fits the crime” / “eye for an eye” Such laws were adopted by neighbors – many similar found in Hebrew scriptures (Old Testament)• His act set an important precedent – idea that the government was responsible for what occurred in society.
Cute websitehttp://www.phillipmartin.info/hammurabi/hammurabi_situation_index.htm
CH 2 Sec. 1 Primary Source Document Analysis: “Hammurabi’s Code” (see handout)
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.
Partnered Students
Hammurabi, the king of righteousness,On whom Shamash has conferred the Law,
am I.
When Marduk sent me to rule over men, to give the protection of right to the land,
I did right and in righteousness brought about the well-being of the oppressed.
Below are situations Hammurabi faced. You and your partner decide what you think to be a fair way to deal with the problem.
Then together we’ll view what Hammurabi actually declared. We’ll find out if Marduk, the supreme god, will be pleased with your decisions?
1. What should be done to the carpenter who builds a house that falls and kills the owner? 2. What should be done about a wife who ignores her duties and belittles her husband? 3. What should be done when a "sister of god" (or nun) enters the wine shop for a drink? 4. What should be done if a son is adopted and then the birth-parents want him back? 5. What happens if a man is unable to pay his debts? 6. What should happen to a boy who slaps his father? 7. What happens to the wine seller who fails to arrest bad characters gathered at her shop?8. How is the truth determined when one man brings an accusation against another?
BABYLONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS
First to Study the Planets
Divided the week into 7 days
Invented the clock and sundial to measure time
OLDEST MAP IN HISTORY
WITH BABYLON AT THE CENTER
BABYLONIAN BELIEF
SOOTHSLAYERS make predictions by studying internal organs of butchered animals
laws which dealt with crimes against the state.
CODE OF HAMMURABI
LEX TALIONIS “Law of Retaliation”
Hammurabi – 1st King of Babylonian Empire
Law of JUSTICE
The oldest known copies of these Sumerian versions royal court entertainment in the reign of the Third dynasty of Ur and King Shulgi.
Gilgamesh, King of Uruk
author’s name : Shin-eqi- unninni, who is now the oldest known human author
GILGAMESH
http://www.maverickscience.com/archaeoastronomy.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia
http://www.deeperstudy.org/link/babylonian_empire.html
http://www.utexas.edu/courses/gelbmyth/babylonianflood.jpg
BABYLONIAN REFERENCES
H I T T I T E S
The Hittites were a Hamitic race. They are called "the sons of Heth"
1100. – 612 B.C.
Indo – European Speaking People from Asia Minor
Living in Hatti (Anatolia, Turkey)
First Hittite Kingdom founded by King Labarnas
Hattic Language
H I T T I T E S GOVERNMENT
MURSILIS I – King lead in to the victory over the Babylonians
SUPPILULIUMAS I – Made the Hittite Kingdom reach its height
SUPPILULIUMAS II – Last King of the Hittites
H I T T I T E S POLITICSKADESH PARITY PEACE
TREATY
Very First Treaty signed by two great empires: Hittite and Egypt (Hatussili III) (Ramses II)
Lion Gate of Hattusa, the capital of Hittites,
H I T T I T E ARCHITECTURE
H I T T I T E MINING AND FIRST IRON WEAPONS
Hittite (bull) Rhyton
HITTITE EXPERT HORSE RIDERS
THE THREE MAN CHARIOT
Assyrians (1176-612 B.C.) They were semetic people living in the North Mesopotamia
Important People:
A.Shanishi-Abad (Monarch)- attempted to build an empire.
B.Tukulti-Ninurta – began their first conquest
C.Ashurnasirpal II – started the policy of territorial expansion
D.Tiglat- Pileser – extended their control to Syria and Armenia
E.Sargon II – divided the expanded domain to manageable areas
AshurbanipalAshurbanipal-last great
monarch. He assembled a library of all literature in
Mesopotamia
Contributions:1.Experts in carving stones
2.Perfected the use of iron
3.Skilled hunters
4.Professional soldiers (science and art of war)
ASSYRIAN CARVING STONES
CHALDEANS
For behold, I am rousing up the Chaldeans, that bitter and impetuous nation who march through the breadth of the earth to take possession of dwelling places that do not belong to them. [II Kings 24:2.]
612 – 539 B.C.
Chaldeans (612-539 B.C.)• They were also
called the “New Babylonians”
• They forced a large part of Jewish population to relocate.
• Contributions:1. Hanging Garden2. Tower of Babel3. The system of
1hour=60minutes4. Lunar and Solar Calendars
with days, months and year5. High level of Algebra,
Science and Astronomy
Hanging garden
CHALDEAN ARCHITECTURE
HANGING GARDENS- KING
NEBUCCHADNEZZAR
TOWER OF BABEL
CHALDEAN ARCHITECTURE
Important Leaders• Eriba Marduk- founder of
the Chaldean dynasty• Merodach Balden-
attempted to seize the Babylonian crown with the help of the Elamites
• Mushezib Marduk – the prince who revolted with the support of the Elamites
Eriba Marduk
PHOENICIANS
KNOWN AS THE CANAANITES AND SIDONIANS
S E A F A R E R S "shipmen that had a knowledge of the sea.“ (I Kings 9:27)
Semetic people living in Mediterranean Coast (Lebanon, some part of Syria and Israel) most skillful shipbuilders and navigators of their time seafaring, manufacturing, and trading nation
PHOENICIAN LIFE
When sailing at night, sailors kept their ship in the right direction by observing constellations and the North Star, or what the ancient world called the "Phoenician Star." There were other voyages undertaken by Phoenician explorers
PHOENICIAN PORTS
TYRECENTER OF DYE
INDUSTRY
SIDONCENTER OF GLASS
INDUSTRY
PHOENICIAN COLONY
Coastal city on the Gulf of Tunisia founded by the Tyrian Phoenicians in 814 B.C.
