An Historic Preservation Survey inthe town of M arshall , M issouri ...

An H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n S u r v e y

i n t h e t o w n o f M a r s h a l l , M i s s o u r i

p r e s e n t e d t o

The D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n P r o g r a m

J e f f e r s o n C i t y , M i s s o u r i

T h e M i s s o u r i V a l l e y R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g Corr~mi s s i o n

M a r s h a l 1 , M i s s o u r i

J a n u a r y , 1 9 8 4

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V I I .

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I n t r o d u c t i o n ...................................o...... 1

F i r s t S e t t l e m e n t : I s s u e s a n d t h e I d e n t i t y o f P l a c e . . . 5

D e n l o g r a p h i c P a t t e r n s i n O r i g i n , M i g r a t i o n , a n d S e t t l e m e n t o f t h e B o o n s 1 i c k P o p u l a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

Yeoman G e n t r y a s M i s s o u r i E n t r e p r e n u e r : B o o n s l i c k P i o n e e r s C o n f r o n t t h e W i l d e r n e s s . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4

M e r c h a n t s a n d S t o c k m a n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 7

A T r a n s i t i o n f r o m War t o P e a c e i n S a l i n e C o u n t y . . . . . . . 5 0

F r o m A r r o w R o c k t o M a r s h a l 1 : T h e New C e n t e r a n d t h e New O r d e r o f R e c o n s t r u c t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3

M a r s h a l 1 : An A r t i c u l a t e S o c i e t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2

T h e B l a c k C o m m u n i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9

B u i l d e r s a n d B u i l d i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0

O l d Town a n d E a s t Woods : D i s t r i c t s f o r P r e s e r v a t i o n . . 8 7

INTRODUCTION

A c i t y s h o u l d p r o v i d e g r o w i n g m i n d s w i t h c u l t u r a l m e m o r i e s a n d i m a g i n a t i o n s .

James M i c h e n e r , T h e Q u a l i t y o f L i f e , - 1 9 7 0

T h i s h i s t o r i c p r e s e r v a t i o n s u r v e y i s a n e x e r c i s e i n " p u b l i c

h i s t o r y . " P u b l i c h i s t o r y i s a g e n e r i c t e r m a p p l i c a b l e t o n u m e r o u s

h i s t o r i c a l e n d e a v o r s , w h i c h a r e o u t s i d e o f t r a d i t i o n a l t e a c h i n g

a n d w r i t i n g c a r e e r s . I n t h e p r e s e n t c a s e , t h e s t a t e p r e s e r v a t i o n

p r o g r a m f u n d e d t h e M i s s o u r i V a l l e y R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n t o

c o n d u c t a s u r v e y i n M a r s h a l l . T h a t s u r v e y w o u l d p r o v i d e t h e s t a t e

o f f i c e w i t h a g e n e r a l h i s t o r i c a l c o n t e x t o f S a l i n e C o u n t y a n d t h e

t o w n o f M a r s h a l l a s w e l l a s s p e c i f i c i n f o r m a t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y p h o t o -

g r a p h i c d a t a , a b o u t some 300 h i s t o r i c s i t e s i n t h e h e a r t o f t h e

c i t y ' s l a n d s c a p e . T o e x e c u t e t h i s c h a r g e , t h e M i s s o u r i V a l l e y

R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n h i r e d , o n s u b - c o n t r a c t , a n h i s t o r i a n ,

L y n n M o r r o w .

T h e s u r v e y p r o c e s s b e g a n i n J u n e , 1 9 8 3 a n d c o n t i n u e d u n t i l

J a n u a r y , 1 9 8 4 . M o r r o w a c t e d a s p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r , b u t h e

was a s s i s t e d b y h i s w i f e , K r i s t e n K a l e n M o r r o w , a l s o a n h i s t o r i a n .

T h r o u g h o u t t h e s u r v e y M o r r o w i n i t i a t e d v a r i o u s c o n s u l t a t i o n s w i t h

p e r s o n s i n t h e M i s s o u r i p r e s e r v a t i o n c o m m u n i t y . E a c h o f t h e s e

c o n s u l t a t i o n s c o n t r i b u t e d i n s i g h t s t o t h e p r o c e s s a n d t o t h e f i n a l

p r o d u c t , a t h r e e v o l ume r e p o r t . T h e c o n s u l t a n t s i n c l u d e d James

D e n n y , S e c t i o n C h i e f o f N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r n o m i n a t i o n s a n d s u r v e y ,

D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s . D e n n y ' s p h o t o g r a p h i c s k i 1 1 s ,

e x h i b i t e d i n C h a p t e r X , B u i l d e r s a n d B u i l d i n g s , p r o v i d e d a n

e x c e p t i o n a l e l e m e n t i n V o l u m e One. C l a i r e B l a c k w e l l a n d J i l l

J o h n s o n , T e c h n i c a l S e r v i c e s , D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s ,

p r o v i d e d g u i d a n c e t o w a r d i n t e g r a t i n g t h e s u r v e y w i t h a p o t e n t i a l

c e r t i f i e d h i s t o r i c d i s t r i c t a p p l i c a t i o n . P a t r i c k S t e e l e , D i r e c t o r

o f t h e M i s s o u r i H e r i t a g e T r u s t , e n c o u r a g e d a l a r g e r s c o p e o f t h e

O l d Town s u r v e y p l a t a n d e m p h a s i z e d t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f b o u n d a r y

j u s t i f i c a t i o n s . P r o f e s s o r G a r y K r e m e r , h i s t o r i a n a t L i n c o l n

U n i v e r s i t y , e n c o u r a g e d t h e i n c l u s i o n o f b l a c k h i s t o r i c d a t a i n

C h a p t e r I X , T h e B l a c k Comniuni t y . P r o f e s s o r R o b e r t F l a n d e r s ,

member o f t h e M i s s o u r i A d v i s o r y C o u n c i 1 o n H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n

a n d h i s t o r i a n a t S o u t h w e s t M i s s o u r i S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , o f f e r e d

s u g g e s t i o n s f o r l o c a l c o n t e x t i n s t a t e a n d n a t i o n a l h i s t o r i c

e x p e r i e n c e s . M i k e E v e r m a n , i n f o r m a t i o n s p e c i a l i s t a n d h i s t o r i a n

a t t h e M i s s o u r i C u l t u r a l H e r i t a g e C e n t e r , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i ,

t o u r e d t h e s u r v e y a r e a , a n d d i s c u s s e d i t s s i g n i f i c a n c e w i t h i n

M i s s o u r i r e g i o n a l s t u d i e s a n d w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t f o r s t a t e w i d e

p r e s e r v a t i o n p l a n n i n g .

T h e S a l i n e C o u n t y H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , i n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r s a n d

i t s l i b r a r y , p r o v i d e d t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e a s s i s t a n c e o f a l l . W i t h o u t

l o c a l r e s o u r c e s , w h i c h t h e S o c i e t y p l e d g e d t o t h e f u n d i n g p r o c e s s ,

t h e q u a n t i t y o f w o r k a c c o m p l i s h e d i n t h i s s u r v e y w o u l d h a v e b e e n

m u c h l e s s . Many S o c i e t y m e m b e r s h o s t e d K r i s a n d L y n n M o r r o w i n

t h e i r homes a n d c i t i z e n s a1 l o w e d t h e i n c o n v e n i e n c e s r e q u i s i t e i n

m e a s u r i n g a n d p h o t o g r a p h i n g s e l e c t e d p r o p e r t i e s . R u s s N i c h o l a s

a n d t v e s t a f f a t t h e M i s s o u r i V a l l e y R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n

s e r v e d a s i m p o r t a n t i n f o r m a n t s t h e m s e l v e s , a s t h e y h a v e b e e n

l o n g t i m e m e m b e r s o f t h e M a r s h a l l c o m m u n i t y . T h e f a c t t h a t t h i s

s u r v e y was i d e n t i f i e d w i t h a t r u s t e d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t a l b o d y

g r e a t l y e a s e d c o m m u n i t y a n x i e t y a b o u t " s t r a n g e r s " who a s k e d

q u e s t i o n s a b o u t l o c a l s o c i e t y a n d who t o o k h u n d r e d s o f l o c a l

p h o t o g r a p h s . A n d l a s t , b u t c e r t a i n l y n o t l e a s t , L e e ' s S t u d i o

p r o v i d e d q u a 1 i t y c u s t o m p r i n t s a t r e a s o n a b l e p r i c e s , w h i c h a d d e d

t o t h e o v e r a l l v a l u e o f t h e r e p o r t .

T h e s u r v e y i s o n e t h a t e m p h a s i z e d a n h i s t o r i c a l c o n t e x t , n o t

a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l c o n t e x t . T h e s u r v e y c o n s i d e r e d g e n e r a l s o c i o -

e c o n o m i c p a t t e r n s w h i c h w e r e c r u c i a l i n t h e f o r m a t i o n o f c o u n t y

s o c i e t y , t h e c o u n t y s e a t , a n d t h e d i s t r i c t s a r o u n d t h e s q u a r e a n d

e a s t o f t h e s q u a r e . T h e s e t o w n d i s t r i c t s named O l d Town a n d E a s t -

w o o d s , w e r e f o u n d t o h a v e h a d t h e same g e n e r a l l a n d u s e a n d s o c i a l

c o m p l e x i o n f o r m o r e t h a n a c e n t u r y . V o l u m e One i s a s u m m a r y o f t h a t

i n q u i r y . V o l u m e Two a n d T h r e e i n c l u d e t h e i n v e n t o r y s h e e t s w i t h

v a r i o u s s i t e s p e c i f i c d a t a d r a w n f r o m S a n b o r n i n s u r a n c e m a p s , c o u n t y

p l a t s a n d a t l a s e s , c o u n t y h i s t o r i e s , l o c a l p u b l i c a t i o n s a n d e p h e m e r a ,

a n d 5 x 7 b l a c k a n d w h i t e c u s t o m p r i n t s . A l l o f t h e s e c o n t r i b u t e d t o

t h e g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s made i n a n h o n e s t i n v e s t i g a t i o n a b o u t t h e

r e p u t a t i o n , h i s t o r i c a l f a c t s a n d e v e n t s , a n d t h e c o r p o r a t e p e r s o n -

a l i t y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y .

F r o m s u r v e y s o f t h i s k i n d h i s t o r i c a l t h e m e s e m e r g e w h i c h o f f e r

f r u i t f u l a r e a s f o r c o n t i n u e d r e s e a r c h b y s c h o l a r s a n d l a y p e r s o n s

a l i k e . S u c h i s c e r t a i n l y t h e c a s e i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , w h e r e p r i m a r y

a n d s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s a r e v o l u m i n o u s . I n V o l u m e One, s e v e r a l

r e f e r e n c e s a n d c o m p a r i s o n s a r e made a b o u t t h e O z a r k s a n d t h e B o o n -

s l i c k . T h i s was d o n e t o e n c o u r a g e a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f

r e g i o n a l d i f f e r e n c e s , w h i c h a r e c o n s i d e r a b l e , i n t h e s t a t e o f

M i s s o u r i . P r e s e r v a t i o n i n t h e s t a t e s h o u l d a c c o u n t f o r a n d

i n t e r p r e t t h e m u l t i t u d e o f r e g i o n a l v a r i a t i o n s i n s t a t e w i d e

p r e s e r v a t i o n p l a n n i n g .

A i s t o r i c p r e s e r v a t i o n i n M i s s o u r i w e a r s n u m e r o u s m a n t l e s ,

t h a t o f s u r v e y a n d p l a n n i n g , n a t i o n a l r e g i s t e r n o m i n a t i o n s ,

c e r t i f i e d h i s t o r i c d i s t r i c t s , a c q u i s i t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f

s i g n i f i c a n t s t a t e p r o p e r t i e s , s u p p o r t o f v a r i o u s o r g a n i z a t i o n s

e n g a g e d i n r a i s i n g t h e c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f a p r e s e r v a t i o n e t h i c ,

p u b 1 i c p r o g r a m m i n g t h r o u g h c o n f e r e n c e s a n d l e c t u r e s , a n d m o r e .

E n e r g i e s p o u r e d i n t o p r e s e r v a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s v a r y f r o m a c a d e m i c

s o l u t i o n s f o r d o c u m e n t a t i o n a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n i n a r c h i v e s t o t h e

p r e s e r v a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s a s s i g n i f i c a n t c u l t u r a l a r t i f a c t s .

M i s s o u r i ' s c u l t u r a l 1 a n d s c a p e s , w h i c h h a v e r e c e i v e d p r e s e r -

v a t i o n a t t e n t i o n , h a v e v a r i e d f r o m m o d e s t , f o l k t r a d i t i o n s t o h i g h

s t y l e a r c h i t e c t u r a l rnonun len ts . L a n d s c a p e s o f t e n s u r v i v e b e c a u s e

o f a c o m m u n i t y ' s n e i g h b o r h o o d ' s a m b i e n c e . The E a s t Woods d i s t r i c t

i s s u c h a n e i g h b o r h o o d .

R e s p e c t f o r v a l u e s t h a t t r a n s c e n d o n e g e n e r a t i o n i n t o t h e

n e x t h a s b e e n a n i d e a l s o u g h t b y m o s t s o c i e t i e s . The d e s i r e t o

p r e s e r v e a n e i g h b o r h o o d o r a c o m m e r c i a l d i s t r i c t i s a m o n u m e n t a l

u n d e r t a k i n g ; t h e p l a n n i n g demands e n e r g i e s , r e s o u r c e s a n d c o o p e r -

a t i o n f r o m many c o n s t i t u e n c i e s . T h e v e r y e n t e r p r i s e i s o n e o f

m i d d l e c l a s s v a l u e s a n d o u t l o o k . Many d i s t r i c t s a n d n e i g h b o r h o o d s

s e l e c t e d f o r p r e s e r v a t i o n w e r e b u i l t b y a m i d d l e c l a s s , d o c u m e n t s

u s e d t o c o m p r e h e n d a n d i n t e r p r e t t h o s e d i s t r i c t s w e r e w r i t t e n b y

a m i d d l e c l a s s , a n d i t i s a m i d d l e c l a s s s o c i e t y i n M a r v h a l l w h i c h

s e e k s t o p r e s e r v e s o m e t h i n g o f i t s own p a s t .

F o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t h i s s t o r y o f M a r s h a l l ' s o r i g i n s f o l l o w s

a d o c u m e n t a r y r e c o r d l e f t b y p e o p l e c o n c e r n e d f o r t h e p r e s e n t and

f u t u r e o f t h e i r b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t . The a r t i c u l a t e s o c i e t y o f

C h a p t e r V I I I a r e d e s c e n d e n t s o f a f r o n t i e r s o c i e t y whose f r o n t i e r

was b u t a " b r i e f r e c r e a t i o n ; " t h e i r f r o n t i e r was a t e m p o r a r y

i m p e d i m e n t t o t h e h o p e f o r s u r e f o u n d a t i o n s o f a p r e d i c t a b l e ,

s t a b l e c o m m u n i t y . The p r e s e n t O l d Town a n d E a s t Woods d i s t r i c t s

a r e o c c u p i e d b y t h e i n h e r i t o r s o f t h a t v i s i o n .

L y n n M o r r o w J a n u a r y , 1 9 8 4

F I R S T SETTLEMENT: ISSUES AND THE I D E N T I T Y OF PLACE

T h e w h o l e c u r r e n t o f i m m i g r a t i o n s e t t o w a r d s t h e B o o n ' s L i c k was t h e common c e n t e r o f h o p e s , a n d t h e common p o i n t o f u n i o n f o r t h e p e o p l e . A s k o n e o f the111 w h e t h e r h e was m o v i n g , a n d t h e a n s w e r w a s , " T o B o o n ' s L i c k , t o b e s u r e . "

T i m o t h y F l i n t , 1 8 2 8

" S o t h e p a g e a n t m a r c h e d t h r o u g h t h e B o o n ' s L i c k c o u n t r y a n d o n t o t h e W e s t . Some d r o p p e d o u t o f t h e p r o c e s s i o n a n d t a r r i e d i n S a l i n e . "

A C e n t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n f o r M a r s h a l 1 , Mo. , 1 9 3 9

S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s h i s t o r i c a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a v e

b e e n i n t e r w o v e n w i t h m a j o r m o v e m e n t s i n a n d t h r o u g h o u t o n e o f

M i s s o u r i ' s f i r s t r e g i o n a l s e t t l e m e n t s - t h e B o o n ' s L i c k . T h e

t i i s t o r i c n u c l e u s o f t h e B o o n s l i c k b e g a n o n t h e n o r t h s i d e o f t h e

M i s s o u r i R i v e r i n H o w a r d c o u n t y . I t e x p a n d e d e a s t w a r d i n t o B o o n e

c o u n t y , s o u t h a c r o s s t h e r i v e r i n t o C o o p e r c o u n t y a n d w e s t w a r d

i n t o S a l i n e c o u n t y . P r o f e s s o r D a v i d M a r c h e x p l a i n e d ,

A t f i r s t t h e name B o o n e ' s L i c k was a p p l i e d t o t h e p l a c e i n s o u t h e a s t H o w a r d C o u n t y w h e r e s a l t was m a n u f a c t u r e d . T h e B o o n e ' s L i c k s e t t l e ~ l i e n t s l a t e r b e c a m e p a r t o f t h e " B o o n e ' s L i c k C o u n t r y , " a s t h e a r e a s e t t l e m e n t w e s t o f C e d a r C r e e k was c a l l e d . As t i m e p a s s e d , t h e name was s o m e t i m e s u s e d l o o s e l y t o r e f e r t o a n u n d e f i n e d a r e a t h a t e m b r a c e d i n t e r i o r s e t t l e - m e n t s i n t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r . ( 1 )

L i k e rrlany r e g i o n a l d e s i g n a t i o n s t h e B o o n ' s L i c k s p a c e was e n l a r g e d

o v e r t i m e . T h e name i t s e l f became a p r i m a r y d e s t i n a t i o n f o r M i s -

s o u r i i m m i g r a n t s . T h e y h e a d e d f o r a p l a c e , a n d t h a t p l a c e was i n

H o w a r d C o u n t y , w h i c h b e c a m e t h e e n t r e p o t f o r a B o o n ' s L i c k d i s p e r s i o n .

T h e name o f t h e B o o n e f a m i l y was i m p o r t a n t i n a t t r a c t i n g a n

e n t o u r a g e o f d i v e r s e M i s s o u r i R i v e r e n t r e p r e n u e r s t o M i s s o u r i ' s

f a b l e d r e g i o n w e s t o f S t . F r a n c o i s b a s i n , t h e B e l l v u e s e t t l e m e n t

s o u t h o f B i g R i v e r a n d t h e O l d M i n e s ' r e g i o n h a d s o m e w h a t e a r l i e r

d e v e l o p m e n t s , t h e B o o n s 1 i c k i m m i g r a t i o n , f o l l o w i n g t h e War o f 1 8 1 2 ,

-- -&,+$! f - . ;F'+HF. P A S S

: '.a Y,li.Th BEND ( . . 4 5 T * --... ...... . .

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; .- "L 0 I

L -- - - - - . Sante Fe t r a i l , 1821-1828 i n Neff Tavern National Regis ter of Histor ic Places nornination, DNR

i m m e d i a t e l y became much m o r e i n f l u e n t i a l . I t s l o c a t i o n a l o n g t h e

m a i n s t r e a m o f movemen t , i t s v a s t l y s u p e r i o r n u m b e r s , a n d i t s c a d r e

o f men a n d g r o u p s w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l r e s o u r c e s , v i s i o n a n d p o l i t i c a l

a n d e c o n o m i c c o n n e c t i o n s t h a t s t r e t c h e d e a s t w a r d t o S t . L o u s , u p

t h e O h i o R i v e r a n d t o t h e A t l a n t i c s e a b o a r d , a l l a c c o u n t e d f o r

p o r t e n t o u s b e g i n n i n g s i n " i n t e r i o r M i s s o u r i . "

The memory o f t h e s e a u s p i c i o u s b e g i n n i n g s a n d t h e c o n t i n u i t y

o f r e s o u r c e f u l , f o u n d a t i o n a l f a m i l i e s h a v e p e r s i s t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

B o o n ' s L i c k . The r e p o r t t o t h e S a l i n e C o u n t y H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y

f o r M a r s h a l 1 ' s C e n t e n n i a l c e l e b r a t i o n o f 1 9 3 9 e c h o e d f i r m r e c o g n i - I 3

t i o n o f a n d d e s i r e t o p r e s e r v e t h e B o o n ' s L i c k h e r i t a g e o f w h i c h

S a l i n e C o u n t y was a v i t a l p a r t . The C e n t e n n i a l p a g e a n t was p l a n n e d

b y c h a i r m a n W . C . G o r d o n , p r e s i d e n t o f F a r m e r s S a v i n g s Bank , L.W.

