Anatomical TerminologyAnatomical Terminology

Introductory Concepts:Introductory Concepts:

1) 1) HomeostasisHomeostasis – macro and micro – macro and micro

2) 2) Body terminologyBody terminology

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Anterior – front, beforeAnterior – front, before

Example: The vertebral column is dorsal to the more anterior sternum

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Ventral - bellyVentral - belly

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Cranial - headCranial - head

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Superior – Above (higher level)Superior – Above (higher level)

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Medial – toward the body’s midlineMedial – toward the body’s midline

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Distal – away from point of Distal – away from point of attachmentattachment

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Proximal – toward point of Proximal – toward point of attachmentattachment

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Superficial – at or near the surfaceSuperficial – at or near the surface

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Posterior – back; behindPosterior – back; behind

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Dorsal - backDorsal - backRIGHT HAND

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Caudal - tailCaudal - tail

Hindlimb conformation faults: caudal view

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Inferior – below (lower level)Inferior – below (lower level)

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Lateral – away from midlineLateral – away from midline

Directional TermsDirectional Terms

Deep – farther from the surfaceDeep – farther from the surface

Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections

Transverse – divides the body into Transverse – divides the body into superior and inferior sectionssuperior and inferior sections

http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/transverse.htmlhttp://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/transverse.html

Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections

Frontal – divides the body into Frontal – divides the body into anterior and posterior sectionsanterior and posterior sections

http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/coronal.htmlhttp://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/coronal.html

Body Planes and SectionsBody Planes and Sections

Sagittal – divides the body into right Sagittal – divides the body into right and left sectionsand left sections

http://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/sagittal.htmlhttp://www.madsci.org/~lynn/VH/sagittal.html

Section 1Section 1

Section 2Section 2

Section 3Section 3

Section 4Section 4

Section 5Section 5

Section 6Section 6

Section 7Section 7

Section 8Section 8

Major Body CavitiesMajor Body Cavities

PLEURAL

PERICARDIAL

Introductory Anat/physiology testIntroductory Anat/physiology test

Body cavities and organs located Body cavities and organs located within the cavity (labeling and within the cavity (labeling and matching)matching)

Anatomical terminology – be able to Anatomical terminology – be able to apply itapply it

Overview of organ systems Overview of organ systems (matching)(matching)

Introductory Anat/physiology testIntroductory Anat/physiology test

Body planes and sections (identify Body planes and sections (identify pictures)pictures)Cell parts and functionsCell parts and functionsHomeostasis Homeostasis – Thirst fill-in blankThirst fill-in blank– Scenario identification of stimulus, Scenario identification of stimulus,

receptors, effectors and responsereceptors, effectors and response– Cell membrane – diffusion, osmosis Cell membrane – diffusion, osmosis

terms and active transportterms and active transport

Dehydration

↓ water volume↑ osmolarity of blood

1) Kidneys detect ↓ blood volume

2) hypothalamus detects ↑ in blood osmolarity

1) JGA in kidneys

2) Hypothalamus in brain

1) Adrenal gland (on top of kidney) releases aldosterone

2) ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) is released from pituitary gland

1) Kidneys keep water and salts instead of excreting them

2) Kidneys keep water and salivary glands do not salivate (causes dry mouth = thirst)

The CellThe Cell

Prokaryotic v. Eukaryotic CellsProkaryotic v. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cell

Cell membrane

Cell membrane

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

Section 7-1

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

Plant CellPlant Cell

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Animal CellAnimal Cell

Animal Cell

Centrioles

NucleolusNucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

ab

cd

e

f

g

hi

j

k

Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Cell membraneContain DNA

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles

MitochondriaCytoskeleton

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Centrioles

Cell membraneRibosomes

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles

MitochondriaCytoskeleton

Cell WallChloroplasts

Section 7-2

Venn Diagrams

Cell membrane

Endoplasmicreticulum

Microtubule

Microfilament

Ribosomes Mitochondrion

Section 7-2

Figure 7-11 Cytoskeleton

Divison of LaborDivison of LaborA cell is made up of many parts with different A cell is made up of many parts with different functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of functions that work together. Similarly, the parts of a factory or a machine work together to carry out a factory or a machine work together to carry out different functions and come up with a product.different functions and come up with a product.

Answer the following questions.Answer the following questions.

1. What are some of the different parts of a 1. What are some of the different parts of a computer? What are the functions of these computer? What are the functions of these computer parts?computer parts?

2. 2. How do the functions of these computer parts How do the functions of these computer parts correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?correspond to the functions of certain cell parts?