From a snail, the murex, they obtained a crimson dye called TYRIAN PURPLE.
PHOENICIAN T R A D E
METAL WORK
GLASS
PHOENICIAN BUST,EGYPTIAN INFLUENCED
CEDAR TREES FOR SHIP BUILDING
GOLD ORNAMENTS
PHOENICIAN COINS
PHOENICIANNEW WRITING SYSTEM
PHOENICIAN RELIGION
Phoenician religion was inspired by the powers and processes of nature. Many of the gods they worshiped, however, were localized and are now known only under their local names. A pantheon was presided over by the father of the gods, but a goddess was the principal figure in the Phoenician pantheon.
BAAL: KING OF EARTH
ASHERAH:QUEEN OF HEAVEN
H E B R E W S". . . I will bless you and make your name great ; and you shall be a blessing. I will bless those who bless you, and I will curse him who curses you; and in you all the families of the earth shall be blessed“ (Genesis 12:2-3)
HEBREW HISTORY
Hebrews travelled to Canaan with leader, ABRAHAM
During the famine, some Hebrews went to Egypt
Great Exodus from Egypt, under the rule Ramses II
Hebrews settled at Mt. Sinai
Hebrews went to the land of Canaan, under
Joshua’s leadership
HEBREW KINGDOM
בן-ישי מלך ישראל דודDavid ben Yishai, Melekh Ysra’el
KING SAUL
KING DAVID
KING SOLOMON
HEBREW RELIGION
MONOTHEISM
ARC OF THE
COVENANT
YAHWEH
AGELESS
ETERNAL
SUPREME
HEBREW EMPHASIZES MORAL BEHAVIOR
1. I am the Lord your GOD2. You shall have no other
gods before me. You shall not make for yourself an idol.
3. You shall not make wrongful use of the name of your God.
4. Remember the Sabbath and keep it holy.
5. Honor your father and mother.
6. You shall not murder.7. You shall not commit
adultery.8. You shall not steal.9. You shall not bear false
witness against your neighbor.
10. You shall not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor.
10 COMMANDMENTS
PROPHETS EXPRESS HEBREW BELIEFS
Messenger of God Preached obedience to God’s Law Warned of Dangers of breaking any of God’s LawUrged Hebrews to remain firm to their Faith
Star of David or Shield of David
symbol of Jewish Identity and Judaism named after King David of ancient Israel.
God's Lamp, Man's Light: Mysteries of the Menorah
Hanukkah, Menorah
celebrates the rededication of the Temple after the successful Jewish revolt against the
Seleucid monarchy
PERSIANSIn the first year of Cyrus king of Persia, in order to fulfill the word of the LORD spoken by Jeremiah, the LORD moved the heart of Cyrus king of Persia to make a proclamation throughout his realm and also to put it in writing (EZRA 1:1)
529 B.C.
PERSIAN SOCIETYINDO – EUROPEAN SPEAKING TRIBE
SOUTHWESTERN IRAN
CONTROLLED BY MEDES
PERSIAN RULERS
CYRUS THE GREAT 1ST PERSIAN RULER DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS DEFEATED ASSYRIAN TRIBE: MEDES CAPTURED LAND OF CHALDEANS EXTENDED PERSIA TO BORDERS OF INDIA(EAST) AEGEAN SEA(WEST) AND EGYPT (SOUTH)
PERSIAN RULERSCAMBYSES TOOK OVER PERSIA AFTER FATHER’S DEATH EXPANDED TERRITORY TO EGYPT SUFFERED MENTAL ILLNESS: SOCIAL ANXIETY: SUICIDE
PERSIAN RULERSDARIUS THE GREATEMPIRE INTO PROVINCESDIRECTED SATRAPS (GOVERNORS)PUBLIC WORKS SYSTEMGOLD COINS “DARICS”
PERSIAN RELIGIONZOROASTRIANISM
ZOROASTER : PROPHET
AHURA MAZDA: DIVINE GOD
PERSIAN PUBLIC WORKS
PERSIAN ARCHITECTURE
PERSIAN BEHISTUN ROCK
imperishable stone of a 4,000-foot Iranian mountain, artisans of Darius the Great carved his vainglorious autobiography almost 2,500 years ago
DISCOVERED BY HENRY RAWLINSON IN 1835 - 1852
Two centuries after Hammurabi’s reign, the Babylonian Empire fell to nomadic raiders. New groups would rule over the Fertile Crescent in the future. However, the innovative ideas of the Sumerians and their descendants in the region would be adopted by the later peoples – including the Assyrians, the Persians, Phoenicians and the Hebrews (Jews).
PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S.