Post on 13-Jan-2015
description
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Anatomy of Public Relations
from
The Public Relations Practitioner’s Playbook
M. Larry Litwin, APR, Fellow PRSA
© 2009
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Or…
Why We Do What We Do
And
How To Do It Better!
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Taken from…
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You enter to learn
You leave to serve
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I am here to:
H E L P…Hear, Educate, Learn and Prepare
[HELP – Hear what Prof. Litwin says so you can be Educated to Learn, which will
Prepare you for your future. You’ve come to Rowan University to learn. You leave here to serve.]
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PR Is...
• “This is who we are;
• What we think about ourselves;
• What we want to do; and
• Why we deserve your support.”
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You Talk – We Listen
Hearing vs. Listening
There is a reason why we have two ears and one mouth – we must listen twice as
much as we speak.
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Public Communication• Public communication is at the heart of our economy,
society and politics. Studios use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes.
• It is a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart (strategic) message targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways at the ideal time using the proper channel. The ability to communicate this way – to communicate strategically – is what Public Communication is all about.
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M AC Triad
M
+P+T
A C
M =M essage A=Audience C =C hannel P=Purpose T=T im ing
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MAC Triad Plus cont.
• Informization– Disseminating information (message) to
target audience through the proper channel at the best possible time.
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Advertising is Synergy
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Public Relations…
(Not paid – Uncontrolled)
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Public Relations…
A tool of leadership!
[more later…]
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Public Relations 101
• Management and counseling function• Enables organizations to build and maintain
relationships• Through an understanding of audience
attitudes, opinions and values• Planned, deliberate and two-way• Conscience of organization• Overseer of brand/reputation• Relationship management
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Public Relations
A management function that helps organizations and their publics mutually adapt to one another.
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Advertising 101
• Paid
• (Non)-personal communication
• From identified sponsor
• Using (mass) media
• To persuade or influence
• Audience
(Paid – Controlled)
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Marketing 101
Determine what people need (and want) and give it to them.
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PR Practitioners are…
Strategic AdvisorsStrategic Advisors
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Edward Bernays’ Public Relations Functions
• To interpret the client to the public, which means promoting the client
• To interpret the public to the client, which means operating the company in such a way as to gain the approval of the public
• To act as a public service• To promote new ideas and progress• To build a public conscience
Crystallizing Public Opinion – 1923
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Ivy Ledbetter Lee’s Public Relations
Principles1. Tell the truth
2. Provide accurate facts
3. Give the public relations director access to top management so that he/she can influence decisions
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PR Counselors must possess…
• Loyalty
• Judgment
• Trust
• Ethics
• Integrity
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Managing Public Opinion
Public relations practitioners…
– Assess public opinion
– Influence public opinion
It is our responsibility to MANAGE public opinion!
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ABCs of Strategic Communication
• Anticipate
• Be Prepared
• Communicate Clearly, Concisely,
Consistently, Calculatingly,
Completely (Specifically and Simply)
Open, Honest, Thorough, Valid
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Another “A” = Accountability
More on this particular
“A” in a moment.
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CBAs of Strategic Communication
• Conceive
• Believe
• Achieve
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CBAs of Strategic Communication
• Conceive = Head
• Believe = Heart
• Achieve = Hands
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Another “A” = Accountability
• Controlled autonomy
• Answerable
• Responsible
• Being a source or cause
• Able to be trusted or depended upon
• Reliable
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What is Accountability?
? ? ?
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Another “A” = Accountability
• Answerable
• Responsible
• Being a source or cause
• Able to be trusted or depended upon
• Reliable
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Accountability – defined
A key component to practicing effective and reliable public relations.
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PR Practitioners/Counselors
Accountability is…thinking strategically
• Deliberately• Systematically• Methodically• Logistically• Calculatingly (Measured Tones)
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Accountability’s – Bottom Line
• Senior managers want marketing managers to prove that their marketing is effective based on:– Sales increases– Percentage share of the market the brand holds– Return on Investment (ROI)
• Agencies are creating departments to help marketers evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of their marketing communication budgets.
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How is accountability measured?
? ? ?
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Through…• Achievement (yet, another “A”)
• Communication
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You are the Brand• Brand• Brand Equity• Brand Extension• Brand Expansion• Brand Familiarity• Brand Favorability• Brand Identity• Brand Image• Brand Insistence• Brand Loyalty • Brand Power (Brand Champions)
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Delivering the promise
That’s accountability, too!!!
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Are you a brand champion?
• Brand champions deliver what they promise – and more. Delivering helps to achieve…accountability.
• Accountability leads to synergy.