Van Dyke , p r e s i d i n g o f f i c e r o f Van Dyke r e a l e s t a t e , m e r c h a n t F . C .

B a r n h i l l , a n d o t h e r s who h a v e p l a y e d i m p o r t a n t r o l e s i n m a i n t a i n i n g

c o n t i n u i t y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s p a s t w i t h t h e p r e s e n t . ( 2 )

James S h o r t r i d g e ' s p o s t a l map a n d W a l t e r S c h r o e d e r ' s p r e -

s e t t l e m e n t p r a i r i e map g r a p h i c a l l y p o r t r a y S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s c r u c i a l

p o s i t i o n i n t h e u p r i v e r m a r c h o f w e s t w a r d i m m i g r a t i o n f r o m S t . L o u i s .

The B o o n ' s L i c k r e g i o n , whose f o c u s a t s t a t e h o o d was F r a n k l i n ,

B o o n v i l l e a n d t h e i r e n v i r o n s , l a y a l o n g t h e f i r s t m a i n h i g h w a y n o t

d i c t a t e d b y I n d i a n p r e c e d e n t . The r o u t e l e f t S t . L o u i s d i r e c t l y

f o r F r a n k l i n a n d e x t e n d e d t o L e x i n g t o n a n d b e y o n d . The e s t a b l i s h -

m e n t o f p o s t o f f i c e s a n d c o u n t i e s f o l l o w e d t h e c o r r i d o r o f t h i s

r o a d , w i t h t h e n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n o f S a l i n e a n d L a f a y e t t e c o u n t y

p r a i r i e s , w h i c h w e r e b y p a s s e d d u r i n g t h e 1 8 2 0 ' s p o s t o f f i c e

f o u n d i n y s .

A l t h o u g h S a l i n e C o u n t y h a d " s a l t , s o i l , t i m b e r a n d p r a i r i e , "

i t was t h e p r a i r i e w h i c h was a v o i d e d i n t h e i n i t i a l s e t t l e m e n t

Illi>.trur.i -c.~:lt~r~it.nt I,t,ful-t. 1833 i - .how KI ( , :I 111c I I I . ~ ~ )

I)c.low. On thi3 a1111 the following 111a18>. frlat k rrpl*c.*c.nts thtx art-a st-ttled i r ~ tht. t i tk yclriod. On the following 111lrps. pra? w i l l il~dirzltt~ the ;lrc,il prc\ior~.ly settled. t3rt..t.nt-(la\ c.onnt\ outiinc.- arc* i n c l ~ ~ t l c d on all maps for cornpurisorl purl>c)scs-. T-------

Missouri 5c.ttle1rlcnt: 182.3- i 829

Movement of post office foundings, 1823-1839. Notice how they followed the Boonslick Trail and how they avoided the Saline-Lafayette prairies until the 1830s. Shortridge, MHR, October, 1980.

y e a r s . S c h r o e d e r ' s map d e m o n s t r a t e s t h a t t h e S a l i n e p r a i r i e i s

t h e f i r s t s i g n i f i c a n t , l a r g e - s c a l e p r a i r i e b l o c k e n c o u n t e r e d b y

w e s t w a r d i m m i g r a t i o n m o v i n g up t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r . S i n c e t h e

B o o n e ' s L i c k r o a d a r r i v e d a t F r a n k l i n t h e w e s t w a r d r o u t e f r o m

t h e r e h a d t o go a r o u n d S a l i n e C o u n t y b y w a t e r , m o r e t h a n 9 0 m i l e s ,

o r a c r o s s t h e t a l l g r a s s p r a i r i e s t o t h e R i v e r , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 3 2

m i l e s . P i o n e e r s e m b a r k e d a t t h e A r r o w Rock p r a i r i e , c r o s s e d t h e

r o l l i n g g r a s s l a n d s t h r o u g h G r a n d P a s s a n d a r r i v e d a t L e x i n g t o n ,

w h i c h h a d b e e n f o u n d e d i n t h e t i m b e r l a n d s o n t h e w e s t s i d e o f t h e

S a l i n e - L a f a y e t t e p r a i r i e s .

D u r i n g i n i t i a l s e t t l e m e n t t h i s g r e a t p r a i r i e b l o c k d e v e l o p e d

i n t o o n e o f M i s s o u r i ' s t w o m a r s h a l l i n g p o i n t s f o r s t o c k f e e d i n g

a n d s t o c k d r i v e s f r o m t h e s o u t h w e s t . By c . 1 8 3 0 t h e l a r g e r o f

t h e t w o , t h e S p r i n g f i e l d P l a i n , a n d t h e p r a i r i e o f t h e B o o n ' s

L i c k w e r e s c e n e s o f g r e a t h e r d s o f c a t t l e a n d h o r s e s . Numerous

n e t w o r k s i n t h e s o u t h e r n u p l a n d s a n d O h i o V a l l e y , e x t e n d i n g i n t o

t h e s o u t h w e s t , f e d i n t o c o r r i d o r s o f t h e m o b i l e s t o c k t r a d e .

T h e y i n c l u d e d c a t t l e a n d h o r s e s f r o m t h e B o s t o n M o u n t a i n s i n

A r k a n s a s , v a r i o u s h i l l c o u n t r y t h v o u g h o u t t h e O z a r k r e g i o n , t h e

Red R i v e r c o u n t r y a n d t h e S p r i n g f i e l d P l a i n w h i c h m a r k e t e d c h e a p

s o u t h e r n c a t t l e n o r t h w a r d t o h i g h e r - p r i c e d m a r k e t s . I n M i s s o u r i

b y t h e 1 8 2 0 ' s t h e m a r s h a l l i n g g r o u n d s o n t h e K i c k a p o o P r a i r i e ,

G r a n d P r a i r i e a n d s o u t h w e s t M i s s o u r i c o l l e c t e d a n d d r o v e s t o c k t o

S t . L o u i s , K e n t u c k y a n d I l l i n o i s . The B o o n ' s L i c k p r a i r i e s a n d

e s p e c i a1 l y S a l i n e C o u n t y p r a i r i e , w h i c h was t h e " a d j a c e n t r a n g e "

t o C o o p e r a n d H o w a r d c o u n t i e s , w e r e s o o n t i e d i n t o t h e s e m a r k e t s .

T h e s e r e g i o n a l m a r k e t s w e r e a u g m e n t e d b y a n e x p a n d i n g t r a d e w e s t

s o t h a t b y 1 8 5 0 t h e S p r i n g f i e l d P l a i n a n d t h e B o o n ' s L i c k h a d

a t t r a c t e d a s i g n i f i c a n t number o f c o m m e r c i a l s t o c k t r a d e s m e n .

The s a l t s p r i n g s o f t h e B o o n ' s L i c k a t t r a c t e d a h o s t o f

e n t r e p r e n u e r s i n c l u d i n g t h e f a b l e d B o o n e f a m i l y , C h o u t e a u s ,

J o h n S m i t h T. a n d o t h e r s . T h e s e m i n e r a l s p e c u l a t o r s , h o w e v e r ,

d i d n o t become f o u n d e r s o f S a l i n e C o u n t y s o c i e t y . T h e c o m m e r c i a l

s a l t t r a d e was a p r e c a r i o u s e n t e r p r i s e a n d a p p a r e n t l y o n l y a f e w

e v e r d i d w e l l f o r a n y s u s t a i n e d p e r i o d . H o w e v e r , t h e s m a l l e r ,

m o r e l o c a l s a l t o p e r a t i o n s d i d l a s t i n t o t h e 1 8 5 0 ' s w i t h some

c o m p e t i n g f o r g o v e r n m e n t c o n t r a c t s a t t h e w e s t e r n m i l i t a r y f o r t s

n e a r I n d i a n r e s e r v a t i o n s . B u t t h e s a l t t r a d e d i d n o t t r a n s c e n d

t h e C i v i 1 War a s t h e s t o c k t r a d e d i d .

E s t i m a t e s f r o m v a r i o u s s o u r c e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t S a l i n e C o u n t y

t i m b e r c o v e r a g e v a r i e d f r o m t e n t o t w e n t y p e r c e n t o f t h e c o u n t y .

The c o r n t e m p o r a r y p e r c e p t i o n b y s o u t h e r n u p l a n d e r s o f t h i s d e f i c i e n c y ,

t e r m e d " a p a r t i a l d e f e c t " i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , l e d t h e i m m i g r a n t s t o

s e t t l e i n a n d a l o n g t h e t i m b e r b e l t s . P . Y . I r v i n e , f r o m R o c k i n g -

ham C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a , s e t t l e d t h r e e m i l e s e a s t o f M i a m i i n 1 8 3 3 .

He o n c e c o m m e n t e d t o h i s w i f e a b o u t t h e l a c k o f t i m b e r o f a n y s i z e

i n t h e i r n e i g h b o r h o o d . M r . I r v i n e t r i m m e d u p t w o s m a l l o a k b u s h e s

w i t h h i s p o c k e t k n i f e a n d r e m a r k e d t h a t o n e d a y t h e y m i g h t p r o v i d e

b u i l d i n g t i m b e r f o r t h e i r s o n s . ( 3 ) I n r e a l i t y , e a r l y s e t t l e m e n t

c o n t i n u e d a l o n g t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r a n d u p t h e B l a c k w a t e r v a l l e y

b r e a k s w h i c h l e f t a v o i d o f s e t t l e m e n t i n t h e w e s t a n d s o u t h w e s t .

C o n s e q u e n t l y f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n i m m i g r a n t s e n c i r c l e d S a l i n e C o u n t y

o n t h e n o r t h , e a s t a n d s o u t h .

The s o i l t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t y h a s b e e n t e r m e d " b r o w n l o a m

( l o e s s ) " a n d a s a c o u n t y , S a l i n e h a s m o r e a c r e a g e o f i t t h a n a n y

o t h e r . The B o o n ' s L i c k p o s s e s s e s " t h e f i r s t d e e p l o e s s r e g i o n

u p s t r e a m f r o m S t . C h a r l e s . " A1 t h o u g h s o u t h e r n e r s f i r s t came t o

t i m b e r e d H o w a r d C o u n t y , w h i c h w i t h C o o p e r c o u n t y p o s s e s s e d s i g n i -

f i c a n t a c r e a g e s o f t h e b r o w n l o a m l o e s s a l s o i l , i t i s S a l i n e

C o u n t y a n d i t s v a s t p r a i r i e s t r e t c h e s w h i c h e n c o m p a s s m o s t o f i t .

I t s v a l u e w o u l d l a t e r b e r e a l i z e d when S a l i n e C o u n t y l a n d s became

t h e h i g h e s t p r i c e d a c r e a g e s i n M i s s o u r i . ( 4 )

Many f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n i m m i g r a n t s t o S a l i n e C o u n t y made u s e o f

a n d l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e t r a n s i t i o n b o r d e r o f t i m b e r a n d p r a i r i e . T h e

g r a s s y p r a i r i e l a n d s e r v e d a s g r a z i n g f o r t h e i r a n i m a l s a n d when

f i r e d , t h e p r a i r i e p r o v i d e d t h e s e t t i n g f o r a g r e a t h u n t . T h e

t i m b e r p r o v i d e d s h e l t e r , b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l , a p l a c e t o r u n s w i n e ,

p l o t s f o r s m a l l - s c a l e a g r i c u l t u r e a n d a s a f e , c o z y p l a c e . T h i s

p a t t e r n o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l l a n d u s e h a d l o n g b e e n i n p r a c t i c e a n d h a d

b e e n a d o p t e d e s p e c i a l l y b y s t o c k m e n p i o n e e r s . D u r i n g 1 8 t h c e n t u r y

L o u i s i a n a F r e n c h c o l o n i a l s c r e a t e d a d r a m a t i c e x a m p l e a t A r k a n s a s

P o s t u t i l i z i n g t h e G r a n d P r a i r i e t o t h e n o r t h . Thomas N u t t h a l

o b s e r v e d t h e p h e n o m e n o n t h r o u g h o u t h i s A r k a n s a s R i v e r t r a v e l s i n

1 8 1 9 , a n d GLO s u r v e y s i n G r e e n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i , b o r e t h e same

t e s t i m o n y when t h e e a r l y d i v e r s i f i e d p l a n t a t i o n s o f t h e J o s i a h

D a n f o r t h , N a t h a n B o o n e a n d o t h e r s w e r e e x a m i n e d b y t h e a u t h o r ,

a n d n u m e r o u s S a l i n e C o u n t y i m m i g r a n t s f o l l o w e d s u i t . A l e x a n d e r

M a j o r s r e c a l l e d t h i s s e t t l e m e n t p r o c e s s ,

A l l t h e f i r s t s e t t l e r s i n t h e S t a t e l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e t i m b e r b e 1 t s , w i t h o u t a n e x c e p t i o n , a n d c u l t i v a t e d t h e t i m b e r l a n d s t o p r o d u c e t h e i r g r a i n a n d v e g e t a b l e s . I t was many y e a r s a f t e r t h e f o r e s t l a n d s w e r e s e t t l e d b e f o r e p r a i r i e l a n d s w e r e c u l t i v a t e d t o a n y e x t e n t , a n d i t was f o u n d l a t e r t h a t t h e p r a i r i e l a n d s w e r e m o r e f e r t i l e t h a n t h e y g a v e t h e m c r e d i t f o r b e i n g b e f o r e r e a l t e s t s i n t h e way o f f a r m i n g w e r e made w i t h t h e m . The s a g e g r a s s h a d t h e t e n a c i t y t o s t a n d a g r e a t d e a l o f g r a z i n g a n d t r a m p l i n g o v e r , a n d s t i l l g r o w t o c o n s i d e r a b l e p e r f e c t i o n . I t r e q u i r e d y e a r s o f g r a z i n g u p o n t h e p r a i r i e b e f o r e t h e w i l d g r a s s , w h i c h was u n i v e r s a l i n t h e b e g i n n i n g , g a v e w a y , b u t i n t h e t i m b e r p o r t i o n s t h e v e g e t a t i o n t h a t was f o u n d i n t h e f i r s t s e t t l i n g o f t h e l a n d g a v e way a l m o s t a t o n c e . I n t w o y e a r s f r o m t h e t i m e a f a r m e r m o v e d u p o n a new s p o t a n d t u r n e d h i s s t o c k l o o s e u p o n i t , t h e o r i g i n a l w i l d h e r b s t h a t w e r e f o u n d t h e r e d i s a p - p e a r e d a n d o t h e r v e g e t a t i o n t o o k i t s p l a c e . The l a n d , b e i n g

e x c e e d i n g l y f e r t i l e , n e v e r f a i l e d t o p r o d u c e a c r o p o f v e g e t a t i o n , a n d when o n e v a r i e t y d i d a p p e a r a n d c o v e r t h e e n t i r e s u r f a c e a s t h i c k a s i t c o u l d g r o w f o r a f e w y e a r s , i t s e e m e d t o e x h a u s t t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e s o i l t h a t p r o d u c e d t h a t k i n d , a n d t h a t v a r i e t y w o u l d g i v e way a n d s o m e t h i n g new come u p . . . ( 5 )

F u r t h e r m o r e a n 1 8 1 7 t r a v e l e r w r o t e ,

T h i s i s p r o b a b l y t h e e a s i e s t u n s e t t l e d c o u n t y i n t h e w o r l d t o commence f a r m i n g i n . T h e e m i g r a n t h a s o n l y t o l o c a t e h i m s e l f o n t h e e d g e o f a p r a i r i e a n d h e h a s t h e o n e - h a l f o f h i s f a r m a h e a v y f o r e s t a n d t h e o t h e r h a l f a f e r t i l e p l a i n o r meadow, h e h a s t h e n o n l y t o f e n c e i n h i s g r o u n d a n d p u t i n h i s c r o p . ( 6 )

I n t h e h i n t e r l a n d s t h i s s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n p e r s i s t e d l o n g e r t h a n

a l o n g m a j o r h i g h w a y s . I n 1 8 5 2 l o c a l l y f a m o u s A r r o w R o c k a n d

M a r s h a l l ~ i ~ e r c h a n t , t o w n p r o m o t e r a n d a u t h o r , T .C . R a i n e y , " r o d e

h o r s e b a c k t o s o u t h e r n M i s s o u r i ( f r o m T e n n e s s e e ) when a much g r e a t e r

p a r t o f i t was u n e n t e r e d , b r o a d p r a i r i e s , t h e s e t t l e m e n t s b e i n g

m a i n l y a l o n g t h e i r b o r d e r s o r i n t h e t i m b e r l a n d s s u r r o u n g i n g . " ( 7 )

D u r i n q t h e 1 8 2 0 ' s i n M i s s o u r i , t h e g e o g r a p h i c a l a n d h i s t o r i c a l

c i r c u m s t a n c e s o f S a l i n e c o u n t y i n t h e b u s t l i n g B o o n s l i c k p r o v i d e d

t h e o p p o r t u n i t y f o r a t i m e l y e n t e r p r i s e w h i c h d r a m a t i c a l l y i l l u s -

t r a t e d a c h a n g e i n t h e n o r m a l r e a c t i o n t o p r a i r i e e n v i r o n m e n t .

G e n e r a l Thomas Adams S m i t h , a V i r g i n i a n f r o m E s s e x C o u n t y ,

W i 1 1 i am a n d M a r y C o l l e g e g r a d u a t e , a n d r e t i r e d a r m y p r o f e s s i o n a l ,

came t o t h e B o o n ' s L i c k i n 1 8 1 8 t o a s s u m e a n a p p o i n t m e n t a s

" r e c e i v e r o f P u b l i c m o n i e s " a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t l a n d o f f i c e i n

F r a n k l i n . As t h e y o u n g e r b r o t h e r o f J o h n S m i t h T . , t h e g e n e r a l ' s

f a m i l y was n o t w i t h o u t r e p u t a t i o n , r e s o u r c e s o r i m a g i n a t i o n .

G e n e r a l S m i t h s p e c u l a t e d i n t h e a b o r t i v e B o o n e C o u n t y s e a t t o w n

o f S r n i t h t o n a n d i n B o o n ' s L i c k l a n d s .

I n 1 8 2 6 h e b r o u g h t H o w a r d c o u n t y l u m b e r t o h i s n e w l y a d o p t e d

home o n S a l t F o r k i n s o u t h e a s t S a l i n e c o u n t y . T h e r e h e b e g a n t h e

l i f e o f b u i l d i n g a n e s t a t e a n d b e c o m i n g o n e o f t h e l a n d e d g e n t r y .

He d i d n o t c h o o s e a p a s t o r a l o r i d y l l i c name f o r h i s f a r m , b u t

i n s t e a d named i t t h e " E x p e r i m e n t . " The e x p e r i m e n t s y m b o l i z e d a

t w o f o l d d e s i r e : o n e , t o p r o v e t h a t a r e t i r e d p r o f e s s i o n a l m i l i -

t a r y o f f i c e r c o u l d make a g o o d l i v i n g as a c o m m e r c i a l f a r m e r , a n d

t w o , t o p r o v e t h a t e x t e n s i v e p r a i r i e l a n d s c o u l d be c o m m e r c i a l l y

p r o f i t a b l e . He p l a n t e d t r e e s , f l o w e r s , s h r u b s a n d c r o p s o n t h e

p r a i r i e . A s o d f e n c e e n c l o s e d s e v e r a l a c r e s o f h i s g a r d e n s . The

t i m e was r i p e f o r j u s t s u c h a n " e x p e r i m e n t " a s i m m i g r a n t s p o u r e d

i n t o t h e B o o n ' s L i c k . F o r t h e f i r s t t i m e a v e r y l a r g e p r a i r i e l a n d

h a d t o be d e a l t w i t h on t h e M i s s o u r i s e t t l e m e n t f r o n t i e r . The

" e x p e r i m e n t " became s o m e t h i n g o f a r e s o r t f o r t h e " q u a l i t y p e o p l e "

o f t h e d a y , b u t m o r e i m p o r t a n t l y G e n e r a l S m i t h p r o v i d e d a m o d e l

a n d p r o o f p o s i t i v e t h a t p r a i r i e a g r i c u l t u r e c o u l d s u c c e e d . Con-

t i n u e d r e s e a r c h may i l l u m i n a t e S m i t h ' s e x a m p l e . Was h e a n a t i o n a l

p r o t o t y p e f o r p r a i r i e a g r i c u l t u r e ? a s t a t e p r o t o t y p e f o r M i s s o u r i ? ( 8 )

Foreat cover. Notice how S a l i n e County i s e n c i r c l e d . Pioneers e s t a b l i s h e d f i r s t s e t t lernents i n t h i s t imber b e l t . R a f f e r t y , Missouri , 1983:106

A g r i c u l t u r a l r eg ions . S a l i n e i s one of many p r a i r i e coun t i e s devoted t o g r a i n and l i v e s t o c k farming.

