AnatomyChapter 12

Blood

A. erythrocytes- erythro- red cyte- cell

ferry oxygen to all cells in bodyanucleated cellscontain hemoglobin- iron

containing protein which transports O2

biconcave disks- creates large surface area for carrying oxygen

1. Formed Elements

make up 45% of total bld- hematocrit

normally 5 million cells/mm3

each rbc contains 250 million hemoglobin molecules capable of binding 4 molecules of O2

normal bld contains 12-18g/100mL

anemia- decrease in O2-carrying ability resulting fromlower # of rbs

abnormal/defi-cient hemoglobin content

sickle-cell anemia- genetic disorderoccurs most often in blacks

1. State the main fxn of leukocytes.2. Discuss the # of different types of

wbc, name them, and list the 4 ways they are distinguished.

3. How many wbc are in a normal adult’s blood?

4. Name 2 ways in which wbc protect against infection.

5. Give examples of how doctors can use the wbc counts to indicate types of infections.

Leukocytes Info Sheet

6. Distinguish among the leukocytes that are granular and those that are agranular. (name them)

7. What is the difference between agranulocytes and granulocytes?

8. Discuss a unique property of leukocytes that enables them to get to a point of infection in the body.

9. Many leukocytes are phagocytes. What does this mean?

B. leukocytes- white blood cellsleukos- white

crucial to body’s defense against disease4 000 to 11 000 wbc/mm3

make up 1% total bld volume

form a “movable army” against invaders

able to slip in & out of bld vessels- diapedesis

use circulatory system as means of transportation to respond to inflammatory or immune responses

move by ameboid motion thru tissue until get to damaged or infected area

have infection, wbc counts go upif 11 000 cells/mm3 have leukocytosis

mononucleosis & leukemia- high # wbc

1. granulocytes- contain visible granules in cytoplasmhave lobed nuclei

develop from red bone marrow

2 major groups of wbc

a. neutrophils- most active leukocytesmost numerous- 3 000 to 7 000

phagocytotic- ingest bacteria and dead matter; die soon after

release bacteria destroying subst2 – 5 lobed nucleuspale purple stainingincr during bacterial infection & acute

infections

high #s- appendicitis, rheumatic fever; fewer- flu, rubella, hepatitis

b. eosinsophils- 100-400figure 8 nucleus or bilobeddeep red granules in cytoplasm; blue red nucleus

weakly phagocyticnumbers incr during allergy attacks

kills parasites (worms)

high #s- asthma, parasitic diseases, hay fever

c. basophils- 20-50/mm3deep blue granules; u or s shaped nucleus

discharge histamines (which incr bld flow to site of inflammation)

secrete heparin to prevent clotting of bld

high #s- chicken pox, hemolytic anemia

2. agranulocytes- lack visible granulesnuclei spherical, oval, or kidney

shapedSome differentiate in lymphatic

organs after red bone marrow

d. b-lymphocytes- produce antibodies

1500-3000 (combined)pale blue cytoplasm; dark purple nucleus

#s will drop significantly due to AIDS

Lymphocytes

e. t-lymphocytes-slightly larger than rbclarge round nucleus w/ thin rim of

cytoplasmimportant in immunitygraft rejection and fighting tumors

and virusesmay live for years

2nd most numerous group of wbc (combined)

when #s incr could indicate mono or chronic infection

f. monocytes- phagocytic wbc100-500largest blood cell; capable of digesting large cells

clean up cells after infectiongray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple staining nucleus

contains many lysosomes

# increase during chronic infectionsif # incr dramatically could indicate malaria,

endocarditis, typhoid fever, Rocky Mtn spotted fever

250 000 to 500 000/mm3

irregularly shaped cell fragments

circulate about 10 dayscapable of ameboid motionno nucleus; cytoplasm stains dark purple

2. Thrombocytes (platelets)

imp role in bld clottinghelp to close breaks in damaged bld vessels and to initiate formation of bld clots

hematostasis

liquid part of blood92% water55 % of whole bloodstraw-colored, salty taste, stickycontains plasma proteins made by liver; contributes to osmotic pressure of bld

3. Plasma

helps regulate fluid and electrolyte balance

maintain favorable blood pHhelps distribute body heat

aka blood cell formationoccurs in red bone marrow of flat

bonesall formed elements of bld arise from

hemocytoblast (stem cell)hemocytoblast forms 2 types of cells

which will then differentiate into the different formed elements thru series of steps

Hematopoiesis

takes about 5-7 days to make a mature rbc

rbc production controlled by a certain hormone released by kidney

stoppage of bld flowhave damaged bld vessel 3 phases that will occur:1. vascular spasms2. platelet plug formation3. blood clot formation

Hemostasis

platelets begin to cling to damaged parts

serotonin is released causing bld vessels to go into spasms which narrows vessels

platelets release thromboplastin which triggers clotting

bld clot formation- aka coagulation

thromboplastin is converted to thrombin, which joins fibrinogen which makes a net to trap rbc (very sticky)

usu occurs in 2-6 minutes

1. undesirable clotting-thrombus- clot develops in leg (usu) and persistsembolus- when thrombus flows thru vessels

if lodged, can kill

2 major disorders w/ clotting:

2. hemophilia-hereditary bleeding disorder that results from the lack of protein factors that lead to clotting

aka “free-bleeders”

minor tissue trauma can lead to prolonged bleeding and even death

thrombocytopenia- insufficient # of platelets

cancer of the white blood cellstoo many wbc are being produced, not

enough rbc and plateletsfatigue, frequent illness, anemia, slow

clotting (bruising), painfully weak bones

treatments:bone marrow transplants, stem cell

transplants, meds

Leukemia

4 blood types: A, B, O, ABall body cells produce “markers” on the cell membranes that identify them as unique & you

these are antigensfor cells that aren’t yours, your body recognizes the antigens as FOREIGN

Blood Typing

antigens of foreign cells stimulate immune system to release antibodies to fight against them

we all have “recognizer antibodies” in our bld stream that recognizes foreign antigens

these antibodies will bind onto the foreign substance (rbc, for ex) causing agglutination or clumping

mismatched blood may cause death

symptoms: anxiety, breathing difficulty, flushing, headache, severe pain in neck, chest, lumbar region, rbc burst- leading to jaundice, kidney failure

Rh factor-discovered on rhesus monkeys 1st

most Americans are Rh+Have Rh antigen on rbcRh- do not have antigen on rbc

Blood typing sheet