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Double Bottom Line
• First Bottom Line– Build Relationships
• Second Bottom Line– Profit – or, accomplish your Goal
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Triple Bottom Line
• Pat Jackson’s DBL – plus:
• Third Bottom Line– Revenue>Controlled Costs=Profit
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Fraser Seitel’s “Real” Bottom Line of PR
• “Our fundamental role in PR is to defend and promote and enhance and sustain the reputation of our organizations.”
• “Our job in PR is to help ensure that that objective is achieved…through proper performance – effectively communicated.”
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How are Bottom Lines Achieved?
? ? ?
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Reaching the Desired Outcome
• Attitude
• Opinion
Education > Knowledge > Attitude > Behavioral Change > Output = Desired Outcome
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Public Relations is Synergy
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PR-Pie
• Purpose
• Research
• Planning
• Implementation
• Evaluation
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Two-Way Communication Model
Sender>>>Message>>>Receiver ^ V
^ Noise V
^ Noise V
^ Noise V ^ V ^ <<<<<<<<Feedback<<<<<<< V
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Communication• …is shared comprehension (two way)• Four Essential Elements/Communication Model
– Initiator (Sender/Encoder)– Carrier (Message)– Receiver (Decoder)– Feedback (Is clarity being achieved?) [If the message is not being received as intended, it is your fault. Leaders whose messages are not
changing behavior are not true leaders.]
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Principles of Authentic
Communication*• Truth• Fundamentality• Comprehensiveness• Relevance• Clarity
• Timeliness• Consistency• Accessibility• Responsiveness to
feedback• Care
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Principles of Authentic
Communication*• Truth – being accurate and factually
correct.
• Fundamentality – dealing with the core or essential issues and information.
• Comprehensiveness – telling the whole story, including the meanings and implications of the issue in question.
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Principles of Authentic
Communication*• Relevance – taking into account and making
connections with the interests of the parties involved.
• Clarity – using language that is appropriate and understandable for those involved, explaining technical terms, organizing and illustrating the information logically and understandably [clear, concise, complete, consistent, specific, simplistic.]
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Principles of Authentic
Communication*• Timeliness – providing information when it is known, leaving sufficient time for response prior to decisions or actions.
• Consistency – not opposing or contradicting your own or your organization’s other words or actions.
• Accessibility – making information, relevant sources and opportunities for discussion easily available to all parties; assuring physical accessibility to meetings.
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Principles of Authentic
Communication*• Responsiveness to feedback – engaging in
two-way communication, seeking others’ views and concerns and allowing those concerns to influence the organization’s actions.
• Care – showing respect, concern and compassion for the circumstances, attitudes, beliefs and feelings of other parties.
* Bojinka Bishop, Ohio University
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Principles of Authentic
Communication*• Truth• Fundamentality• Comprehensiveness• Relevance• Clarity
• Timeliness• Consistency• Accessibility• Responsiveness to
feedback• Care
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PR Plan/Roadmap
• Goal
• Objectives
• Strategies
• Tactics
• Tools
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Superior tactics cannot overcome a bad (business) strategy.
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No Planning = No Plan =
No Hope
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Synergy
The whole is greater than the sum of its parts
orThe whole works better than
any one of its parts.[To achieve our goal, we should
achieve synergy.]
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Synergy’s Parts
• Advertising• (Sales) Promotion*• Public Relations* • Direct Marketing• Cause Marketing• Sponsorship (Partnering)
Marketing• Positioning (Place)* • Personal Selling* • Price*
• Product itself*• Packaging* • Policy*• Politics* • Mind Share (Brainstorming – Intellectual Property)• Brand Identity• Interactive
* Litwin’s 9 P’s of Marketing
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Public Relations is Synergy
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Litwin’s 9 P’s of Marketing = Synergy
• Product• Place (Positioning)• Price• Promotion (Sales)
• Public Relations• Personal selling• Policy• Politics• Packaging
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7 C’s of Communication
• Credibility
• Context
• Content
• Clarity
• Continuity and Consistency
• Channels
• Capability
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Content is crucial…
but the medium is part of the message, too! (Marshal McLuhan)
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Public Communication• Public communication is at the heart of our economy,
society and politics. Studios use it to promote their films. Politicians use it to get elected. Businesses use it to burnish their image. Advocates use it to promote social causes.
• It is a field built on ideas and images, persuasion and information, strategy and tactics. No policy or product can succeed without a smart (strategic) message targeted to the right audience in creative and innovative ways at the ideal time using the proper channel. The ability to communicate this way – to communicate strategically – is what Public Communication is all about.
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Superior tactics cannot overcome a flawed (business) strategy.
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MAC Triad Plus
M
+P+T
A C
M=Message A=Audience C=Channel P=Purpose T=Timing
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MAC Triad Plus cont.
• Informization– Disseminating information (message) to
target audience through the proper channel at the best possible time.