Lue of farm products , l979 . cep t f o r t h e Blackwater Iley, S a l i n e r e t a i n s i t s s t o r i c p o s i t i o n i n t h i s tegory. f f e r t y , Missouri , 1983 : 97.

. !\!€>,I I'r(:K F{AFJCt1IpJ,:,

I jA IRY ANE BEEF

C h a p t e r One : N o t e s

1 . D a v i d M a r c h , H i s t o r y o f M i s s o u r i , New Y o r k a n d W e s t P a l m B e a c h : L e w i s H i s t o r i c a l Company , 1 9 6 7 : 3 1 4

2 . D e m o c r a t - N e w s , F e b r u a r y 3 , 1 9 3 9 , a n d Thomas S p e n c e r , " A C e n t e n n i a l C e l e b r a t i o n f o r M a r s h a l 1 , M i s s o u r i ,I1 1 9 3 9 . D u r i n g t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y c u l t u r a l g e o g r a p h e r s a n d f o l k l o r i s t s h a v e r e g i o n a l i z e d many p a r t s o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . I n some c a s e s r e g i o n a l t e r m s , l i k e t h e " I l l i n o i s O z a r k s " h a v e n o r e l a t i o n s h i p t o t h e h i s t o r i c u s e o f a k e y w o r d , i . e . O z a r k s . R o b e r t C r i s l e r a n d o t h e r s h a v e t r i e d t o f o r c e t h e u s e o f " L i t t l e D i x i e " i n t o B o o n e ' s L i c k c o u n t i e s . I n t h i s c a s e L i t t l e D i x i e i s a p o s t - C i v i l War t e r m a t b e s t w h e n e n c o u n t e r e d i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i . I n S a l i n e C o u n t y R . N . H a i n s , l o n g - t i m e e d i t o r o f t h e D e m o c r a t - N e w s t o l d C r i s l e r a n d o t h e r s o n l y f i r s t h e a r d L i t t l e D i x i e u s e d d u r i n g t h e g r e a t D e p r e s s i o n a n d " a s e a r c h o f o l d n e w s p a p e r s f o r u s e - o f t h e t e r m i n p r i n t p r i o r t o 1 9 4 0 was s u r p r i s i n g l y u n s u c c e s s f u l . " N o t s o s u r p r i s i n g I ' m a f r a i d i f o n e e x a m i n e s t h e e t y m o l o g y o f r e g i o n a l t e r m s . H o w a r d M a r s h a l 1 w r o t e " T h e c o u n t y h i s t o r i e s a n d t r a v e l e r s ' a c c o u n t s o f M i s s o u r i d o n o t m e n t i o n t h e t e r m L i t t l e D i x i e . " T h e s e a r e s t o n g t e s t i m o n i e s t h a t b o t h C r i s l e r a n d M a r s h a l 1 may h a v e a p p l i e d t h e w r o n g t e r m t o some c o u n t i e s . Common, u s a g e s o f B o o n e ' s L i c k a n d O z a r k s , f o r e x a m p l e , e x i s t i n r e g i o n a l p r i m a r y s o u r c e s t h a t d a t e f r o m t h e f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n o f s e t t l e m e n t o r i n t h e c a s e o f t h e O z a r k s e v e n p r i o r t o s e t t l e m e n t .

3 . " P . Y . I r v i n e " i n S a l i n e C o u n t y A t l a s , 1 8 7 6 .

4 . C . F . M a r b u t , S o i l Map o f M i s s o u r i , f o r W a l t e r W i l l i a m s , T h e S t a t e o f M i s s o u r i , C o l u m b i a , M i s s o u r i : E.W. S t e p h e n s -- P r e s s , 1 9 0 4 a n d M i l t o n R a f f e r t y , M i s s o u r i , A G e o g r a p h y , B o u l d e r , C o l o r a d o : W e s t v i e w P r e s s , 1 9 8 3 : 5 7 .

5 . A l e x a n d e r M a j o r s , " T h e E a r l i e s t W h i t e S e t t l e r s i n M i s s o u r i , " i n M i s s o u r i R e a d e r , F r a n k M o t t , e d i t o r , C o l u m b i a : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i P r e s s , 1 9 6 4 : 2 6 .

6 . S t u a r t V o s s , " T o w n G r o w t h i n C e n t r a l M i s s o u r i , 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 8 0 , M i s s o u r i H i s t o r i c a l R e v i e w 6 4 : 6 8 .

7 . T .C. R a i n e y , " A l o n g t h e O l d T r a i l ," M a r s h a l l : D a u g h t e r s o f t h e A m e r i c a n R e v 0 1 u t i o n , 1 9 1 4 : 2 1 .

8 . S a l i n e C o u n t i a n s p r i o r t o G e n e r a l S m i t h u t i l i z e d p r a i r i e l a n d s . I n 1 8 1 9 W i l l i a m W o l f s k i l l " s e t t l e d a f a r m o u t o n t h e p r a i r i e , w h e r e h e l i v e d f o r t h e n e x t f i f t y y e a r s . " I n t h e e a r l y 1 8 2 0 s " T h o r n t o n a n d N a v e h a d d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e p r a i r i e l a n d s w e r e s u s c e p t i b l e o f c u l t i v a t i o n . . . b u t i n a l m o s t e v e r y i n s t a n c e t h e s e p r a i r i e f a r n i s a d j o i n e d t h e t i m b e r g r o w i n g o n t l i e w a t e r c o u r s e s . . . . " See t is tory o f S a l i n e c o u n t y , ~ i s s o u r i , S t . L o u i s : M i s s o u r i H i s t o r i c a l Co. , 1 8 8 1 : 1 5 6 a n d 1 9 7 . C l e a r l y t h o u g h G e n e r a l S m i t h , d u e t o l a r g e i n v e s t m e n t s a n d c o m m e r c i a l f a r m i n g , b r o u g h t r e c o g n i t i o n a n d a p p r e c i a t i o n o f p r a i r i e l a n d s t o a w i d e a u d i e n c e .

DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERNS I N O R I G I N , MIGRATION, AND SETTLEMENT OF THE BOONSLICK POPULATION

" . . . c a m e o n t o t h e A r r y R o c k a t M t . B e c k n a l w h e r e I t a r r i e d a l l n i g h t . B e c k n a l ' s h o u s e s t a n d s o n t h e n o r t h b a n k o f M i s s o u r i o n a b a n k o f s a n d . Two s m a l l c a b i n s , b a d a p p e a r a n c e b u t g o o d f a i r b i 1 1 , F e r r i a g e a n d a 1 1 8 7 % c e n t s . 2 0 t h c r o s s e d t h e M i s s o u r i i n t o S a l i n e c o u n t y a n d p r o c e e d o n t h r o u g h P r a i r i e . a f t e r p a s s i n g t w o o r t h r e e h o u r s e n t e r e d o p e n p r a i r i e , h o u s e s s c a r c e . "

G l o v e r D i a r y , 1 8 2 6

The f i r s t s e t t l e r s o f M i s s o u r i c h o s e t h e i r homes l y i n g a l o n g a d j a c e n t t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r . Wood was t h e f u e l u s e d , l o g c a b i n s w e r e s t r u n g a l o n g n e a r t h e r i v e r f r o m A r r o w R o c k t o M i a m i . O u r f o o d was h o g m e a t , h o m i n y a n d w i l d h o n e y ; o u r d r i n k s p r i n g w a t e r , c i d e r a n d o c c a s i o n a l l y o l d K e n t u c k y B o u r b o n . 0 , t h o s e w e r e g l o r i o u s o l d t i m e s !

G e o r g e C . B a r n e s , 1 9 3 0 B i n g h a m F a m i l y P a p e r s

T h e p o s t - W a r o f 1 8 1 2 i m m i g r a t i o n f r o m 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 1 9 h a d a

p r o f o u n d e f f e c t u p o n M i s s o u r i ' s f u t u r e . " T h e t e r r i t o r i a l p o p u -

l a t i o n i n c r e a s e d f r o m a n e s t i m a t e d 2 5 , 0 0 0 i n 1 8 1 4 t o n i o r e t h a n

6 5 , 0 0 0 i n 1 8 2 0 . " F r a n k l i n b e c a m e a n o v e r n i g h t boom t o w n i n

c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i a n d " b y 1 8 2 0 t h e B o o n s l i c k c o u n t r y h a d a p o p u -

l a t i o n i n e x c e s s o f 2 0 , 0 0 0 p e r s o n s . " ( 1 ) T h e e x p a n d i n g p o p u l a t i o n

d e m a n d e d new u n i t s o f l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t . F o r a d e c a d e o l d S p a n i s h

a d m i n i s t r a t i v e d i s t r i c t s a l o n g t h e M i s s i s s i p p i h a d s e r v e d a s

c o u n t i e s i n M i s s o u r i T e r r i t o r y u n t i l t w o i n t e r i o r c o u n t i e s w e r e

f o r m e d : W a s h i n g t o n C o u n t y i n 1 8 1 3 a n d H o w a r d C o u n t y i n 1 8 1 6 .

T h e n t h e T e r r i t o r y , a n x i o u s l y l o o k i n g t o w a r d S t a t e h o o d , f o r m e d

e i g h t c o u n t i e s i n 1 8 1 8 ( C o o p e r was o n e ) a n d t e n m o r e i n 1 8 2 0

( B o o n e , S a l i n e a n d L a f a y e t t e w e r e t h r e e ) . ( 2 ) J u s t a s p o p u l a t i o n

a n d e c o n o m i c s t i m u l i p o u r e d i n t o S a l i n e c o u n t y f r o m H o w a r d a n d

C o o p e r c o u n t i e s , S a l i n e c o u n t y l a n d was o r g a n i z e d f r o m C o o p e r

c o u n t y a n d i t s b o u n d a r i e s f i r m l y e s t a b l i s h e d b y 1 8 2 9 . T h u s l i k e

o t h e r c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i c o u n t i e s , i t s s p a c e was e a r l y e s t a b l i s h e d - a n i m p o r t a n t m i l e s t o n e f o r s t a b i l i t y i n l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t .

( 1 2 )

P r i o r t o c o u n t y f o r m a t i o n a n d d u r i n g i t s e a r l y y e a r s S a l i n e

c o u n t y was a s c e n e o f n u m e r o u s f r o n t i e r e n d e a v o r s . A b o r i g i n e s ,

I n d i a n t r a d e r s , e x p l o r e r s a n d m i l i t a r y men p a s s e d t h r o u g h a n d

r e s i d e d w i t h i n i t s b o u n d s . G e o r g e S i b l e y ' s s h o r t - l i v e d f o r t n e a r

A r r o w Rock d u r i n g t h e War o f 1 8 1 2 s y m b o l i z e d much o f t h i s t r a f f i c .

S m a l l - s c a l e e x t r a c t i v e e n t e r p r i s e s i n l e a d , c o a l , t i m b e r a n d s a l t ,

h a d v a r i e d l o c a l h i s t o r i e s . S a l t , s y m b o l i c o f t h e r e g i o n ' s i n i t i a l

a t t r a c t i o n , b e c a m e l o c a l l y i m p o r t a n t i n t h e a n t e b e l l um y e a r s .

M a n u f a c t u r e r s p r o d u c e d some d u r i n g t h e C i v i l War . L e a d n e v e r was

p r o s p e r o u s b e y o n d 1 o c a l 1 i m i t s , a 1 t h o u g h n i i n e r s o c c a s i o n a l l y s e n t

e x p o r t s down r i v e r t o S t . L o u i s . T i m b e r i n t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r

b o t t o n l s a n d t h e B l a c k w a t e r s e r v e d t h e l o c a l p o p u l a t i o n , b u t d u e t o

f e w m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s , t h e f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n o f t e n i m p o r t e d

l u m b e r f r o m H o w a r d a n d C o o p e r c o u n t i e s . C o a l was l o c a l l y c o n s u m e d

t h r o u g h o u t m o s t o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . A l l o f t h e a b o v e a c t i v i t i e s ,

w h i c h u s u a l l y d e m a n d e d o u t s i d e c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t a n d s i g n i f i c a n t

d e p o s i t s o f t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e , d i d n o t a s s u m e a d o m i n a n t h i s -

t o r i c r o l e i n S a l i n e c o u n t y . I n s t e a d , t h e s t o c k m a n a n d a g r i c u l -

t u r a l i s t f o u n d e d a c o m m u n i t y o f c o m m e r c i a l a g r i c u l t u r e t h a t

t h r i v e d r e g i o n a l l y a n d r e a p e d e n o r m o u s b e n e f i t s f r o m t h e S a n t a Fe

t r a d e d u r i n g t h e 1 8 3 0 s a n d 1 8 4 0 s .

The B o o n ' s L i c k i m m i g r a t i o n i s d i s t i n c t i v e f o r t h e " q u a 1 i t y "

o r u p w a r d l y m o b i l e c h a r a c t e r o f i t s V i r g i n i a , K e n t u c k y B l u e g r a s s

a n d N a s h v i l l e B a s i n p o p u l a t i o n s . I n g e n e r a l t h e s e p e o p l e came

f r o m t h e " m a i n s t r e a m " u s u a l l y l o c a t e d i n m a j o r v a l l e y l a n d s , a n d

b a s i n s . O t h e r s w e r e f r o n p i e d m o n t s a n d t h e r e g i o n n e a r K n o x v i l l e ,

T e n n e s s e e . F a m i l y b a c k g r o u n d s w e r e c o m m o n l y E n g l i s h a n d i n c l u d e d

p e o p l e w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t e c o n o m i c i n v e s t m e n t i n s o c i e t y . T h e i r

r e s o u r c e s i n c l u d e d p o l i t i c a l c o n n e c t i o n s , a m e r c h a n t ' s c o s m o -

b'lctor H l g g i n ~ ha- [~rtinted t h l ~ Rcenc in the d a t e val~ l to l ht~lldlng showing Daniel Hoorre'~ Mona making salt In Sdinc County. The iron pot ~rserl hy the Bomcs Is on display in the capitol in dcfferson City.

S a l i n e ' s r epu ta t ion a s a p lace of s a l t resources has been represented by a r t i s t s .

Meyer, The Heritage of Mltssouri, 1973 : 137.

The Boonslick and S a l t River immigrants came, i n genera l , from the source a reas indicated by Marshall i n Folk ~ r c h i t e c t u r e i n L i t t l e Dixie, 1981: 6.

p o l i t a n e x p e r i e n c e , p l a n t a t i o n o r d i v e r s i f i e d a g r i c u l t u r a l l a n d s ,

s l a v e s a n d c a s h m o n e y . I n a l l o f t h e s e r e s p e c t s t h e y d i f f e r e d

g r e a t l y f r o m t h e i r m o u n t a i n e e r n e i g h b o r s i n t h e C a r o l i n a s , e a s t

T e n n e s s e e a n d s o u t h e a s t K e n t u c k y , who came t o M i s s o u r i i n a d i f -

f e r e n t m o v e m e n t . F o u n d e r s a n d d e c i s i o n - m a k e r s i n t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k ,

i . e . S a l i n e ) C o u n t y , came d i r e c t l y t o t h e r e g i o n b r i n g i n g t h e i r

r e s o u r c e s , k n o w l e d g e a n d a n e n t o u r a g e o f f a m i l y a n d r e t a i n e r s .

T h e y c o m p e t e d i n a v e r i t a b l e " r a c e f o r i m p r o v e m e n t s . ' '

T h e m o u n t a i n e e r i m m i g r a n t s , w i t h a s i g n i f i c a n t T e n n e s s e e a n d

S c o t c h - I r i s h a n c e s t r y , m o r e o f t e n m o v e d o r m i g r a t e d i n s t e p s t o n e

f a s h i o n s e v e r a l t i m e s t h r o u g h t h e s o u t h e r n u p 1 a n d s b e f o r e a r r i v i n g

i n c e r i t r a l a n d s o u t h e r n M i s s o u r i . I n f a c t , t h e y o f t e n t r a v e l l e d

t o s e v e r a l p l a c e s n o r t h , w e s t a n d s o u t h o f t h e O z a r k s b e f o r e f i n a l l y

s e t t l i n g i n t h e h i l l s , a n d e v e n t h e n , t h e h u n t e r - h i l l m a n a n d s m a l l

s u b s i s t e n c e a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t i n t h e O z a r k s o f t e n n ioved a r o u n d w i t h i n

t h e r e g i o n . B u t i n t h e B o o n s l i c k n u m e r o u s , p e r m a n e n t f a r m s d i d

b e g i n i n t h e 1 8 2 0 s a n d 1 8 3 0 s . T h s e s a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s w e r e c a r e f u l

t o m a i n t a i n a n e n t r e p o t f o r t h e i m p o r t a n d e x p o r t o f c o n i n ~ o d i t i e s .

I n t h i s r e s p e c t t h e " p o r t - t o w n " o f A r r o w R o c k s e r v e d a s t r o n g ,

c o m m e r c i a l h i n t e r l a n d .

C o u n t y o r i g i n s , a s t h e y a r e a p a r t o f some r e g i o n , may a t

some t i m e o f f e r i m p o r t a n t i n s i g h t s i n t o t h e d i f f u s i o n o f h o u s e

t y p e s t h r o u g h o u t a s p e c i f i c b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e m o u n t a i n e e r

i m m i g r a n t who l i v e d i n a h a l f - d o z e n l o c a l e s i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a ,

T e n n e s s e e a n d M i s s o u r i d i d n o t b u i l d G r e e k R e v i v a l c e n t r a l p a s s a g e

h o u s e s i n s o u t h e r n M i s s o u r i . T h o s e who came d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e

V a l l e y o f V i r g i n i a o r t h e K e n t u c k y a n d T e n n e s s e e B l u e g r a s s r e g i o n s

b u i l t t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s e s , b u t t h e y a s p i r e d t o a n d b u i l t f o l k h o u s e s

t h a t w e r e p r e t e n t i o u s when c o m p a r e d t o t h e m o r e n u m e r o u s , c o n s e r -

v a t i v e , t r a d i t i o n a l d w e l l i n g s . I n a d d i t i o n t o c o u n t y o r i g i n ,

M i s s o u r i h i s t o r i e s h a v e n o t d e a l t i n a n y s i g n i f i c a n t d e g r e e w i t h

t h e g r o u p m i g r a t i o n phenomena. The g r o u p m i g r a t i o n o f c l a n s m e n

a n d f r i e n d s was a p r o f o u n d f a c t o r i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f many

M i s s o u r i l o c a l e s . ( 3 )

The A t l a s o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 7 6 p r o v i d e d a w i n d o w t o s e v e r a l

u p w a r d l y m o b i l e f a m i l i e s t h a t came t o S a l i n e C o u n t y d u r i n g i t s

f o r m a t i v e y e a r s o r s h o r t l y t h e r e a f t e r . V a r i o u s h i s t o r i c a l a n d

s o c i a l g r o u p i n g s c a n be made w h i c h o f f e r f u r t h e r ways t o e l u c i -

d a t e t h e h i s t o r i c a l f a b r i c o f t h e c o u n t y .