Cell MembraneCell MembraneGuard station—Guard station—– lets somethings inlets somethings in– Keeps some things outKeeps some things out

Cell Wall (plants only)Cell Wall (plants only)Wall outside the Wall outside the factory guard gatefactory guard gate– Protection and Protection and

strengthstrength

mitochondriamitochondriaGeneratorGenerator– Creates energy for Creates energy for

the factorythe factory

Golgi ApparatusGolgi ApparatusPackaging, Packaging, processingprocessing– Puts wrapper on the Puts wrapper on the

candy barcandy bar

NucleusNucleusCEO, central officeCEO, central office– Directs the factoryDirects the factory– Contains the recipeContains the recipe

NucleolusNucleolusMachine makersMachine makers– Place where the Place where the

assembling assembling machines machines (ribosomes) are (ribosomes) are mademade

RibosomesRibosomes

Assembling Assembling machinesmachines– Assembles the Assembles the

candy bars, takes candy bars, takes them to packaging them to packaging (golgi)(golgi)

Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulumInner-factory Inner-factory transporttransport– Conveyor belt, Conveyor belt,

transports transports candybars candybars (proteins)(proteins)

LysosomeLysosomeSanitation crewSanitation crew– Destroys garbageDestroys garbage– Cleans out foreign Cleans out foreign

debrisdebris

VacuoleVacuoleWarehouse Warehouse storage-storage-– Contains all of the Contains all of the

surplus materialssurplus materials

Chloroplast (plants only)Chloroplast (plants only)Solar panels on the Solar panels on the factoryfactory– Converts sunlight to Converts sunlight to

usable energy for usable energy for the factorythe factory

ANSWERS TO INTRO CELL ANSWERS TO INTRO CELL QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

Attached to microscope labAttached to microscope lab

Cell Structures and FunctionsCell Structures and Functions

1. The 1. The CELLCELL is the fundamental is the fundamental building block of the body.building block of the body.

How are certain cells in your How are certain cells in your stomach specialized?stomach specialized?

The _______ is the control center The _______ is the control center of the cell.of the cell.

NucleusNucleus

How many chromosomes in each How many chromosomes in each human cell?human cell?

46 (23 pairs)46 (23 pairs)

You get 23 from momYou get 23 from mom

and 23 from dadand 23 from dad

If same 46 chromosomes in each cell, then If same 46 chromosomes in each cell, then how do we end up with different cell types?how do we end up with different cell types?

Embryo – different genes Embryo – different genes expressed in different cellsexpressed in different cells

What is the function of What is the function of chromosomes?chromosomes?

Chromosomes are Chromosomes are composed of DNA composed of DNA which directs the which directs the cell’s activities.cell’s activities.They are the They are the instructions for the instructions for the building of all of building of all of your body’s your body’s proteins.proteins.

Where are proteins assembled?Where are proteins assembled?

Ribosomes (attached or free)Ribosomes (attached or free)

Where is RNA manufactured?Where is RNA manufactured?

nucleolusnucleolus

What structure transports proteins?What structure transports proteins?

Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum

What is the function of the Golgi What is the function of the Golgi body?body?

To package proteins in a molecular To package proteins in a molecular coat so they can be sent out of the coat so they can be sent out of the cell.cell.

Lysosomes contain chemical Lysosomes contain chemical substances called________.substances called________.

EnzymesEnzymes

The enzymes breakdown proteins The enzymes breakdown proteins into into amino acids.amino acids.

Ribosomes use the amino acids to Ribosomes use the amino acids to build newbuild new

ProteinsProteins

_______ are storage sacs._______ are storage sacs.

VacuolesVacuoles

Incoming nutrients are stored in Incoming nutrients are stored in vacuoles before they are broken vacuoles before they are broken down by LYSOSOMES.down by LYSOSOMES.

Clinical autopsy – gross analysis to Clinical autopsy – gross analysis to cellular analysiscellular analysis

http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/http://pathhsw5m54.ucsf.edu/case24/case24.htmlcase24/case24.html

To assemble proteins and perform To assemble proteins and perform many other functions the cell many other functions the cell

uses______.uses______.

ENERGY – (ATP)ENERGY – (ATP)

Mitochondria produce ENERGY in Mitochondria produce ENERGY in the form that the CELL can use.the form that the CELL can use.

Importance of cell membraneImportance of cell membrane

Selectively permeableSelectively permeablePhospholipid bilayer – allows oxygen, Phospholipid bilayer – allows oxygen, carbon dioxide and water to pass freelycarbon dioxide and water to pass freelyChannel proteins – allow dissolved ions Channel proteins – allow dissolved ions (Na+, Ca+ K+, Cl-) to pass freely (Na+, Ca+ K+, Cl-) to pass freely Carrier proteins – change shape to Carrier proteins – change shape to allow large molecules to pass in and allow large molecules to pass in and out – ex glucoseout – ex glucosePumps – requires energy to work, Pumps – requires energy to work, pushes in or out ions and nutrients – ex pushes in or out ions and nutrients – ex Na+ and K+ pumps regulate ICF/ECF Na+ and K+ pumps regulate ICF/ECF concentrations and neuronsconcentrations and neurons

No energy neededNo energy needed Energy neededEnergy needed