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More On MAC Triad Plus
Some Key Communication Terms
• Propaganda
• Manipulation
• Stakeholders vs. Stockholders (To deliver message, we must know the difference)
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Cracked Egg Model
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Audiences (ISPR)• Identify• Segment/Fragment
• Demographically• Psychographically• Geodemographically• Behavioristically• Benefits
• Profile• Rank
– Audience Power Structure• Elite (Key Communicators) • Pluralistic or Diffused• Amorphous/Latent
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Audience Power Structure
Elite
Diffused
Amorphous
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Target vs. Niche
Target• Audience you want
to reach
e.g. High school
students
Niche• Narrowly defined
audience
e.g. White, high school
girls of divorced
parents
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Active vs. Passive
Active• Already sold• Seeking information
Passive• Uninterested• Use surrogates
(stand-ins)
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Features and Benefits
Features• Important
characteristics of a product or service.
Stress features to active
audiences.
Benefits• The quality of product
or service that supplies satisfaction or need fulfillment to the consumer or audience member.
Stress benefits to passiveaudiences.
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WII-FM
Features + Benefits = Value
Value = Worth
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Bargain
When the value exceeds the cost.
Remember, you only get what you pay for – but most times you don’t even get that!
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Persuade vs. Convince
• Persuade – Change of mind or attitude (for a short time)– When you persuade someone, you get them to act
without convincing them
• Convince – Change of heart and mind (long term)– When you convince someone, you actually get
them to believe something else
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Persuasion Pointers
• Know your audience
• Know what you can accomplish
• Anticipate objections/dispel them
• Establish mutual goals/a common ground
• Give options/choices
• Be clear
• Be familiar
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Persuasion cont.
• Use problem/solution format
• Stress rewards/benefits
• Control the tone
• Clinch your argument
• Ask for what you want
• Leave (impression) something to remember
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Three-Step vs. Two-Step Flow
Three-Step Flow1. Credible endorser*
2. Key communicator
3. (Targeted) publics
*Source credibility
Two-Step Flow1. Mass-media
message carrier
2. (Targeted) publics
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Third Party Endorser
• Endorsement
• Testimonial
[Know the difference]
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Key Communicators
• Who Needs Key Communicators?
• Who Should be a Key Communicator?
• Starting a Program
• An “Authorized Grapevine” (Consumption Pioneers – Connectors – Leaders of People – WOMMP [Word of Mouth Marketing Program])
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Alternative Media• Radio• Television• Internet (and Interactive – Web 2.0/Blogs/Wikis)• iPod® (Podcasts, etc.)• Vcasts®• Cell Phone• iPhone ®• Digital Signage• Aroma Marketing• WOMM• Silent Publicity
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Alternative Media
• Cross Platform– Print– Digital Signage– Wireless– Broadband– TV
• Convergence of Distribution – Multiple Platforms
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Getting a Seat at the Table
• Know how to communicate.• Know what our employer does and the
industry he/she represents.• Have an “attitude” – think strategically.• Be a counselor.• Loyalty, Judgment, Trust, Ethics, Integrity.• Always be ethical – open, honest, thorough
and valid – the “corporate conscience.”
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Communication:
A Tool of Leadership
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Public Relations…Leadership
All leaders are teachers…but not all teachers are
leaders!
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Public Relations…Leadership
Managers – Do things right.
Leaders – Do the right things.
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Leaders
• Convene• Communicate• Persuade (maybe even convince)
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Leader Defined
• Title
• Charisma (Connectivity)
• Competence/Expertise
• Communicator
• Courage
• Tenacity
• Perseverance
• Mental Toughness
• Vision
• Responsibility
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Leadership Defined
In the end, Leadership is defined by:
Results
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Leadership Framework
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Leadership Framework
• Control
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Leadership Framework
• Control
• Consistency
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Leadership Framework
• Control
• Consistency
• Campaign
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Leadership Framework
• Control– Preparation
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Leadership Framework
• Control– Preparation
– Follow-up
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Leadership Framework
• Control– Preparation
– Follow-up
– Proactive
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Leadership Framework
• Consistency– Organization
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Leadership Framework
• Consistency– Organization
– Repetition
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Leadership Framework
• Campaign– Planning/“Premeditated”
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Leadership Framework
• Campaign– Planning/“Premeditated”
– Strategy/Timing
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Leadership Framework
• Campaign– Planning/“Premeditated”
– Strategy/Timing
– Measurable results
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Leadership Framework
• Control– Preparation– Follow-up– Proactive
• Consistency– Organization– Repetition
• Campaign– Planning/
“Premeditated”– Strategy/Timing– Measurable
results
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James Baker…
Leadership
“Knowing what to do and then doing it.”