As a l r e a d y m e n t i o n e d a g r e a t number o f B o o n e ' s L i c k a r r i v a l s

i n Boone , C o o p e r a n d H o w a r d c o u n t i e s l i t e r a l l y s p i l l e d o v e r i n t o

S a l i ne c o u n t y . T h e s e i n c l u d e d

D u g g i n s J a c k s o n s McCl e l 1 a n d s S a p p i n g t o n s Wool d r i d g e s F e r r i 1 s J a m i s o n s M c D a n i e l s S u t h e r l i n s a n d m o r e . G w i n n s L y n e s R e y n o l ds Thompsons Hays Marmadukes R u s s e l 1 s Thomsons

V i r g i n i a c o u n t i e s t h a t became d e m o g r a p h i c s o u r c e a r e a s i n c l u d e d

A l b e m a r l e , A u g u s t a a n d R o c k i n g h a m , C u m b e r l a n d , C u l p e p p e r , F a u q u i e r ,

L o u i s a , M a d i s o n , O r a n g e , a n d P r i n c e E d w a r d a n d T i d e w a t e r c o u n t i e s ,

N o r t h u r r ~ b e r l a n d , P r i n c e W i l l i a m a n d W e s t m o r e l a n d . C e n t r a l K e n t u c k y

a n d B l u e g r a s s c o u n t i e s i n c l u d e d Boone , F a y e t t e , H e n r y , G a . r r a r d ,

J e f f e r s o n a n d M e r c e r . Bowen a n d L o g a n c o u n t i e s t o t h e s o u t h w e s t

a n d F l e m i n g a n d G r e e n u p c o u n t i e s i n t h e n o r t h e a s t w e r e i n c l u d e d i n

K e n t u c k y s o u r c e a r e a s . F a r l e s s i m p o r t a n t s o u r c e a r e a s f o r t h e

' ' m o v e r s and s h a k e r s " came f r o m T e n n e s s e e c o u n t i e s , D a v i d s o n a n d

S m i t h i n M i d d l e T e n n e s s e e a n d Cocke c o u n t y e a s t o f K n o x v i l l e . ( 4 )

A g r o u p o f t e n o v e r l o o k e d i n l o c a l h i s t o r y i s t h e German

i m m i g r a n t s who came t o A m e r i c a d u r i n g t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y . G i v e n t h e

t e r m , P a l a t i n a t e Germans , t h e y seem a l w a y s t o e x e r t an i n f l u e n c e

LEGEND

9 Places of 100,000 or more inhabitants Places of 50,000 to 100,000 inhab~tants

0 Central citlcs of SMSA's with few'er than 50,000 ~nhabitants

0 Places of 25,000 to 50,000 inhabitants outside SMSA's

Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's)

Virginia emigrant source counties tabulated from Atlas of Saline County, 1876 No allowance has been made for boundary changes.

Bureau of the Census: 1970

Kentucky emigrant source counties tabulated from Atlas of Saline County, 1876 No allowance has been made for boundary changes.

LEGEND

WALL 0 1 0 ZQ 30 40 W) MILLS 1 . 1 i i i I

@ Places of 100,000 or more ~nhabltants a Places of 50,000 to 100,000 ~nhab~tants

Central c ~ t ~ e s of SMSA's with fewer than 50.000 ~nhab~tants

0 Places of 25.000 to 50,000 ~nhabitants outslde W W ' s

Standard Metropolitan Stat~st~cal Areas (SMSA's)

ASHLAND D

Tennessee emigrant source counties tabulated from

LEGEND I

@ Places of 100,000 or more inhabitants 0 Places of 25,000 to 50,000 inhabit- outside SMSA's

Standard Metropolitan Stat~stical Areas (SMSA's)

I Atlas of Saline County, 1876 I I No allowance has been made for boundary changes.

l o c a l l y t h a t i s f a r b e y o n d t h e i r n u m b e r s . The P a l a t i n a t e s ,

p e o p l e w i t h v i l l a g e a n d t o w n b a c k g r o u n d , p o s s e s s o r s o f s k i 1 1 s

a n d t r a d e s , a w a r e o f a c o s m o p o l i t a n w o r l d a n d e x p e r i e n c e d a s O l d

W o r l d l a n d - o w n e r s , became f a m o u s i n A m e r i c a f o r t h e i r t i d y f a r m s

i n s o u t h e a s t P e n n s y l v a n i a . O t h e r s f o l l o w e d t h e S c o t c h - I r i s h i n t o

t h e V a l l e y o f V i r g i n i a a n d t h r o u g h t h e s o u t h e r n u p l a n d s . The

m i g r a t i o n e x p e r i e n c e o f P a l a t i n a t e s who came " W e s t " A m e r i c a n i z e d

t h e m i n c u l t u r e , a t t i t u d e s a n d o f t e n i n t h e c h a n g e o f s u r n a m e

s p e l l i n g . When t h e y r e a c h e d M i s s o u r i t h e i r " G e r m a n n e s s " was b a r e l y

r e c o g n i z a b l e , b u t due t o t h e i r g e n e r a l c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y t h e y w i e l d e d

i m p o r t a n t s o c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c i n f l u e n c e s on M i s s o u r i f r o n t i e r s .

I n S a l i n e c o u n t y s e v e r a l G e r ~ i i a n i c P a l a t i n a t e s became f a r m e r s

a n d m e r c h a n t s . They i n c l u d e d t h e B i g e l o w s , D i n k e l s , L e t c h e r s ,

L u n b e c k s , N a v e - N e f f s , a n d N i c h o l a s S m i t h s . The N e f f T a v e r n o n

t h e S a n t a Fe t r a i l i s w e l l - k n o w n . N i c h o l a s S m i t h came f r o m

H e n r y C o u n t y , K e n t u c k y , p u r c h a s e d a 1 , 0 0 0 a c r e t r a c t i n s o u t h e a s t

S a l i n e , e n g a g e d i n t h e c o m m e r c i a l c a t t l e t r a d e a n d made a " handsome

d o n a t i on t o w a r d t h e endowmen t o f W i 11 i a m J e w e l 1 C o l l e g e . "

S c o t c h - I r i s h b a c k g r o u n d s o f c o u r s e p e r v a d e t h e s o u t h e r n

u p l a n d s . I n S a l i n e c o u n t y t h e

F e r r i 1 s G u t h r e y s J a m i s o n s

P o r t e r s S c o t t s Q u e s e n b e r r y s Whi t a k e r s R e y n o l d s a n d m o r e

d e m o n s t r a t e d S c o t c h - I r i s h m i g r a t i o n s . P e r h a p s someone u n u s u a l

f o r S a l i n e C o u n t y was James J a m i s o n . A V i r g i n i a p l a n t e r , who

was r e a r e d i n Rock ingha111 C o u n t y , J a m i s o n s p e n t t h e y e a r o f 1 8 3 9

i n K e n t u c k y , I n d i a n a , I 1 1 i n o i s a n d W i s c o n s i n . R e t u r n i n g t o

I l l i n o i s , he s t a y e d f o u r y e a r s a n d t h e n i n 1 8 4 3 h e came t o

S a l i n e C o u n t y . He p u r c h a s e d a h e r d o f c a t t l e i n 1 8 4 4 a n d d r o v e

t h e m t o O h i o . I n 1 8 4 5 - 4 6 h e f a r m e d i n L a f a y e t t e c o u n t y a n d s o l d

m e r c h a n d i s e a t W a v e r l y . I n 1 8 4 6 h e m a r r i e d a d a u g h t e r o f S a n d e r s

Townsend a n d t h e f o l l o w i n g t w o y e a r s he was a m e r c h a n t i n I n d e -

p e n d e n c e s e l l i n g g o o d s f o r t h e S a n t a Fe t r a d e . I n 1 8 4 9 he w e n t t o

C a l i f o r n i a f o r e i g h t e e n m o n t h s , m i n e d a n d s o l d g o o d s b y p a c k t r a i n s .

He r e t u r n e d t o S a l i n e C o u n t y i n 1 8 5 0 , b o u g h t a f a r m , a n d e n g a g e d

t h e s t o c k t r a d e a n d c o m m e r c i a l f a r m i n g . J a m i s o n ' s d r a m a t i c move-

m e n t s o v e r a d e c a d e s y m b o l i z e w e s t e r n e n t r e p r e n u e r s h i p f o r w h i c h

many S c o t c h - I r i s h m e n a r e f a m o u s . ( 5 )

E n g l i s h m e n who came t o V i r g i n i a a n d K e n t u c k y a n d t h e n t o

S a l i n e C o u n t y i n c l ude t h e

B a k e r s L y n e s Thomsons B r o w n s P a r s o n s Wal k e r s D u g g i n s Rhodes W h e e l e r s E u b a n k s S a p p i n g t o n s W i l l i s e s H e r a l d s S u t h e r l i n s W i t h e r s a n d m o r e .

The r o l e o f D r . J o h n S a p p i n g t o n i n S a l i n e C o u n t y i s l e g e n d a r y .

H i s i n f l u e n c e l o c a l l y was much g r e a t e r t h a n h e h a s b e e n g i v e n

c r e d i t f o r , w h i c h w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d l a t e r . The T h o n ~ s o n c l a n ,

o f w h i c h P i k e Thomson was a d e s c e n d a n t , r e p r e s e n t e d o n e o f s e v e r a l

i m p o r t a n t c a r e e r m i l i t a r y f a n l i l i e s who came W e s t . G e n e r a l W i l 1 i a m

Thomson d i e d i n V i r g i n i a , G e n e r a l R o g e r Thomson d i e d n e a r G e o r g e -

t o w n , K e n t u c k y , a n d G e n e r a l D a v i d Thomson d i e d i n S e d a l i a , M i s s o u r i .

T h o m s o n ' s G r e e k - R e v i v a l h o u s e i n S e d a l i a i s l i s t e d i n M i s s o u r i ' s

N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e s . P i k e T h o m s o n ' s f a t h e r ,

C a p t a i n J o h n Thomson, was a n e a r l y H o w a r d C o u n t y s e t t l e r i n 1 8 2 0 .

F o l l o w i n g t h e C a p t a i n ' s a c c i d e n t a l d e a t h , t h e f a m i l y r e t u r n e d t o

t h e i r o l d home i n F a y e t t e c o u n t y , K e n t u c k y . The s o n s , h o w e v e r ,

r e t u r n e d t o H o w a r d C o u n t y i n 1 8 3 9 a n d 1 8 4 1 , b o t h s h o r t l y r e m o v i n g

t o S a l i n e C o u n t y . P i k e Thomson b o u g h t 1 2 0 0 - 1 3 0 0 a c r e s a n d e n g a g e d

t h e s t o c k t r a d e . ( 6 )

J u r i n g t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y t h e c l a i m o f c h e a p l a n d s i n t h e West

h a d o f t e n b e e n o v e r s t a t e d . P r i o r t o t h e G r a d u a t i o n A c t o f 1 8 5 4

a n d t h e H o m e s t e a d A c t o f 1 8 6 2 p i o n e e r s n o r m a l l y s e t t l e d a c l a i m ,

w h i c h t h e y l a t e r p r o v e d u p o n a n d p u r c h a s e d , o r t h e y p a i d c a s h

money f o r l a n d . Cash money i n t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k o r a n y o t h e r

M i s s o u r i r e g i o n d u r i n g t h e 1 8 2 0 s a n d 1 8 3 0 s was n o t a r e a d y

c o m m o d i t y p o s s e s s e d b y m o s t p e o p l e . B a r t e r was c r u c i a l i n t h e

r e g i o n a l m a r k e t p l a c e a n d t h o s e who b r o u g h t money w i t h t h e m s t o o d

a g o o d c h a n c e t o q u i c k l y i n c r e a s e t h e i r f o r t u n e i n l a n d , s t o c k o r

t h e S a n t a Fe t r a d e . S e t t l e m e n t a l o n g a n y m a i n s t r e a m o f m o v e m e n t

commanded s u b s t a n t i a l i n v e s t m e n t s . Some e a r l y S a l i n e c o u n t y

e x a m p l e s o f i n i t i a l i n v e s t m e n t i n c l u d e d ,

B a k e r 1 1 0 0 a c r e s L a t i m e r 4 0 0 a c r e s R u s s e l 1 6 0 0 a c r e s B r o w n 1 3 0 0 a c r e s L u n b e c k 6 0 0 & 2 5 0 0 S m i t h 1 0 0 0 a c r e s D u g g i n s 1 2 0 0 a c r e s L y n e 1 0 0 0 a c r e s P . Thomson 1 2 0 0 a c r e s Eu b a n k 9 8 0 a c r e s M c D a n i e l 1 0 0 0 a c r e s R . Thomson 2 5 0 0 a c r e s F i e 1 d 2 5 0 & 1 0 0 0 M u r r e l l 3 0 0 & 4 0 0 W h e e l e r 7 4 0 a c r e s H a r v e y 4 0 0 & 2 8 0 0 O r e a r 5 4 0 a c r e s

A s i g n i f i c a n t n u m b e r o f t h e s e l a r g e f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n l a n d h o l d e r s ,

who s e t t l e d a n t e b e l l u m i n a n a r e a n e a r t h e e n v i r o n s o f M i a m i , A r r o w

R o c k a n d J o n e s b o r o u g h ( N a p t o n ) , l a t e r m i g r a t e d t o t h e c o u n t y s e a t ,

M a r s h a l l . T h e y o f t e n m a i n t a i n e d r u r a l a n d t o w n p r o p e r t i e s a n d

p a r t i c i p a t e d i n c o u n t y s e a t p o l i t i c s , m e r c h a n d i s i n g a n d n e i g h b o r h o o d

d e v e l o p m e n t . T h i s i s p a r t i c u l a r l y o b v i o u s i n a s t u d y o f t h e t o w n

s q u a r e a n d t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d s e a s t o f t h e s q u a r e o n t h e E a s t w o o d ,

N o r t h a n d A r r o w s t r e e t a x e s . O f t h e a b o v e names D u g g i n s , H a r v e y

a n d M u r r e l l d e m o n s t r a t e t h e c a s e .

I n 1 8 3 8 Thomas D u g g i n s , a n a t i v e o f L o u i s a C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a ,

e d u c a t e d , s u r v e y o r a n d a s c h o o l t e a c h e r m i g r a t e d t o B o o n e C o u n t y .

He s e c u r e d a n i n t e r e s t i n a g o v e r n m e n t c o n t r a c t f o r s u r v e y i n g t h e

P l a t t e p u r c h a s e . t ie t h e n m o v e d t o S a l i n e c o u n t y i n 1 8 4 0 , e n t e r e d

l a n d s , t a u g h t s c h o o l t h r e e y e a r s a n d was e l e c t e d t o c o u n t y o f f i c e

a s s u r v e y o r , w h i c h h e h e l d f o r s i x t e e n y e a r s r u n n i n g . He b u i l t a

1 2 0 0 a c r e s t o c k f a r m , a n d o n e s o n , Dean D. D u g g i n s , b e c a m e a much

b e l o v e d a t t o r n e y i n M a r s h a l l . T h e D u g g i n s f a m i l y o w n e d a n d

d e v e l o p e d t o w n s u b d i v i s i o n l o t s a n d d e s c e n d a n t s s t i l l r e s i d e i n a

1 a t e - V i c t o r i a n h o u s e o n A r r o w S t r e e t .

I n 1 8 3 5 Thomas H a r v e y , a n a t i v e o f N o r t h u m b e r l a n d C o u n t y ,

V i r g i n i a , made a " p r o s p e c t i n g t o u r " o f O h i o , I n d i a n a , I l l i n o i s

a n d M i s s o u r i . He i n v e s t e d i n 4 0 0 t i m b e r - c o v e r e d a c r e s o f S a l i n e

C o u n t y l a n d , l a t e r k n o w n a s " H a r v e y ' s G r o v e , " a n d i n 1 8 3 6 h e

r e t u r n e d w i t h h i s f a m i l y a n d e n t e r e d a n a d d i t i o n a l 2 , 8 0 0 a c r e s

o f p r a i r i e l a n d . H a r v e y h a d b e e n a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n t h e V i r g i n i a

l e g i s l a t u r e a n d i n 1 8 3 8 i n M i s s o u r i h e was e l e c t e d t o t h e same

p o l i t i c a l p o s i t i o n . I n 1 8 4 0 h e h e l d t h e s e a t o f s t a t e s e n a t o r f r o m

S a l i n e , P e t t i s a n d B e n t o n c o u n t i e s a n d i n 1 8 4 3 P r e s i d e n t T y l e r

a p p o i n t e d h i m s u p e r i n t e n d e n t o f I n d i a n a f f a i r s f o r t h e w e s t e r n

I n d i a n s a n d l a t e r , P r e s i d e n t P o l k r e a p p o i n t e d h i m . H i s s o n s

c o n t i n u e d i n p r o m i n e n t S a l i n e c o u n t y r o l e s a n d d e s c e n d a n t s

r e s i d e d i n M a r s h a l l o n N o r t h S t r e e t .

G e o r g e M u r r e l l was a n a t i v e o f B a r r e n C o u n t y , K e n t u c k y , w h o s e

f a t h e r was f r o m A l b e m a r l e C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a . T h e e l d e r M u r r e l l

s u c c e s s f u l l y e x p o r t e d t o b a c c o f r o m K e n t u c k y t o t h e New O r l e a n s

m a r k e t . G e o r g e i n h e r i t e d a g o o d e s t a t e , t r a d e d i n m u l e s t o

M i s s i s s i p p i a n d A l a b a m a , a n d came t o L e x i n g t o n , M i s s o u r i , o n a

" p r o s o e c t i n g t o u r . " He t e m p o r a r i l y r a n a s t o r e i n C a r r o l l t o n ,

b u t s o o n b o u g h t 3 0 0 a c r e s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y t o w h i c h h e a d d e d a n

a d d i t i o n a l 2 , 0 0 0 a c r e s . He b u i l t e i g h t f a r m s , i n v e s t e d i n t h e

S t a t e B a n k o f M i s s o u r i a t S t . L o u i s , t h e B a n k o f M i s s o u r i a t A r r o w

R o c k , a n d t h e S a l i n e C o u n t y B a n k i n M a r s h a l l .

L i k e many M i s s o u r i a n s o f s o u t h e r n c u l t u r e , i n c l u d i n g S a l i n e ' s

M . M . M a r m a d u k e , who h a d h e a v y f i n a n c i a l i n v e s t m e n t s i n s o c i e t y ,

M u r r e l l o p p o s e d t h e C o n f e d e r a c y . F o l l o w i n g t h e War M u r r e l l ' s

w i d e s p r e a d b a n k i n g i n t e r e s t s s h i f t e d t o t h e Wood a n d H u s t o n B a n k

i n M a r s h a l l . T h e N e o - C l a s s i c M u r r e l l h o u s e o n E a s t w o o d s t r e e t

became a d r a m a t i c s y m b o l o f t h e M u r r e l l s ' s u c c e s s i n S a l i n e

C o u n t y .

S a l i n e C o u n t y i m m i g r a n t s o f t e n f o l l o w e d k i t h a n d k i n t o M i s -

s o u r i , who h a d p r e c e d e d t h e m b y a f e w y e a r s o r b y a g e n e r a t i o n o r

m o r e . I n 1 8 5 2 a t t o r n e y J o h n B r e a t h i t t , g r a n d s o n o f K e n t u c k y

g o v e r n o r , J o h n B r e a t h i t t , came t o t h e C o o p e r - S a l i n e c o u n t y 1 i n e .

He r e a d l a w a n d w o r k e d h a r d p r i o r t o b e i n g a d m i t t e d t o t h e b a r i n

1 8 7 3 i n t h e S a l i n e C o u n t y C i r c u i t . T h r e e y e a r s l a t e r , w i t h o u t

o p p o s i t i o n , h e was e l e c t e d p r o s e c u t i n g a t t o r n e y . B r e a t h i t t

u n d o u b t e d l y w o u l d n o t h a v e come t o S a l i n e c o u n t y i f h e h a d n o t

h a v e h a d c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h l o c a l s o c i e t y . T h e s e c o n n e c t i o n s

i n c l u d e d h i s u n c l e a n d a u n t , D r . a n d M r s . J o h n S a p p i n g t o n a n d many

c o u s i n s i n t h e r e l a t e d S a p p i n g t o n , M a r m a d u k e a n d J a c k s o n f a m i l i e s . ( 7 )

T .C. R a i n e y , m e r c h a n t , b a n k e r , r e a l e s t a t e man a n d a u t h o r ,

r e p r e s e n t s a n i m m i g r a n t who f o l l o w e d h i s c o n n e c t i o n s t o a n u c l e u s

o f t o w n b u i l d e r s a n d p r o m o t e r s i n a n o t h e r p a r t o f M i s s o u r i , b u t

l i k e s o m a n y , t h e C i v i l War c h a n g e d h i s c o u r s e o f l i f e . He, h o w e v e r ,

a f t e r t h e w a r , s t i l l s o u g h t a n u p w a r d l y m o b i l e s o c i e t y w h i c h h e

f o u n d i n S a l i n e C o u n t y .

A g r o u p o f S c o t c h - I r i s h P r e s b y t e r i a n s h a d p r o s p e r e d i n t h e

l a t e 1 8 t h a n d e a r l y 1 9 t h c e n t u r i e s i n a n d a r o u n d C h a r l e s t o w n ,

S o u t h C a r o l i n a . Some o f t h e m , h e i r s o f G e n e r a l N a t h a n i e l G r e e n e ,

m i g r a t e d t o m i d d l e T e n n e s s e e t o c l a i m t h e i r l a n d e d i n h e r i t a n c e .

F r o m M a u r y C o u n t y , T e n n e s s e e , d u r i n g t h e l a t e 1 8 2 0 s a n d 1 8 3 0 s

some m i g r a t e d t o G r e e n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i . R a i n e y , w h o s e f a m i l y

b a c k g r o u n d was i n V i r g i n i a , was b o r n i n m i d d l e T e n n e s s e e a n d h a d

m a n a g e d a W h i g n e w s p a p e r i n C o l u m b i a , M a u r y C o u n t y . I n 1 8 5 2 h e

r o d e h o r s e b a c k t o S p r i n g f i e l d , M i s s o u r i , s e e k i n g f r i e n d s a n d

c o n n e c t i o n s a n d s e t t l e d f o u r m i l e s s o u t h o f t o w n . C i v i l War

h o s t i l i t i e s f o r c e d h i m a n d h i s f a m i l y t o f l e e t o s a f e t y a t R o l l a .

T h e r e h e m a n a g e d a h o t e l a n d s p e c u l a t e d i n t h e h i s t o r i c s t o c k

t r a d e t h a t m o v e d t o w a r d S t . L o u i s m a r k e t s . H i s w h o l e s a l e m e r c h a n -

d i s i n g p r o m p t e d h i m t o move t o t h e c i t y o f S t . L o u i s a n d e v e n t u a l l y

t h r o u g h t h e N o r t h e a s t a n d t o New Y o r k . B u t i n 1 8 6 5 a t w a r ' s e n d

h e r e t u r n e d t o M i s s o u r i a n d a r r i v e d a t a n o l d e s t a b l i s h e d t r a d i n g

e n t r e p o t , A r r o w R o c k . A f t e r f o u r t e e n y e a r s h e a g a i n saw f r e s h

o p p o r t u n i t y i n t h e p r e d i c t a b l e r a i l r o a d b o o m- t o w n o f M a r s h a l 1 a n d

i n 1 8 7 9 h e l o c a t e d t h e r e . R a i n e y e n t e r e d a r e a l e s t a t e p a r t n e r s h i p

w i t h J a c o b Van D y k e , w h i c h c o n t i n u e d f o r t h r e e d e c a d e s ; h e b u i l t a

h a n d s o m e s u b u r b a n V i c t o r i a n h o u s e o n E a s t w o o d , was t r e a s u r e r o f

M i s s o u r i V a l l e y C o l l e g e , a n d t h e n , i n 1 9 0 1 , f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t y

s p e c u l a t i o n s , h e r e m o v e d t o K a n s a s C i t y . R a i n e y h a d f o l l o w e d

c o n n e c t i o n s , i n a d d i t i o n t o o p p o r t u n i t y a n d g o o d b u s i n e s s . ( 8 )

T h e B r e a t h i t t , D u g g i n s , H a r v e y , M u r r e l l a n d R a i n e y s t o r i e s

t y p i f y t h o s e who came t o S a l i n e C o u n t y w i t h r e s o u r c e s a n d v i s i o n s

o f i m p r o v e m e n t s . T h e i r c o n n e c t i o n s c r e a t e d a n d h e l p e d e s t a b l i s h

a d i s t i n c t i v e c o u n t y r e p u t a t i o n among M i s s o u r i ' s c o m m e r c i a l a g r i -

c u l t u r a l s o c i e t i e s . I n t h e c o u n t y s e a t t h a t e n t i t y b e c a m e t h e

n u c l e u s o f w h a t I h a v e t e r m e d i n C h a p t e r V I I I a s " M a r s h a l l : An

A r t i c d l a t e S o c i e t y . "

C o n t r a s t i n g w i t h " r e p u t a b l e B o o n ' s L i c k s e t t l e r s , " t h e

s q u a t t e r s w e r e a l w a y s w i t h i n t h e c o u n t y e n v i r o n s d u r i n g t h e f i r s t

s e v e r a l d e c a d e s o f s e t t l e m e n t . S q u a t t i n g was u b i q u i t o u s t h r o u g h -

o u t t h e S o u t h a n d c o n t i n u e d i n a f e w p l a c e s i n s o u t h e r n M i s s o u r i

u n t i 1 t h e m i d - t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y . T r a d i t i o n a l l y u n e d u c a t e d ,

s q u a t t e r s l e f t n o p r i m a r y s o u r c e s o f t h e i r own , b u t t h e y w e r e

d e s c r i b e d b y o t h e r s i n c o n t e m p o r a r y a c c o u n t s . U s u a l l y p e r c e i v e d

a s " a n o t h e r c l a s s o f p e o p l e , " a n d a s R e v . J o h n M a s o n P e c k w r o t e ,

t h e y w e r e d e r i d e d a s t h e " i g n o r a n t , f i 1 t h y , w r e t c h e d s q u a t t e r s . "

A n o t h e r c o m m e n t a r y s a i d , t h e y w e r e " S o c i a l m i s f i t s , t h e y f o u n d

d e p r e s s i o n ' s a n s w e r ( o f 1 8 1 9 ) i n t h e a b u n d a n c e o f t h e f r o n t i e r

a n d a w h o l e s y s t e m o f e x i s t e n c e was u n c o n s c i o u s l y d e v e l o p e d

a c c o r d i n g l y . " ( 9 )

M i s f i t s t h e y w e r e n o t . Q u i t e t h e c o n t r a r y , t h e y w e r e q u i t e

w e l l a d j u s t e d i n t h e i r own s o c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . I n

P e c k ' s o b s e r v a t i o n t h e y w e r e n o t r e a c t i n g t o t h e d e p r e s s i o n o f

t h e e a r l y 1 8 2 0 s , b u t t h e y h a d r e a c t e d c o n s c i o u s l y t o t h e e n c r o a c h -

m e n t o f s o c i e t y ' s i n s t i t u t i o n a l i z e d f o r m s o f o r g a n i z a t i o n a n d

g o v e r n m e n t . As " m a i n s t r e a m s o c i e t y " came n e a r e r t o t h e m t h e y

s i m p l y m i g r a t e d f u r t h e r i n t o t h e g r e a t A m e r i c a n w i 1 d e r n e s s w h e r e

t h e y f e l t f e w r e s t r i c t i o n s a n d e n j o y e d t h e a b s o l u t e f r e e d o m o f

c h o i c e a n d m o v e m e n t . T h e i r " s y s t e m o f e x i s t e n c e " was o n e e n j o y e d

b y g e n e r a t i o n s o f m o b i l e , h u n t e r - h i 1 l m a n - h e r d s m a n t y p e s , u s u a l l y

w i t h l i t t l e o r n o p r o p e r t y , e x c e p t s t o c k a n d t o o l s f o r a m a r g i n a l ,

s u b s i s t e n c e 1 i f e s t y l e . T h e f a m i l y t h a t P e c k d e s c r i b e d f i t e x a c t l y

t h e d e s c r i p t i o n o f a g r e a t h o s t o f t h e s e s q u a t t e r s who w e r e a l w a y s

f o u n d o n t h e f r i n g e s o f s o u t h e r n u p l a n d a n d o t h e r A m e r i c a n f r o n t i e r s .

T h e " s o c i a l m i s f i t s " i n t h e B o o n s l i c k w o r e o n l y s k i n s , " s a t u -

r a t e d w i t h g r e a s e , b l o o d a n d d i r t " a n d d i d n o t p o s s e s s a n y m a n u f a c t u r e d

t e x t i l e s . T h e y h a d l e f t N o r t h C a r o l i n a a n d " m o v e d b e y o n d t h e

s e t t l e m e n t s a n d h a d c o n t i n u e d t o move a s t h e s e t t l e m e n t s came n e a r

t h e m . " A1 t h o u g h t h e woman o f t h e h o u s e knew o f r e l i g i o n , t h e

c h i 1 d r e n " h a d n e v e r h e a r d a human p r a y i n a 1 1 t h e i r b o r n d a y s . . . .

S q u a t t e r s d i d n o t p r o f e s s a n i n s t i t u t i o n a l r e l i g i o n , b u t w e r e

n o r m a l l y u n c h u r c h e d . O v e r t i m e t h e i r a v o i d a n c e a n d d i s l i k e o f

i n s t i t u t i o n s a n d m o d e r n i t y , i n g e n e r a l , made t h e m a g r e a t e v a n -

g e l i c a l h a r v e s t f o r h o l i n e s s - p e n t e c o s t a l m o v e m e n t s o f t h e e a r l y

2 0 t h c e n t u r y . I n S a l i n e C o u n t y a n d i n t h e m a i n s t r e a m o f A m e r i c a n

m o v e m e n t t h e " s q u a t t e r s e r a " d i d n o t p e r s i s t l o n g , a s t o w n s ,

c a p i t a l i s m a n d l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t e f f e c t i v e l y r e m o v e d s q u a t t e r

1 i f e s t y l e s . T h e s q u a t t e r s e i t h e r m i n i m a l l y j o i n e d t h e d e v e l o p i n g

s o c i e t y o i r e t r e a t e d f u r t h e r i n t o t h e h i n t e r l a n d s . I n t h e M i s s o u r i

u p l a n d s t h e y o f t e n c o n s t i t u t e d a c r i t i c a l c u l t u r e mass b u t t h i s

was l e s s s o i n l o w l a n d a r e a s o r c o u n t i e s o f w i d e s p r e a d a n d l a r g e

l a n d o w n e r s . I n a p l a c e 1 i k e S a l i n e C o u n t y t h e y may h a v e become

t e n a n t s , b u t n o t j u s t o c c u p a n t s .

C h a p t e r Two: N o t e s

1 . W i l l i a m F o l e y , A H i s t o r y o f M i s s o u r i , Vo lume 1 , 1 6 7 3 - 1 8 2 0 , C o l umb i a : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i P r e s s , 1 9 7 1 : 1 6 7 .

2 . Duane M e y e r , The H e r i t a g e o f M i s s o u r i , S t . L o u i s : S t a t e P u b l i s h i n g Co. , 1 9 7 3 : 763

3 . E x a m p l e s i n c l ude M a u r y C o u n t y i m m i g r a n t s t o S p r i n g f i e l d , G r e e n e C o u n t y , I r e d e l l a n d L i n c o l n C o u n t i e s , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , a n d G r e e n C o u n t y , T e n n e s s e e i m m i g r a n t s t o C a l e d o n i a , W a s h i n g - t o n C o u n t y , a n d G i l e s C o u n t y , T e n n e s s e e , i m m i g r a n t s t o B a r r y C o u n t y .

4 . C o m p i l a t i o n s f r o n i A t l a s o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 7 6 , b y a u t h o r .

5 . " James J a m i s o n " i n A t l a s , 1 8 7 6 .

6 . " P i k e Thomson" i n A t l a s , 1 8 7 6 .

7. " J o h n B r e a t h i t t " i n A t l a s , 1 8 7 6 .

8 . T .C. R a i n e y , " A l o n g t h e O l d T r a i l ," M a r s h a l l : D a u g h t e r s o f t h e A n i e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n , 1 9 1 4 : 5 - 8 .

9 . " A S q u a t t e r F a m i l y l i v i n g n e a r B o o n v i l l e " i n B i c e n t e n n i a l B o o n s l i c k H i s t o r y , c o n i p i l e d a n d e d i t e d b y L y n M c D a n i e l , B o o n s l i c k H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y , 1 9 7 6 : 3 2 .

YEOMAN GENTRY AS MISSOURI ENTREPRENUER: BOONSLICK PIONEERS CONFRONT THE WILDERNESS

"We w a n t men o f e n t e r p r i s e a n d c a p i t a l h e r e , t h o u g h we h a v e m o r e w e a l t h i n t h i s C o u n t y ( S a l i n e ) a g r e e a b l e t o t h e num- b e r o f i n h a b i t a n t s . O u r C o u n t y i s i n h i g h r e p u t e . O u r S o c i e t y i s g o o d , t h o u g h s c a r c e . "

D a n i e l S n o d d y , 1 8 3 3

Some o f t h e M i s s o u r i a n d M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r p o r t i o n s o f t h e s t a t e o f M i s s o u r i s t i l l r e t a i n i n l a r g e p a r t d o m i n a n t s o u t h e r n t r a i t s a n d a r e r e f e r r e d t o o c c a s i o n a l l y b y t h e i r p o l i t i c a l a n t a g o n i s t s a s B o u r b o n d i s t r i c t s .

C a r l S a u e r , 1 9 2 0

B y t h e 1 8 3 0 s S a l i n e C o u n t y was a " b o o m e r s " l a n d f o r t h e

m e r c h a n t - c a p i t a l i s t a n d c o m m e r c i a l a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t . W i l l i a m

B e c k n e l l h a d a c c i d e n t a l l y f o u n d e d t h e S a n t a Fe t r a d e b y s t u m b l i n g

o n t o f r i e n d l y M e x i c a n s w h i l e e n g a g e d i n t h e R o c k y M o u n t a i n f u r

t r a d e . ( . I ) T h e r e t u r n o f m u l e s a n d h o r s e s a n d s i l v e r c o n t r i -

b u t e d t o a d y n a m i c r e g i o n a l t r a d e i n s t o c k a n d m e r c h a n d i s i n g .

A1 t h o u g h I n d e p e n d e n c e became t h e c e n t e r o f w e s t e r n o u t f i t t e r s ,

t h e c o m m e r c i a l e n t r e p r e n u e r s o f c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i c o n t i n u e d t o

p a r t i c i p a t e i n w e s t e r n t r a d e t h r o u g h o u t t h e a n t e b e l l um e r a .

B y 1 8 3 0 G e n e r a l Thomas S m i t h a t h i s " E x p e r i m e n t , " a n d

o t h e r s , h a d c o n q u e r e d t h e p r e v i o u s l y u n k n o w n p r a i r i e . Men w e r e

b u s y b u i l d i n g f a r m s , f e n c e , h o u s e s , t r a d e n e t w o r k s a n d f a m i l i e s .

I n 1 8 3 3 D a n i e l S n o d d y p r o v i d e d a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y w i n d o w i n t o

S a l i n e c o u n t y .

i t h i n k we h a v e t h e a d v a n t a g e o f p e o p l e i n t i m b e r . We h a v e g r e a t r a n g e f o r c a t t l e s t o c k - h e r e a b u n d a n t l y . . . . t h e r e i s n o s c a r c i t y o f f i r e w o o d i n t h i s p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y t h o u g h t a l l t i m b e r i s s c a r c e h e r e ( S n o d d y was w i t h i n s i x m i l e s o f t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r ) . I t i s n o t uncommon t o h a u l r a i l s f i v e m i l e s o f f o f v a c a n t l a n d . I t i s n o t common f o r a man t o u s e h i s own l u m b e r h e r e w h e r e i t i s s c a r c e . We g e t i t p r i n c i p a l l y o f f o f G o v e r n m e n t l a n d .

I h a v e n e a r l y f i n i s h e d o n e h o u s e w h i c h i s a b o u t f o u r t e e n f e e t s q u a r e . I i n t e n d t o h a v e i t f l o o r e d b e l o w a n d a b o v e . The l o g s o f t h i s h o u s e a r e p r i n c i p a l l y s l i p p e r y e l m w h i c h i s w o n d e r f u l f o r l a s t . . . . I h a v e g o t my l o g s t o g e t h e r f o r a d w e l l i n g h o u s e . T h e y a r e s e v e n t e e n f e e t l o n g . I e x p e c t

t o h a v e a s t o n e c h i m n e y and s h i n g l e r o o f t o i t . I e x p e c t t o w i n t e r i n t h e f i r s t h o u s e m e n t i o n e d . I h a v e i t i n c o n t e m p l a t i o n t o h a v e b r i c k h o u s e s when I g e t a b l e , a s t h e y a r e t h e b e s t a n d c h e a p e s t . . . . Our t e n a b l e l a n d i s f r o m t w o t o f o u r f e e t s o i l o f a d a r k m u l a t t o c o l o r , w i t h v e r y f i n e s a n d w h i c h i s n o t i n j u r i o u s t o a x e s . I n h e w i n g we h a v e no d r e a d o f s t o n e o r g r a v e l t o t a k e o f f t h e e d g e ( o f t h e a x e ) .

O u r l a n d i s v e r y p r o d u c t i v e a n d a s r i c h as we w i s h t o h a v e i t . T o b a c c o t h r i v e s a b u n d a n t l y . W a t e r m e l o n s , p u m p k i n s , p l a n t e d i n t h e c o r n t h r i v e v a s t l y . O u r l a n d s t a n d s w e t a n d d r y b e t t e r t h a n a n y I e v e r saw . . . . C o t t o n d o e s n ' t do w e ' l l h e r e . . . I h a v e e i g h t y a c r e s o f t i m b e r a n d e i g h t y P r a i r i e . . . . T h e r e i s g o o d c h a n c e o f v a c a n t t i m b e r n e a r e r t o me t h a n t h a t w h i c h I s h a l l u s e w i t h o u t p a y i n g , f o r i t i s a p r a c t i c e o f t h e c o u n t r y . T h e r e i s f i r e w o o d p l e n t y i f I k e e p o f f t h e f i r e , when t h e P r a i r i e i s b u r n e d .

M e r c h a n d i z i n g i s p r o f i t a b l e h e r e . F rom New O r l e a n s t o S t . L o u i s c a r r i a g e i s 75 c e n t s p e r h u n d r e d l b s . , t h e same f r o m t h e r e t o h e r e , F r a n k l i n i n H o w a r d C o u n t y h a s a s t e a m m i l l , as does B o o n v i l l e i n C o o p e r C o u n t y . They t a k e i n a s much w h e a t a s c a n b e g r o u n d a t 5 0 c e n t s p e r b u s h e l . They make 75 b a r r e l s a d a y o f f l o u r a n d s e l l i t i n New O r l e a n s a t $ 6 . 0 0 p e r b a r r e l . I e x p e c t t h e p r i c e o f c a r r i a g e i s o n e do1 l a r . T h e r e i s a steal11 m i l l now b u i l d i n g a t A r r o w Rock b y some y o u n g men o f o r d i n a r y c i r c u m s t a n c e s .