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President Carter…
“Leaders whose messages are not changing (or reinforcing) behavior are not true leaders. In fact, they are ‘MISleaders’.”
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Leaders
• Choose to lead by stepping out of the darkness and taking others with you.
• Make decisions they have to make even when they might have dangerous consequences
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In the Eye of the Storm: Lessons in Leadership
A real life example of Leadership
From Les Hirsch – CEOTouro InfirmaryNew Orleans, Louisiana
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Leadership
Requires Courage, Tenacity, Perseverance and Mental Toughness
Must Make Difficult Decisions
Must be Inspirational and Create Hope, Optimism and Enthusiasm for the Future
Never, Never, Never Give Up………
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“Retreat,…Hell…We’re Just Advancing in Another Direction”* Quote From a US Army General in Korean War after being asked about withdrawal
Friday:September 2, 2005
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Know Your Destination…and All Roads Will Lead To It…
Failure Is Not An Option
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Know Your Destination…
Hit the ground running…and…be sure you are going in the right direction!!!
But remember – It’s the journey, not the destination.
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It Always Takes A Great Team
Because…Failure Is Not An Option
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Leadership Defined
In the end, Leadership is defined by:
Results
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Credibility
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Credibility
• Trustworthiness
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Credibility
• Trustworthiness
• Competence
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Credibility
• Trustworthiness
• Competence
• Communication style
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PR Practitioners/Counselors
Accountability is…thinking strategically
• Deliberately• Systematically• Methodically• Logistically• Calculatingly (Measured Tones)
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Important PR Reminders
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PR Counselors must possess…
• Loyalty
• Judgment
• Trust
• Ethics
• Integrity
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Getting a Seat at the Table
• Know how to communicate.• Know what our employer does and the
industry he/she represents.• Have an “attitude” – think strategically.• Be a counselor.• Always be ethical – open, honest, thorough
and valid – the “corporate conscience” (CCO = Corporate Conscience Officer or Chief Communication Officer)
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And above all…
Are you willing to tell the boss what he/she needs to hear rather than what he/she wants to hear?
That is how YOU will get a seat at the table.
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Six Cs of Writing Assessment*
• Clarity – Say what you mean, mean what you say• Correct – Avoid errors to avoid confusion• Connection – Engage your reader• Compelling – Motivate an action• Conviction – Live on branding• Consistency – Stay on message…always
[Remember: When you make people work, they stop reading!]
* Roger Shapiro – Write Right – Mitchell Rose Communication
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Basic Principles of Effective Presentations
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Basic Principles of Effective Presentations
1. Relate your identity to help create an image
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Basic Principles
1. Relate your identity to help create an image
• Know the difference between identity and image.
• Persuasion – the activity of creating, reinforcing, modifying or extinguishing beliefs, attitudes and/or behaviors.
• Logo not ego!
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Basic Principles
1. Relate your identity to help create an image
2. Analyze your credibility and believability
• Credibility – is in the eye of the beholder.
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Basic Principles
1. Relate your identity to help create an image
2. Analyze your credibility and believability
3. Exercise control
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Basic Principles
1. Relate your identity to help create an image
2. Analyze your credibility and believability
3. Exercise control
4. Maintain a positive attitude
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Basic Principles of Effective Presentations
1. Relate your identity to help create an image
2. Analyze your credibility and believability
3. Exercise control
4. Maintain a positive attitude
5. Demonstrate leadership listening
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
1. Identify your audience.
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
2. Analyze your audience demographically.
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
3. How well does your audience understand the issues (or topics) you wish to discuss?
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
4. What is your audience’s attitude toward your agenda?
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
5. What does your audience need to
know or believe in before you can change its behavior? (What’s in it for them?)
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
6. To what type of arguments is your audience likely to respond?
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
1. Identify your audience.
2. Analyze your audience demographically.
3. How well does your audience understand the issues (or topics) you wish to discuss?
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Audience Analysis/Worksheet
4. What is your audience’s attitude toward your agenda?
5. What does your audience need to know or believe in before you can change its behavior? (What’s in it for them?)
6. To what type of arguments is your audience likely to respond?
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Key Communicators
• Who Needs Key Communicators?
• Who Should be a Key Communicator?
• Starting a Program
• An “Authorized Grapevine” (Consumption Pioneers – Connectors – Leaders of People – WOMMP [Word of Mouth Marketing Program])
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Division of University Advancement
Executive Vice President for University Advancement
Alumni Relations
Development Marketing Major Gifts
PublicationsUniversity Relations
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Division of Budget and Planning
Executive Director of Budget and Planning
Institutional Research
Budget Marketing
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Questions ???
M. Larry Litwin, APR, Fellow PRSAlarry@larrylitwin.comwww.larrylitwin.com
© 2009