I am i n h o p e s I s h a l l g e t t o my h i g h p l a c e , w h i c h i s c a l l e d t ,he P i l o t G r o v e , o u t o f r e a c h o f a g u e a n d f e v e r . . . My p l a c e i s t h o u g h t t o b e h e a l t h y , o u t o f t h e way o f f o g s . i 2 )

S n o d d y ' s d e s c r i p t i o n s p o r t r a y a number o f t r a d i t i o n s , a t t i -

t u d e s a n d p i o n e e r c o n d i t i o n s . The p r a c t i c e o f o b t a i n i n g t i m b e r

f r o m g o v e r n m e n t l a n d s d i d n o t p e r s i s t l o n g i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i

c o m p a r e d t o g e n e r a t i o n s who " l i v e d o f f t h e k i n g ' s w o o d s " i n

O z a r k s . B u r n i n g t h e p r a i r i e l a n d f o r g r a z i n g a n d h u n t i n g a l s o

e n d e d i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i l o n g b e f o r e i t d i d i n t h e M i s s o u r i

O z a r k s . B u t S n o d d y ' s h o u s e c o n s t r u c t i o n was t y p i c a l o f many

p i o n e e r s : he a d o p t e d t h e t r a d i t i o n a l " p e n m e t h o d " o f b u i l d i n g

r o o m s . H i s f i r s t b u i l d i n g p r o b a b l y became a d e t a c h e d k i t c h e n ,

t h e p e n o r r o o m o f t h e k i t c h e n was s m a l l e r t h a n h i s d w e l l i n g room,

h i s s t o n e c h i m n e y a n d s h i n g l e r o o f was a much m o r e e x p e n s i v e c o n -

s t r u c t i o n t h a n t h o s e o f b o a r d a n d p o l e r o o f s a n d w a t t l e a n d daub

c h i m n e y s . H i s l o g h o u s e was " u p - t o - d a t e , " a n d he a s p i r e d t o a

b r i c k h o u s e a s " t h e y a r e t h e b e s t . "

Snoddy was w e l l a c q u a i n t e d w i t h e x p o r t p r i c e s a n d know-

l e d g e a b l e o f t h e New O r l e a n s m a r k e t . New O r l e a n s h a d l o n g b e e n

t h e g r e a t a g r i c u l t u r a l m a r k e t f o r W e s t e r n t r a d e r s , b u t i t s o o n

h a d s e r i o u s c o m p e t i t i o n f r o m P h i l a d e l p h i a a n d B a l t i m o r e o n

a c c o u n t o f O h i o R i v e r a n d S t . L o u i s m e r c h a n t s . S n o d d y h i n t e d a t

l i m i t e d m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n S a l i n e c o u n t y , a c i r c u m s t a n c e t h a t

p e r s i s t e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . He s o u g h t a h i g h , d r y

h a b i t a t i o n , f r e e o f m a l a r i a a n d " away f r o m f o g s , " w h i c h was a

common b l a m e f o r m a l a r i a . P e r h a p s he s o o n p a t r o n i z e d D r . Sap-

p i n g t o n o r o n e o f h i s a g e n t s .

H . I . B r o w n w r o t e h i s m o t h e r f r o m S a l i n e C o u n t y s i x y e a r s

l a t e r . B r o w n d e s c r i b e d h i s yeoman e x p e r i e n c e a n d was c o n f i d e n t

a n d o p t i m i s t i c a b o u t t h e f u t u r e o f p r a i r i e s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y .

. . . I h a v e a g o o d hewed l o g k i t c h e n w i t h s h i n g l e d r o o f 16 f o o t s q u a r e i n c l e a r . My d w e l l i n g h o u s e i s t h e same s i z e r a i s e d t w o l o g s a b o v e t h e j o i s t s w h i c h makes a v e r y g o o d r o o m u p s t a i r s . I h a v e i t p o i n t e d w i t h l i m e m o r t a r t h o u g h i t i s n o t p r o o f a g a i n s t w a t e r f o r when we h a v e r a i n w i t h a l i t t l e w i n d t h e w a t e r comes t h r o u g h t h e p o i n t i n g . I h a v e t h e b o d y o f a g o o d s i z e smoke h o u s e up o f hewed l o g s , b u t n o t c o v e r e d y e t . I h a v e f i f t y a c r e s o f l a n d n e a r l y e n c l o s e d a n d h a v e a b o u t t h i r t e e n o r f o u r t e e n a c r e s b r o k e n up a n d p l a n t e d i n c o r n , w a t e r m e l o n s , p u m p k i n s a n d c o r n f i e l d p e a s . I t h i n k I w i l l b e a b l e t o g e t a l l o f i t b r o k e n b y t h e f i r s t o f J u l y i f we h a v e g o o d w e a t h e r . . . . I t h i n k F a t h e r i s b e t t e r p l e a s e d w i t h t h i s p r a i r i e c o u n t r y t h a n I e x p e c t e d h e w o u l d b e . I h a v e no h e s i t a t i o n i n s a y i n g t h a t I c a n make a f a r m i n t h e P r a i r i e i n one f o u r t h o f t h e t i m e t h a t I c o u l d i n t h e t i m b e r a n d t h e r e n o t h a v e a s t u m p o r a g r u b t o c o n t e n d w i t h . ( 3 )

C l e a r l y b y 1 8 3 9 t h e p r a i r i e s h a d y i e l d e d t o t h e r u s h o f l a n d -

h u n g r y A m e r i c a n s . The p r a i r i e s n o 1 o n g e r w e r e e n t i r e l y r e 1 e g a t e d

t o g r a z i n g f o r s t o c k , b u t became p r o d u c t i v e g r o u n d f o r c o m m e r c i a l

c r o p s . P e r h a p s i n t h e l o n g r u n c o r n became t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t

c r o p , g r o w n t o f e e d t h e t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f B o o n ' s L i c k l i v e s t o c k .

I n 1 8 2 0 M a j o r S t e p h e n L o n g h a d d e s c r i b e d t h e common g e n t r y

don i i c i 1 e a 1 o n g t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r .

The d w e l l i n g s o f p e o p l e who h a v e e m i g r a t e d f r o m V i r g i n i a , o r a n y o f t h e s o u t h e r n s t a t e s , h a v e u s u a l l y t h e f a r m o f d o u b l e c a b i n s , o r t w o d i s t i n c t h o u s e s , e a c h c o n t a i n i n g a s i n g l e r o o m , a n d c o n n e c t e d t o e a c h o t h e r b y a r o o f , t h e i n t e r m e d i a t e s p a c e , w h i c h i s o f t e n e q u a l i n a r e a t o o n e o f t h e c a b i n s , b e i n g l e f t o p e n a t t h e s i d e s a n d h a v i n g t h e n a k e d e a r t h f o r a f l o o r , a f f o r d s a c o o l p l a c e a n d a i r y r e t r e a t w h e r e t h e f a m i l y w i l l u s u a l l y b e f o u n d i n t h e h e a t o f t h e d a y . The r o o f i s c o m p o s e d o f f r o m t h r e e t o f i v e l o g s , l a i d l o n g i t u d i n a l l y a n d e x t e n d i n g f r o m e n d t o e n d o f t h e b u i l d i n g ; o n t h e s e a r e l a i d t h e s h i n g l e s , f o u r o r f i v e f e e t i n l e n g t h ; o v e r t h e s e a r e t h r e e o r f o u r h e a v y l o g s , c a l l e d w e i g h p o l e s , s e c u r e d a t t h e i r e n d s b y w i t h e s , a n d b y t h e i r w e i g h t s u p p l y i n g t h e p l a c e o f n a i l s . ( 4 )

The a b o v e h o u s e , c a l l e d a d o g - t r o t o r d o g - r u n i n f o l k a r c h i -

t e c t u r e v o c a b u l a r y , w a s , b y 1 8 2 0 , a common t y p e t h r o u g h o u t t h e

s o u t h e r n u p l a n d s . I t i s s i m p l y a n e x t e n s i o n o f t h e o n e r o o m " p e n "

b u i l d i n g t o c r e a t e a m o r e c o m m o d i o u s a n d f u n c t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e .

T h e y w e r e b u i l t i n o n e a n d t w o s t o r y v e r s i o n s . I t was j u s t s u c h

a h o u s e i n t w o s t o r y f o r m t h a t D r . J o h n S a p p i n g t o n h a d c o n s t r u c t e d

f o r h i s d o m i c i l e .

James G a i n e s f r o m C u l p e p p e r a n d A1 b e m a r l e C o u n t i e s , V i r g i n i a ,

came t o M i s s o u r i i n 1 8 3 5 w i t h " w a g o n s , a n d c a r r y - a 1 1 , s t o c k ,

n e g r o e s , e t c . " He s e t t l e d s e v e n m i l e s n o r t h o f A r r o w R o c k a n d

c l a i m e d " b o t h c o w s a n d b e e s w e r e t o b e f o u n d i n g r e a t n u m b e r s . "

I n 1 8 4 1 - 4 2 h e b e g a n h i s f i r s t c r o p s o f hemp, b u t c l a i m e d " o r d i n a r y

f a r m p r o d u c t s " w e r e u n s a l a b l e , b u t t e r e v e n b e i n g u s e d f o r a x l e

g r e a s e .

T h e l e g e n d a r y f r o n t i e r camp m e e t i n g s w e r e h e l d i n G a i n e s '

n e i g h b o r h o o d . S p a w n e d i n t h e S e c o n d G r e a t A w a k e n i n g b y P r e s b y -

t e r i a n s a n d p o p u l a r i z e d b y M e t h o d i s t s , t h e M e t h o d i s t s , B a p t i s t s

a n d C u m b e r l a n d P r e s b y t e r i a n s c a r r i e d t h e camp m e e t i n g i n t o M i s -

s o u r i . A1 t h o u g h G a i n e s e x p l a i n e d t h a t u n t i 1 t h e e a r l y 1 8 5 0 s

r e l i g i o u s w o r s h i p was h e l d i n p r i v a t e h o u s e s i n h i s n e i g h b o r h o o d ,

t h e camp m e e t i n g s s o u t h o f A r r o w Rock o n S l o u g h C r e e k d r e w l a r g e

a u d i e n c e s . " I t was a t one o f t h e s e g a t h e r i n g s t h a t S e n a t o r Thomas

H. B e n t o n a p p e a r e d - t o t h e g r e a t d i s c o m f i t u r e o f t h e m i n i s t e r o n

d u t y - who f a i l e d t o s p e a k w i t h h i s a c c u s t o m e d f e r v o r i n !Such a n

a u g u s t p r e s e n c e . " ( 5 ) B e n t o n was a f a m i l y f r i e n d o f t h e S a p p i n g t o n s

a n d h e w o u l d be o n l y o n e i n a l o n g l i n e o f " p r e s e n c e a u g u s t " o f

M i s s o u r i ' s p o l i t i c a l D e m o c r a c y who made a p p e a r a n c e s i n t h e A r r o w

Rock v i c i n i t y .

I n 1 9 1 2 P r o f e s s o r N i c h o l a s Ha rdeman p u b l i s h e d " P o r t r a i t o f a

W e s t e r n F a r m e r : J o h n L o c k e Hardeman o f M i s s o u r i , 1 8 0 9 - 1 8 5 8 . " ( 6 )

I t i s a s e m i n a l e s s a y w h i c h d e s c r i b e d o n e o f t h e g e n t r y who p a r t i -

c i p a t e d i n a g e n t e e l s o c i e t y i n e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y . H a r d e m a n ' s

s t o r y i 1 1 u s t r a t e d s e v e r a l g e n e r a l t h e m e s i n a n t e b e l l um S a l i n e

C o u n t y . The f o l l o w i ng comments a r e e x c e r p t e d f r o m H a r d e m a n ' s

e s s a y .

J o h n H a r d e m a n ' s f a m i l y w e r e E n g l i s h , i m m i g r a n t s t o A1 b e m a r l e

C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a , a n d r e s i d e n t s i n t h e N a s h v i l l e B a s i n b y t h e t u r n

o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y . " L o c k e t s f a t h e r h a d b e e n a f r i e n d o f A n d r e w

J a c k s o n a n d a b e n e f a c t o r o f Thomas H a r t B e n t o n . " ( 7 ) The Ha rdemans

a d v a n c e d t o H o w a r d C o u n t y i n 1 8 1 6 - 1 7 . T h e r e , f i v e m i l e s a b o v e

F r a n k l i n , t h e r e g i o n a l l y f a m o u s " F r u i t a g e /FarmH a n d t h e e x p e r i -

m e n t a l " H a r d e m a n ' s G a r d e n s " w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d . A n o t h e r i n v e s t m e n t ,

H a r d e m a n ' s f e r r y , o p e r a t e d f r o m H o w a r d C o u n t y a c r o s s t h e M i s s o u r i

R i v e r t o A r r o w R o c k .

L i k e many s o n s o f t h e r u r a l c o m n l e r c i a l c l a s s J o h n L o c k e

Ha rdeman was s c h o o l e d i n a p r o f e s s i o n - l a w . He m a i n t a i n e d

n u m e r o u s o t h e r i n t e r e s t s , p r i m a r i l y a g r i c u l t u r e , t h a t demanded

m o s t o f h i s t i m e , l e a v i n g l i t t l e o r no t i m e f o r " p r o f e s s i o n a l "

l e g a l w o r k .

A n u m b e r o f t h e H o w a r d C o u n t y s o c i e t y m o v e d a c r o s s t h e R i v e r

i n t o S a l i n e . T h e y i n c l u d e d t h e H a r d e m a n s , M a r m a d u k e s , G e n e r a l T .A .

S m i t h s a n d o t h e r s . L o c k e ' s b r o t h e r , B a i l e y , made a f o r t u n e i n t h e

S a n t e Fe t r a d e , b u t t h e e a r l y d e a t h o f L o c k e ' s f a t h e r , p l a c e d L o c k e

u n d e r t h e g u a r d i a n s h i p o f S a n t e Fe t r a d e r , M.M. M a r m a d u k e .

A p p a r e n t l y H a r d e m a n s e r v e d a s a " m e r c h a n t - a p p r e n t i c e " u n d e r

M a r m a d u k e a n d t h e i r f r i e n d s h i p a n d b u s i n e s s r e l a t i o n s g r e w o v e r

t h e y e a r s . When L o c k e ' s s o u t h e r n a g r i c u l t u r a l s p e c u l a t i o n s i n

M i s s i s s i p p i t o o k h i m a w a y f r o m M i s s o u r i , M a r m a d u k e m a n a g e d H a r d e -

man ' s S a l i n e c o u n t y 1 a n d s . H a r d e m a n i n c r e a s e d h i s S a l i n e c o u n t y

h o l d i f i g s f r o m 5 6 0 a c r e s i n 1 8 4 3 t o 1 7 5 0 i n l e s s t h a n a d e c a d e .

He h e l d a n o t h e r 1 0 0 0 a c r e s i n H o w a r d a n d P e t t i s c o u n t i e s .

I n 1 8 4 4 L o c k e b u i l t a s u b s t a n t i a l f r a m e , t w o - s t o r y , c e n t r a l

p a s s a g e , G r e e k - R e v i v a l h o u s e o n h i s e s t a t e , named " L o M i s n i o . "

R a r e among e x t a n t h o u s e s o f i t s t y p e i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i i s t h e

e x t r a o r d i n a r i l y f i n e w a l n u t s p i r a l s t a i r c a s e a n d t h e -- i n t e r i o r

d o u b l e - h e a r t h f i r e p l a c e s o f m a r b l e t h a t f a c e e i g h t s e p a r a t e r o o m s .

1 - o c k e m a i n t a i n e d m o r e t h a n a c o u p l e o f d o z e n s l a v e s , a n d t h e y

r a i s e d l a r g e a m o u n t s o f hemp a n d h o g s . H i s m e c h a n i c a l i n v e n t i v e n e s s

p r o d u c e d s e v e r a l a g r i c u l t u r a l n o v e l t i e s i n c l u d i n g a hemp c l e a n e r ,

hemp b r e a k e r , a m o v e a b l e f e n c e , a n d a hemp c u t t e r o r m o w i n g r e a p e r .

Tn t h e 1 8 4 0 s L o c k e h e l p e d a S a l i n e C o u n t y f r i e n d s e r v i n g a s a

f a r m m a n a g e r m u c h a s M a r m a d u k e h a d s e r v e d f o r h i m . F o r a t l e a s t

s e v e n y e a r s L o c k e m a n a g e d t h e h o g f a r m , " A r d m o r e , " w h i l e J u d g e

N a t h a n i e l B . T u c k e r r e t u r n e d t o a p r o f e s s o r s h i p a n d d e a n ' s

p o s i t i o n a t W i l l i a m a n d M a r y C o l l e g e i n V i r g i n i a .

L o c k e a l w a y s r e m a i n e d a b a c h e l o r , b u t h e f i n a n c i a l l y m a i n -

t a i n e d t h e i n t e r e s t s o f h i s y o u n g e r s i b l i n g s . F o r e x a m p l e , h e

s u p p o r t e d D r . G l e n n H a r d e m a n ' s m e d i c a l e d u c a t i o n . H a r d e m a n

s e r v e d h i s c o m m u n i t y when G o v e r n o r S t e r l i n g P r i c e a p p o i n t e d

L o c k e v i c e - p r e s i d e n t o f t h e M i s s o u r i S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l S o c i e t y

a n d h e was c o - f o u n d e r o f t h e S a l i n e C o u n t y H e r a l d n e w s p a p e r .

J o h n L o c k e H a r d e m a n ' s f a m i l y o r i g i n s , i m m i g r a t i o n b a c k g r o u n d ,

H o w a r d C o u n t y b e g i n n i n g s i n M i s s o u r i , m e r c a n t i l e e x p e r i e n c e , 1 a n d

s p e c u l a t i o n , a named c o u n t r y s e a t , a n d p r o g r e s s i v e , c o m m e r c i a l

e n t e r p r i s e s a l l e s t a b l i s h e d h i m as r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f S a l i n e

C o u n t y ' s r u r a l g e n t r y who p r o m o t e d a s o c i e t y o f i m p r o v e m e n t .

The g e n t r y d i d n o t r e v e l i n t h e e n j o y m e n t o f a p r i s t i n e w i l d e r n e s s ,

b u t e a g e r l y s o u g h t t o tame t h e w i l d e r n e s s e n v i r o n m e n t a n d m o l d i t

i n t o a m a n a g e a b l e , p r o f i t a b l e , a n d s o c i a l m i l i e u .

Many i n t h e p r o p e r t i e d c l a s s i n v e s t e d money i n l a n d s p e c u -

l a t i o n . G e n e r a l T.A. S m i t h , w h i l e g o v e r n m e n t l a n d o f f i c e r e c e i v e r

i n H o w a r d C o u n t y , b o u g h t l a r g e t r a c t s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y a n d s p e c u -

l a t e d i n t h e a b o r t i v e Boone C o u n t y s e a t o f S m i t h t o n . J o h n G .

G u t h r e y , n a t i v e o f C u n i b e r l a n d C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a , s p e c u l a t e d i n

l a n d f r o m h i s b r o k e r ' s h o u s e on W a l l S t r e e t , New Y o r k , b e f o r e

c o m i n g t o S a l i n e C o u n t y t o manage h i s $ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 i n r e a l e s t a t e

h o l d i n g s . Ha rdeman a n d o t h e r s h a d more m o d e s t i n v e s t m e n t s r e g i o n -

a l l y , b u t s t i l l , t h e y e n t a i l e d a f e w t h o u s a n d a c r e s . C o u n t y s e a t

p r o m o t i o n a t M a r s h a l 1 i n 1 8 3 9 a t t r a c t e d m e r c h a n t - s p e c u l a t o r s ,

C . F . J a c k s o n , M . M . Marmaduke a n d W.B. S a p p i n g t o n . S a p p i n g t o n

e v e n d c t e d as t r u s t e e f o r t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a m e r c h a n t f i r m s o f

S i t e r , P r i c e a n d Company a n d M o n t e l i u s a n d F u l l e r i n b u y i n g

l a n d n e a r t h e s q u a r e . S a p p i n g t o n ' s i n v e s t m e n t s a l l o w e d h i m t o

d o n a t e a l o t t o t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n c h u r c h . ( 8 )

The L e o n a r d f a m i l y i n n e a r b y H o w a r d a n d C o o p e r c o u n t i e s

w e r e among t h e h e a v i e s t i n v e s t o r s i n r e g i o n a l a n d o u t - o f - s t a t e

l a n d s p e c u l a t i o n . N o t i c e t h e 1 a n d a r o u n d M a r s h a l 1 a n d n o r t h w e s t

A speculator in thousands of acres of land, Nathaniel Leonard of Cooper County, used this map to locate unentered tracts. Notice the county seat land of Marshall in section 15.

Abiel Leonard Collect ion, Joint Manuscripts, UMC

pi- - 7 % #- /L A tvtve & T * Z ;

Q-6 P--& *w7, UL L - - 4.-rl-4- - - w w > - L7- - I * - -- -c--L+

Nathaniel Leonard wrote, "the tracts marked th i s (x) were entered some years since th i s map w a s made. Please mark in the same way, so as to show what land i s now vacant.'.

Abiel Leonard Collection, Joint Manuscripts, W C .

o f M a r s h a l l o n t h e a c c o m p a n y i n g t w o maps t h a t N a t h a n i e l L e o n a r d

c o n s i d e r e d f o r i n v e s t m e n t . L e o n a r d i n s t r u c t e d t h e l a n d a g e n t a t

F a y e t t e , " t h e t r a c t s m a r k e d t h u s ( X ) w e r e e n t e r e d some y e a r s s i n c e

t h i s m a p was made. P l e a s e m a r k i n t h e same way , s o a s t o show

w h a t l a n d i s now v a c a n t . " ( 9 )

T h e e m e r g e n c e o f a c e n t r a l l y l o c a t e d c o u n t y s e a t was a f a c t o r

o f d i s c u s s i o n a n d a r g u m e n t f o r some y e a r s p r i o r t o t h e f o u n d i n g

o f M a r s h a l l . The l o c a t i o n o f c o u n t y g o v e r n m e n t n e a r t h e M i s s o u r i

R i v e r was a l o g i c a l a n d n e c e s s a r y a c t d u r i n g t h e f o r m a t i v e y e a r s

o f t h e c o u n t y . The l o c a t i o n moved a r o u n d t h e c e n t e r o f c o m m e r c i a l

a c t i v i t y i n e a s t S a l i n e c o u n t y . J e f f e r s o n , J o n e s b o r o u g h a n d

b r i e f l y , A r r o w R o c k , a l l v i e d f o r t h e b e n e f i t s t o b e r e a p e d f r o m

a c o u n t y s e a t t o w n . I n 1 8 3 3 D a n i e l S n o d d y w r o t e t h a t h e was m o v i n g

w i t h i n

s i x m i l e s o f t h e c e n t e r o f t h e C o u n t y , o n t h e s o u t h s i d e w h i c h i s l a i d o f f f o r t h e C o u n t y S e a t . I t i s n o t y e t a p p e r t a i n e d t h a t i t w i l l be a t t h a t p l a c e ; some a r e t r y i n g t o g e t i t o n t h e R i v e r . I e x p e c t i t w i l l be a y e a r o r t w o b e f o r e i t w i l l b e a s c e r t a i n e d w h e r e t h e C o u n t y S e a t w i l l b e f i x e d . ( 1 0 )

A c t u a l l y i t was s i x m o r e y e a r s b e f o r e t h e s i t e o f M a r s h a l l

was o f f i c i a l l y d e s i g n a t e d . J o n e s b o r o u g h a n d A r r o w Rock h a d

f u n c t i o n e d a s s i t e s o f s m a l l i n d u s t r y , b u t A r r o w Rock i n p a r t i c u l a r

was t h e e n t r e p o t f o r t r a d e r s a n d m e r c h a n t s i n v o l v e d i n t h e S a n t e

Fe t r a d e a n d i t was t h e e x p o r t d e p o t f o r c o m m e r c i a l a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s .

The f i r s t r o a d i n t h e c o u n t y f r o m A r r o w Rock t o G r a n d P a s s a n d t o

L e x i n g t o n h a d become f i r r r ~ l y e s t a b l i s h e d a n d b y t h e 1 8 3 0 s i t s e r v e d

a s a ~ o s t r o a d f r o m F r a n k l i n t o F o r t Osage . ( 1 1 ) The p r a i r i e h a d

become i n c r e a s i n g l y a t t r a c t i v e t o f a r m e r s b y t h e m i d 1 8 3 0 s , s o

p e r h a p s i t was o n l y a m a t t e r o f t i m e when t h e o l d e a s t e r n f o c u s

n e a r t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r w o u l d h a v e t o y i e l d t h e l o c a t i o n o f c o u n t y

g o v e r n m e n t t o a c e n t r a l p l a c e on a m a j o r c o u n t y r o a d .

A r r o w Rock c o n t i n u e d t o b e an e n t r e p o t f o r c o m m e r c i a l a g r i -

c u l t u r a l i s t s . I t n e v e r became " t o w n " f o r l a n d e d g e n t r y i n e a s t

S a l i n e C o u n t y , b e c a u s e " s o c i e t y " r e m a i n e d i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e ,

n u r t u r e d b y p l a n t a t i o n c u l t u r e . The named c o u n t r y s e a t s , e a c h

r e s e m b l i n g a s m a l l h a m l e t w i t h c a b i n s , s t a b l e s , b a r n s , c r i b s ,

s m i t h y , b l a c k a n d w h i t e f o l k s d o m i c i l e s , a l l r e p r e s e n t e d a

d y n a m i c s o c i a l s t a g e u p o n w h i c h t h e yeoman g e n t r y b u i l t f o r t h e

f u t u r e .

One a t t e m p t a t l o c a t i n g t h e c o u n t y s e a t n o r t h e a s t o f i t s

p r e s e n t l o c a t i o n a p p a r e n t l y f a i l e d f o r l a c k o f c l e a r l a n d t i t l e

b u t t h e p e t i t i o n i s i n s t r u c t i v e f o r t h e p o t e n t i a l s i t e q u a l i t i e s

d e s i r e d b y t o w n f o u n d e r s .

To t h e h o n o r a b l e C o u n t y C o u r t o f S a l i n e C o u n t y . The u n d e r - s i g n e d C i t i z e n s o f S a l i n e C o u n t y p r a y y o u r h o n o r a b l e b o d y t o a p p o i n t C o m m i s s i o n e r s t o s e l e c t a c o u n t y s e a t on s e c t i o n one i n t o w n s h i p f i f t y r a n g e t w e n t y one i t b e i n g i n a b o u t one m i l e o f g e o g r a p h i c a l c e n t e r o f S a l i n e C o u n t y on t h e n o r t h s i d e o f S a l t F o r k a n d w i t h i n o n e h a l f m i l e o f t h e f o r d a c r o s s S a l t F o r k known b y t h e name o f W a l k e r ' s F o r d a n d b e t w e e n t h e m o u t h s o f Rock a n d Cow c r e e k s .

The a b o v e l o c a t i o n t h e u n d e r s i g n e d b e l i e v e w i l l c o n ~ b i n e a s many a d v a n t a g e s s u c h a s f i n e woods , s t o n e , c o a l , r o c k a n d w a t e r a s a n y o t h e r p l a c e o r p o i n t w i t h i n r e a s o n a b l e d i s t a n c e o f t h e C e n t r e . ( 1 2 )

A p p a r e n t l y n o t 1 o n g a f t e r w a r d s J e r e m i a h Ode1 1 d o n a t e d s i x t y - f i v e

a c r e s w h i c h s e t t l e d t h e i s s u e o f w h e r e t o l o c a t e c o u n t y g o v e r n m e n t .

The s e l e c t i o n o f t h e M a r s h a l l t o w n s i t e was t y p i c a l f o r many

1 9 t h c e n t u r y t o w n s i t e s i n M i s s o u r i . F l a t , r e l a t i v e l y h i g h g r o u n d ,

w i t h d r a i n a g e away f r o m t h e c e n t e r , i n c l u d i n g a n e a r b y s o u r c e f o r

l o c a l t i m b e r , was a much d e s i r e d l o c a l e ( s e e M a r s h a l l s i t e m a p ) .

The M a r s h a l l h a m l e t r e m a i n e d a s m a l l t r a d i n g c e n t e r among l o c a l

g o v e r n m e n t s e r v i c e s u n t i l a f t e r t h e C i v i l War . D r . G l e n n Hardeman,

y o u n g e r b r o t h e r t o L o c k e , came t o A r r o w Rock i n 1 8 4 0 t o commence

h i s p r o f e s s i o n a l c a r e e r a n d i n 1 8 4 8 he moved t o M a r s h a l 1 . H a r d e -

TOWNSHIP 50 NORTH RANGE 21 WEST

August 31, 1858

close to wood, the Salt Fork River, and prair ie .

man d e s c r i b e d t h e c o u n t y s e a t a s " a s t r a g g l i n g v i l l a g e o f b u t f e w

i n h a b i t a n t s w i t h p r a i r i e g r a s s g r o w i n g i n t h e s t r e e t s . " O f h i s

p r a c t i c e h e s a i d , "We p u k e d , a n d p u r g e d , a n d b l i s t e r e d a p a t i e n t

i n t h e o l d o r t h o d o x s t y l e a n d I b e l i e v e w i t h a s much s u c c e s s a s

o u r m o d e r n s u c c e s s o r s w i t h a l l t h e i r k n o w l e d g e o f m i c r o b e s , b a c -

t e r i a a n d o t h e r i n s e c t s . " ( 1 3 )

I n 1 8 5 7 a h u m o r o u s b u t s e r i o u s v i e w o f M a r s h a l l ' s a n t e b e l l u m

s o c i e t y was w r i t t e n f r o m New Y o r k . J o h n McKown, c a r p e n l e r ,

m a c h i n i s t , t o w n p r o m o t e r a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n s u p e r i n t e n d e n t f o r t h e

p o s t - W a r c o u r t h o u s e , c o n s i d e r e d r e - l o c a t i n g h i s m o t h e r , t h e n a

S t . L o u i s r e s i d e n t , t o M a r s h a l l . A l o n g t i m e f a m i l y f r i e n d

c a u t i ~ n e d McKown.

! o u r m o t h e r c a n n o t l i v e i n M a r s h a l l . I t s n o t s u i t e d t o h e r t a s t e , a g e o r r a i s i n g - o n e who h a s a l w a y s b e e n a c c u s t o m e d t o g o o d a n d g e n t e e l s o c i e t y ( n o t m e a n i n g t h a t t h e r e ' s n o s u c h t h i n g i n M a r s h a l l ) w h e r e ( a r e f o u n d ) t h e a b u n d a n c e o f g o o d t h i n g s , s o c i a l , i n t e l l e c t u a l , s o c i e t y a n d c o m f o r t s , p a s t i m e s a n d p l e a s u r e s , t h e c o u n t r y c a n n o t a f f o r d t o o n e o f h e r a g e , W o u l d k i l l h e r o u t r i g h t t o w e a r l i n s e y w o o l s e y , c o a r s e cow h i d e s h o e s , go o u t i n t o t h e b a r n y a r d a n d p a i l t h e cows , c l e a n t h e f a t o f f t h e b u l l o c k h o g a n d t r y i t o u t , make c a n d l e s , s o a p a n d p l a y "Rub a Dub" i n t h e wash t u b - e a t c o r n b r e a d a n d h o g m e a t a n d p u t u p w i t h "common d o i n g s " a f t e r h a v i n g s o l o n g ' w h e a t b r e a d a n d c h i c k e n f i x i o g s . " I s a y s h e c a n n o t do i t - s l e e p i n a l o g c a b i n w i t h t h e c h i n k a l l o u t w h e r e t h e w i n d , snow, h a i l a n d r a i n come r a t t l i n g i n , s h i v e r i n g c o l d t o s l e e p on t h e f l o o r a n d c a r e w i t h t h e d o o r w h i l e t h e p i g s , h e n s a n d c h i c k e n s a n d g e e s e a l l k e p t up t h e i r p s a l m t u n e s t h e l i v e - l o n g n i g h t u n d e r t h o s e p u n c h e o n s - t h e h o w l i n g w o l f i n t h e n i g h t , h e i s m o u r n f u l l y c a l l i n g i n p i t e o u s n o t e s t h e h o u r s o f t h e p l a c e . ( 1 4 )

M r s . McKown s t a y e d i n S t . L o u i s .

W h i l e M a r s h a l l c i t i z e n s w o r k e d o u t t h e i r own d e s t i n y d u r i n g

t h e 1 8 4 0 s a n d 1 8 5 0 s , t h e e a s t e r n h a l f o f t h e c o u n t y c o n t i n u e d t o

p r o s p e r . The f r o n t i e r s m e n p r o f i t e d b y t h e u s u a l i n v e s t m e n t s i n

s t o c k , 1 a n d , 1 umbe r a n d m e r c h a n d i s i n g b u t an u n u s u a l o p p o r t u n i t y

p r e s e n t e d i t s e l f i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , p e r h a p s u n i q u e i n M i s s o u r i .

D r . J o h n S a p p i n g t o n , E n g l i s h d e s c e n d a n t a n d a M a r y l a n d

e m i g r a n t t o N a s h v i l l e , h a s b e e n p r a i s e d a s a l e g e n d a r y e n t r e -

p r e n u e r i n S a l i n e C o u n t y . He a n d f r i e n d , Thomas H. B e n t o n ,

a p p o i n t e d b y t h e T e n n e s s e e l e g i s l a t u r e , s e l e c t e d t h e t o w n s i t e o f

F r a n k l i n , s o u t h o f N a s h v i l l e . A f t e r B e n t o n moved t o S t . L o u i s , he

i n f l u e n c e d t h e S a p p i n g t o n s t o j o i n h i m t h e r e . ( 1 5 ) E d u c a t e d i n

m e d i c i n e b y an a p p r e n t i c e s h i p t o h i s f a t h e r , t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a

M e d i c a l C o l l e g e , a n d r e a d i n g s t a t e o f t h e a r t l i t e r a t u r e , Sap-

p i n g t o n became an i n n o v a t o r i n t h e t r e a t m e n t o f t h e " a g u e o r

f e v e r , " o t h e r w i s e known a s m a l a r i a . He e x p e r i m e n t e d o n h i m s e l f

a n d o t h e r w i l l i n g p a t i e n t s u n t i l h e d e v e l o p e d a s a t i s f a c t o r y d o s a g e

o f q u i n i n e e x t r a c t f o r f e v e r s . ( 1 6 )

F o l l o w i n g a c o u p l e o f y e a r s n e a r G l a s g o w , S a p p i n g t o n a n d

s e v e r a l o f h i s H o w a r d C o u n t y f r i e n d s c r o s s e d o v e r t o S a l i n e

C o u n t y i n 1 8 1 9 , i n v e s t e d i n n i n e t r a c t s o f l a n d , a c c u m u l a t i n g

7,000 a c r e s w i t h h i s i n h e r i t e d w e a l t h . H i s v a s t a g r i c u l t u r a l

e m p i r e s u p p o r t e d many t e n a n t s ; w h i t e s a n d b l a c k s g o t t h e i r s t a r t

i n S a l i n e C o u n t y i n S a p p i n g t o n ' s e m p l o y . H i s e x p o r t s w e r e s h i p p e d

t o M i d w e s t e r n r e g i o n a l m a r k e t s a n d t o New O r l e a n s . As a man o f

means , h e a f f o r d e d t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f o n e o f t h e f i r s t M c C o r m i c k

r e a p e r s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y .

By 1 8 3 5 , S a p p i n g t o n , w i t h t h e h e l p o f s l a v e s a n d f a m i l y ,

b e g a n t o m a r k e t h i s home-made q u i n i n e p i l l s t h r o u g h o u t t h e

M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y m a r k e t s , a n d i n t o t h e S a n t e Fe t r a d e . The

s u c c e s s o f h i s v e n t u r e d e p e n d e d g r e a t l y u p o n t h e a d j u n c t p a r t n e r -

s h i p s f o r m e d w i t h f a m i l y r e l a t i o n s . O f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r t a n c e was

t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f g r e a t a m o u n t s o f c a s h money d u r i n g r e l a t i v e l y

s h o r t p e r i o d s o f t i m e . T h i s c i r c u m s t a n c e g a v e i m p e t u s t o s e v e r a l

f a m i l y r e l a t e d " f o r t u n e s " among t h e S a p p i n g t o n n e t w o r k . I n a d d i t i o n ,

S a p p i n g t o n h i r e d a n u m b e r o f a g e n t s a n d s a l e s m e n f r o m a n a m b i t i o u s

c l i e n t e l e o f n e w l y a r r i v e d , a s p i r i n g S a l i n e C o u n t i a n s , as w e l l a s

f r o m men o f h i s own a c q u a i n t a n c e i n t h e c o u n t y . The r e a d y c a s h

made b y t h e s a l e s m e n , who b u n d l e d q u i n i n e p i l l s i n t o s a d d l e b a g s

a n d s o l d t h e m " o n t h e r o a d " f o r a y e a r o r t w o , p r o v i d e d t h e n e c e s -

s a r y f o u n d a t i o n t o p u r c h a s e h o m e s t e a d s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y .

The " J o h n S a p p i n g t o n a n d S o n s " company c o n s i s t e d o f h i s s o n s

W i l l i a m B r e a t h i t t a n d E rasmus D a r w i n a n d s o n s - i n - l a w , M . M . Marma-

d u k e , G l a i r b o r n e J a c k s o n , W i l l i a m P r i c e a n d A l o n z o P e a r s o n . I n

1 8 4 4 f o l l o w i n g t h e pub1 i c a t i o n o f S a p p i n g t o n ' s c o n t r o v e r s i a l b o o k ,

T h e o r y a n d T r e a t m e n t o f F e v e r s , t h e s i n g l e f a m i l y p a r t n e r s h i p

d i s s o l v e d a n d f o u r new o n e s w e r e c r e a t e d : W i l l i a m a n d E rasmus ,

Marmaduke a n d B e c k n e l l , W i 11 i am P r i c e a n d C l a i r b o r n e J a c k s o n , a n d

E l i z a S a p p i n g t o n ' s , " D o c t o r G e o r g e B r a d f o r d a n d P e a r s o n ' s C h i l d r e n

Company. "

R e t a i l e r s a n d m e r c h a n t s who s o l d t h e p i l l s r e c e i v e d f r o m

1 0 - 3 3 1 / 3 % c o m m i s s i o n . The d o c t o r ' s a g e n t s w e r e h i r e d f o r $ 2 0 - 2 5

p e r m o n t h w i t h a l l e x p e n s e s p a i d b y D r . S a p p i n g t o n . Among h i s

a g e n t s who r o d e t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t r y w e r e W i l l i a m Wood, c o -

f o u n d e r o f Wood a n d H u s t o n Bank , a n d J u d g e G e o r g e Rhodes , c o u n t y

J . P . f o r 14 y e a r s a n d S a l i n e c o u n t y c o u r t j u d g e .

The S a p p i n g t o n p i 11 i n d u s t r y r e p r e s e n t e d a u n i q u e phenomena

i n t h e B o o n s l i c k . A l t h o u g h t h e r e was a m i l l i n g i n d u s t r y on S a l t

F o r k d u r i n g t h e 1 8 2 0 s a n d 1 o c a l a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e S a p p i n g t o n

e n t e r p r i s e h a d t h e m o s t w i d e s p r e a d m a r k e t s a n d i t r e p r e s e n t e d t h e

f i r s t c o u n t y m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n t e r e s t t h a t f u n c t i o n e d i n n a t i o n a l

m a r k e t s .

P r o p e r b u s i n e s s a r r a n g e m e n t s w e r e u p p e r m o s t i n a n t e b e l l u m

S a l i n e C o u n t y m i n d s j u s t as t h e y a r e t o d a y . The s l a v e - o w n i n g

s o c i e t y h a d many c o n t r a c t u a l a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r t h e s e l l i n g a n d

r e n t i n g o f s l a v e s a n d t h e i r l a b o r . I n 1 8 4 6 D a n i e l Snoddy c o n -

t r a c t e d f o r t w o f e m a l e s a n d one m a l e s l a v e f r o m O s b e r t M i l l e r .

The a c c o m p a n y i n g d o c u m e n t f r o m t h e p e r i o d i s o f t e n t h e on1.y

r e c o r d f o r m i n i m u m g e n e a l o g i c a l a n d f a m i l y h i s t o r y among t h e

b l a c k c o m m u n i t y . As was common c u s t o m t h e b l a c k s o f t e n t o o k

t h e s u r n a m e o f w h i t e o w n e r s . O f c o u r s e , t h e b l a c k S n o d d y f a m i l y

i s o n e o f S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s o l d e s t b l a c k f a m i l i e s .

J u s t p r i o r t o t h e o f f i c i a l commencement o f C i v i l War h o s -

t i l i t i e s , n e i g h b o r s James G a i n e s a n d E d w a r d W a l s h c o n t r a c t e d f o r

a v i n e y a r d e n t e r p r i s e . S e v e r a l d e t a i l s h a d t o b e w o r k e d o u t t o

s u i t b o t h p a r t i e s . G a i n e s l e a s e d t o W a l s h , f o r a p e r i o d o f t e n

y e a r s , 6;2 a c r e s ( t w o o f w h i c h w e r e a l r e a d y s e t i n g r a p e v i n e s ) t o

b e c u l t i v a t e d a s a v i n e y a r d . G a i n e s a g r e e d t o f u r n i s h o n e - h a l f

o f t h e l a b o r f o r c u l t i v a t i o n , p a y f o r o n e - t h i r d o f a l l n e c e s s a r y

e x p e n s e s , a n d f u r n i s h t h e t i m b e r " t o make s t i c k s o r f r a m e s f o r

t h e g r a p e v i n e s t o r u n o n . " W a l s h a g r e e d t o manage t h e v i n e y a r d

a n d t o a n n u a l l y s e t o u t o n e a c r e o f new v i n e s . He a g r e e d t o

f u r n i s h o n e - h a l f o f a l l l a b o r a n d p a y t w o - t h i r d s o f t h e e x p e n s e s .

W a l s h a g r e e d t o f a b r i c a t e t h e s t i c k s o r f r a m e s a n d t o c o n s u l t

w i t h G a i n e s o n t h e " b e s t mode o f m a n a g e m e n t . " W a l s h c o m m i t t e d

o n e - h a l f o f t h e a n n u a l p r o f i t t o G a i n e s i n g r a p e s , w i n e o r money

w h i l e a l s o a g r e e i n g t o p a y f o r a n y a b u s e o f t h e v i n e y a r d . G a i n e s

a g r e e d t o f r e e l y f u r n i s h t h e g r a p e s l i p s i n o r d e r t o p l a n t t h e

e x p a n d i n g v i n e y a r d . E x p e n s e s i n c u r r e d i n t h e e r e c t i o n o f a w i n e

p r e s s w o u l d b e b o r n e q u a l l y . ( 1 7 )

W h e t h e r t h e War i n t e r r u p t e d t h i s a r r a n g e m e n t o r n o t we d o

n o t know. H o w e v e r , p r o p r i e t y i n b u s i n e s s , " g o o d s o c i e t y , " g a r d e n s ,

a n d p l e a s a n t s u r r o u n d i n g s r e c e i v e d much a t t e n t i o n f r o m t h e b u i l d e r s

o f r u r a l , a n t e b e l l u m S a l i n e C o u n t y .

Know a l l men by these p r e s e n t s t ha t I Osbert ld i l ler of t he

County Saline S ta te of Riissouri, f o r & i n considerat ion of the

sum of s i x Hundred Dol lars t o m e i n hand pass b y the Daniel

Snoddy of the County & Sta te aforesaid, a t and before the seal-

ing and delivery of the presents. @he rece ip t whereof I do

hereby acbowledge) have bargained, sold, granted & confirmed,

and by these presents do grant & barg& s e l l & confirm t o

the s d d Daniel Snoddy a cer ta in female negro slave named

Darky and a female negro chi ld named Eveline a l so a male negro

boy named Stuar t . To have and t o hold the sa id female negro

s laves ahd t h e i r fu ture increase and the sa id male negro boy

t o the only proper use & behoof of the said Daniel Snoddy, h i s

executors, administrators & assigns forever. And the sa id

Osbert Miller, f o r myself, my executors and administrators, the

sa id female negro slaves, with t h e i r fu ture increase, and the

sa id male negro boy, t o the said D&el Snoddg executors, ad-

minis t ra tors and assigns, against me the sa id Osbert Miller

my executors, administors and assigns and against a l l and every

other person & persons whatsoever, s h a l l & w i l l warrant and

forever defend, by these presents. I the sa id Oabert Miller

do fur ther warrant the sa id negro slaves t o be sound i n both

boddy end mind

I n witness whereof, I have hereunto s e t my hand & sea l t h i s

Eighth day of Apri l i n the year Eighteen Hundred and Forty Six

Sealed & delivered & possession delivered i n presence of

J. H. I r v i n Ozbert ld i l ler @

Snoddy P a p e r s , Joint Manuscripts, UMC

C h a p t e r T h r e e : N o t e s

P a u l N a g e l , M i s s o u r i , N a s h v i 1 l e : A m e r i c a n A s s o c i a t i o n f o r S t a t e a n d L o c a l H i s t o r y , 1 9 7 7 : 59 .

D a n i e l S n o d d y P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , U M C .

H . I . B rown l e t t e r , May 25, 1 8 3 9 , M i s s o u r i H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y f r a g m e n t , g i v e n t o a u t h o r b y James Denny , O f f i c e o f H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n .

Q u o t e d i n F r a n c i s A . Sampson, " G l i m p s e s o f O l d M i s s o u r i By E x p l o r e r s a n d T r a v e l e r s ," M i s s o u r i H i s t o r i c a l R e v i e w , O c t o b e r , 1 9 7 3 : 9 2 .

James G a i n e s P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , U M C .

N i c h o l a s Ha rdeman , " P o r t r a i t o f a W e s t e r n F a r m e r : J o h n L o c k e Hardeman o f M i s s o u r i , 1 8 0 9 - 1 8 5 8 , " M H R , A p r i l , 1 9 7 2 : 3 1 9 - 3 3 4 .

C h a r l e s Van Ravenswaay , " A r r o w Rock , M i s s o u r i , " M i s s o u r i H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y B u l l e t i n 1 5 : 212

M a r s h a l i Town P l a t Book A, L a n d E n t r i e s , S p r i n g , 1 8 3 9 , a n d L o t 1 6 o f H a w p e ' s A d d i t i o n a b s t r a c t , Van Dyke A b s t r a c t Company.

A b i e l L e o n a r d P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , U M C .

D a n i e l Snoddy P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , U M C .

Van Ravenswaay , " A r r o w Rock , M i s s o u r i ," B u l l e t i n 1 5 : 206 .

C o u n t y s e a t p e t i t i o n , c . 1 8 3 8 - 3 9 , Marmaduke P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , UMC.

T . C . R a i n e y , " T r a i l s , " p . 8 9 - 9 0 .

J o s h u a B r a d l e y t o J o h n ,McKown, M a r c h 1 4 , 1 8 5 7 , McKown P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , UMC.

D r s . Thomas H a l l J r . a n d 111, " D r . J o h n S a p p i n g t o n o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i , 1 7 7 6 - 1 8 5 6 , " A r r o w R o c k : F r i e n d s o f A r r o w Rock , 1 9 7 5 : 2 4 .

A l a r g e p a r t o f t h e S a p p i n g t o n d i s c u s s i o n i s b a s e d u p o n an e x c e l l e n t u n p u b l i s h e d p a p e r b y Nancy C o u n t s Sneed, " J o h n S a p p i n g t o n : F r o n t i e r D o c t o r ," D e p a r t m e n t o f H i s t o r y , S o u t h - w e s t M i s s o u r i S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , May 22 , 1 9 6 9 .

I n d e n t u r e l e a s e a n d c o n t r a c t i n James G a i n e s P a p e r s , J o i n t C o l l e c t i o n , U M C .

MERCHANTS AND STOCKMEN

The m e r c h a n t o r t r a d e r i s a l w a y s f o u n d i n t h e i r m i d s t , t a k i n g r o o t among t h e m . . . . f a m i l i a r w i t h e v e r y t r a n s a c t i o n i n h i s n e i g h b o r h o o d . He i s t h e c o u n s e l o r w i t h o u t l i c e n s e . . . a n d t h i t h e r a l l r e s o r t , a t l e a s t o n c e a week b o t h f o r g o o d s a n d f o r i n t e l l i g e n c e .

L u k e S h o r t f i e l d , The W e s t e r n M e r c h a n t J 8 4 9

N i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y m i d w e s t e r n c i v i l i z a t i o n was o b v i o u s l y g e a r e d t o t h e s t r e n g t h a n d l i m i t a t i o n s o f h o r s e - d r a w n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . The h o r s e a c c o u n t e d f o r t h e c a r r i a g e s h e d s a n d b a r n s i n r e s i d e n t i a l s e c t i o n s , f o r l i v e r y a n d f e e d b a r n s , f o r s t o c k y a r d s , h a r n e s s s h o p s , a n d b l a c k s m i t h s h o p s , f o r t h e many s m a l l c a r r i a g e f a c t o r i e s i n c o u n t r y t o w n s , f o r h i t c h r a c k s , t o w n pumps, a n d w a t e r i ng t r o u g h s . C e m e t e r i e s a n d s c h o o l s w e r e l a i d o u t w i t h h o r s e - d r a w n t r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n m i n d . The h o r s e p l a y e d a m a j o r p a r t i n d e t e r m i n i n g t r a d e a r e a s , a n d h i s p o t e n t i a l i t i e s he1 p e d d e t e r m i ne n i n e t e e n t h - c e n t u r y r e c r e a t i o n a l p a t t e r n s .

L o u i s A t h e r t o n , " T h e H o r s e i s K i n g , " 1 9 6 4

I t was n o t a c c i d e n t a l t h a t L o u i s A t h e r t o n c h o s e t h e A r r o w R o c k -

L e x i n g t o n e n v i r o n s a s a m a j o r s o u r c e a r e a f o r an i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f

h i s s e m i n a l w o r k , The F r o n t i e r M e r c h a n t i n M i d - A m e r i c a . The e a r l y

name, New P h i l a d e l p h i a , s y m b o l i z e d A r r o w R o c k ' s m e r c a n t i l e c o n -

n e c t i o n s w i t h t h a t E a s t e r n c i t y . Where e l s e , b u t i n t h e l e g e n d a r y

A r r o w Rock , w o u l d J o h n B. J o n e s , a s p i r i n g man o f l e t t e r s , l o c a t e

a n d e s t a b l i s h a l u c r a t i v e m e r c a n t i l e i n o r d e r t o f i n a n c e h i s

a s p i r a t i o n s a s an a u t h o r ? By 1 8 4 0 A r r o w Rock t r a d e was b o o m i n g

a n d t h e e n o r m o u s p r o f i t s f r o m S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s hemp e x p o r t s w e r e

on t h e h o r i z o n . J o h n Beauchamp J o n e s , s t y l e d L u k e S h o r t f i e l d i n

w e s t e r n l i t e r a t u r e , r e c o r d e d w e s t e r n t r a d i n g s c e n e s as he o b s e r v e d

t h e m a t A r r o w Rock a n d h i s own d i s t i n c t i v e p r e s e n c e a d d e d t o t h e

c u l t i v a t e d e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y s o c i e t y . The men w r o t e a b o u t who

e s t a b l i s h e d t h e c o u n t y ' s " h i g h r e p u t e " h a d b e e n t e r m e d i n 1 8 1 7

b y E . P . Fo rdham, " t r u e f a r m e r s a n d t h e e n t e r p r i s i n g men f r o m

K e n t u c k y a n d t h e A t l a n t i c s t a t e s who f o u n d t o w n s a n d i n s t i t u t e d

t h e means f o r t r a d e , s p e c u l a t e d i n l a n d , a n d l a i d t h e b a s i s f o r ( 3 7 )

t h e f a b r i c o f s o c i e t y . " ( 1 ) T h u s k n o w l e d g e was o n e o f t h e m o s t

i m p o r t a n t r e s o u r c e s o f t h i s p i o n e e r g e n e r a t i o n i n S a l i n e C o u n t y .

A t h e r t o n c o n t i n u e d i n a n a p p r a i s a l o f t h e s t o r e k e e p e r s ,

When a l l t h e s e s e r v i c e s b y t h e m e r c a n t i l e c l a s s a r e summed u p - t h e b u i l d i n g o f t o w n s , w h o l e s a l i n g a n d r e t a i l i n g , b a n k i n g , t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f a m a r k e t f o r f a r m c r o p s , t h e p r o m o t i o n o f a g r i c u l t u r e , a n d t h e s t a r t o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g - t h e y a t t a i n g r e a t s i g n i f i c a n c e . T h e y w e r e t h e s e r v i c e s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e W e s t t o p a s s f r o m a s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t e c o n o m y t o i n t e r - d e p e n d e n t e c o n o m i c s p e c i a l i z a t i o n . W i t h o u t t h e m a n a d v a n c e d e c o n o m i c o r d e r was i m p o s s i b l e ; w i t h t h e m t h e W e s t r a p i d l y e m e r g e d f r o m t h e p i o n e e r s t a g e . ( 2 )

I t was t h e s e c i r c u m s t a n c e s w h i c h A t h e r t o n p o i n t e d o u t t h a t

made t h e " m a i n s t r e a m o f M i s s o u r i ," i . e . t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r V a l l e y ,

p a s s r e l a t i v e l y q u i c k l y f r o m a s u b s i s t e n c e l i f e s t y l e i n t o a n a r e a

w h i c h t h r i v e d i n t h e C o m m e r c i a l R e v o l u t i o n . A r r o w R o c k a n d t h e

B o o n ' s L i c k e n v i r o n s p r o f i t e d f r o m a s t r o n g r e g i o n a l e c o n o m y

d e p e n d e n t u p o n i t s h i n t e r l a n d s a n d c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h n a t i o n a l

T h e m e r c h a n t ' s p a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e c o s ~ ~ i o p o l i t a n w o r l d

e s t a b l i s h e d h i m a s a b e a r e r o f c u l t u r e , s t y l e , i n n o v a t i o n a n d

t r u s t . T h e a n t e b e l l u m m e r c h a n t who s o l d E a s t e r n g o o d s o n W e s t e r n

m a r k e t s b e c a m e a t r a v e l l e d man a n d b y n e c e s s i t y e d u c a t e d i n man-

n e r s , d r e s s , d i p l o m a c y a n d l e t t e r s . B y t h e t i m e K e n t u c k y a n d

T e n n e s s e e m e r c h a n t s r e a c h e d t h e B o o n ' s L i c k t h e y w e r e a l r e a d y

a c q u a i n t e d w i t h w h o l e s a l e r s i n t h e E a s t a n d m a r k e t s i n New O r l e a n s .

A t h e r t o n d e s c r i b e d t h e r o l e o f E.D. S a p p i n g t o n a t J o n e s b o r o

a n d how h e r e p r e s e n t e d t h e m e r c h a n t - c a p i t a l i s t o n t h e f r o n t i e r .

As P h i l a d e l p h i a a s s u m e d g r e a t i m p o r t a n c e a s a w h o l e s a l i n g b a s e f o r

f r o n t i e r m e r c h a n t s , S a p p i n g t o n a n d o t h e r s made a n n u a l a n d s e a s o n a l

b u y i n g t r i p s t h e r e t o p u r c h a s e t h e i r s t o c k s o f g o o d s . T h e v a r i e t y

o f m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t s was e x t e n s i v e . S a p p i n g t o n , a s a p r o s -

p e r o u s m e r c h a n t , b o u g h t s u p p l i e s a n d f i l l e d o r d e r s f o r o t h e r

m e r c h a n t s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y . B y s t r e t c h i n g h i s own b u y i n g p o w e r ,

S a p p i n g t o n d e a l t w i t h m o r e E a s t e r n m e r c h a n t s a n d d i v e r s i f i e d h i s

own p u r c h a s e s t o a n e x t e n t t h a t w o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n p o s s i b l e h a d

h e b o u g h t f o r h i s s t o r e a l o n e . The l a r g e r m e r c h a n t s , l i k e

S a p p i n g t o n , w e r e a l s o a p p r i s e d o f e x c h a n g e r a t e s o n E a s t e r n

c i t i e s b y New O r l e a n s t r a d e r s . K n o w l e d g e o f p r i c e l i s t s a n d

p r o f i t a b l e e x c h a n g e s w e r e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s t h a t k e p t t h e l a r g e r

m e r c h a n t s i n c o n t r o l o f a d v a n t a g e o u s d e a l s t h a t e s c a p e d t h e

s m a l l e r m e r c h a n t . ( 3 )

T h e p r e v e l a n c e o f W h i g p o l i t i c a l p e r s u a s i o n s among S a l i n e

C o u n t i a n s may b e a c c o u n t e d f o r i n p a r t b y t h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n s w i t h

a d y n a m i c m e r c a n t i l e c l a s s . A t h e r t o n ' s s t u d y o f s e v e r a l d o z e n

m e r c h a n t s , w h o s e p o l i t i c s c o u l d b e d e t e r m i n e d , s h o w e d 7 0 % t o b e

W h i g . I n S a l i n e C o u n t y t h e r e w e r e n u m e r o u s o l d l i n e W h i g s , who

l i k e o t h e r s , j o i n e d t h e D e m o c r a c y i n t h e 1 8 5 0 s . ( 4 ) T h e s e W h i g s

o f t e n h a d r o o t s among t h e V i r g i n i a a n d E a s t e r n s t a t e s ' p r o p e r t i e d

c l a s s e s a n d m e r c h a n t - c a p i t a l i s t s o c i e t y . T h e y w e r e i n c r e a s i n g l y

a p p a l l e d a t t h e J a c k s o n i a n s ' r o l e i n t h e A m e r i c a n d e c i s i o n - m a k i n g

p r o c e s s . I n many w a y s t h e W h i g - J a c k s o n i a n d e b a t e s r e p r e s e n t e d

s e c t i o n a l E a s t e r n t h o u g h t c o m p a r e d t o W e s t e r n p h i 1 o s o p h y . G e o r g e

B i n g h a m , among o t h e r s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , c h a m p i o n e d W h i g p h i l o s o p h y .

A n o t d b l e e x c e p t i o n t o W h i g i s m among t h e p l a n t e r c l a s s w a s D r . J o h n

S a p p i n g t o n , who b y f a m i l y c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h t h e B e n t o n - J a c k s o n

a1 1 i a n c e , m a i n t a i n e d a 1 i f e - l o n g s u p p o r t o f J a c k s o n i a n D e m o c r a c y .

D u r i n g t h e 1 8 4 0 s W h i g s h e l d t h e " a d v a n t a g e o f t h e m a j o r i t y

o f t h e v o t e r s o f t h e c o u n t y . C o m p i l a t i o n s o f W h i g m a j o r i t i e s

i n S a l i n e C o u n t y f o l l o w :

H a r r i s o n a n d T y l e r 3 7 5 Van B u r e n a n d j o h n s o n

C l a y a n d F r e l i n g h u y s e n 5 9 1 P o l k a n d D a l l a s 4 4 6

S c o t t a n d G r a h a m 5 1 4 P i e r c e a n d K i n g

U n f o r t u n a t e l y f o r S a l i n e C o u n t y W h i g s , t h e i r l o c a l v i c t o r i e s m e t

w i t h s t a t e d e f e a t s . D u r i n g t h e 1 8 5 0 s t h e n a t i o n a l p a r t y f e l l t o

p i e c e s , b u t a g e d W h i g v e t e r a n s l o n g p r o c l a i m e d t h e i r a d h e r e n c e t o

" o l d l i n e W h i g i s m " y e a r s f o l l o w i n g t h e C i v i l War . ( 5 )

The S a n t a Fe t r a d e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e r s e v e r a l e c o n o m i c t r e n d s

i n B o o n e ' s L i c k . S o u t h e r n c o t t o n , m a n u f a c t u r e d i n t o t e x t i l e

p r o d u c t s b y N o r t h e r n c a p i t a l i s t s , b e c a m e a p r i n c i p a l e x p o r t

f r o m t h e E a s t e r n w h o l e s a l e r s t o t h e S a n t a Fe t r a d e . T h e r e t u r n

o f f u r s , s t o c k a n d s p e c i e e n l i v e n e d n o t o n l y a r e g i o n a l b u t s t a t e -

w i d e M i s s o u r i t r a d e t h a t h a d c o n s e q u e n c e s e x t e n d i n g E a s t a n d

S o u t h . The m u l e t r a d e a l o n e f o u n d e d a n e v e r l a s t i n g s y m b o l f o r t h e

s t a t e . F u r s c o n t i n u e d t o s t i m u l a t e t h e S t . L o u i s m a r k e t s , a n d t h e

s p e c i e was w e l c o m e d h a r d m o n e y i n a s t a t e w i t h o u t a b a n k f r o m

1 8 2 2 - 1 8 3 7 . ( 6 )

W h i l e S e n a t o r B e n t o n l o b b i e d C o n g r e s s f o r t h e n e e d o f f e d e r a l

p r o t e c t i o n a l o n g t h e S a n t a Fe t r a i l , t h e t r a d i n g c a r a v a n s , g u a r d i n g

i n v e s t o r s ' p r o p e r t y , l a r g e l y e v o l v e d i n t o p a r a - m i 1 i t a r y e x p e -

d i t i o n s . The t r a d e t h r o u g h t h e 1 8 2 0 s was c y c l i c a l a n d r i s k y ,

b u t t h e f o u n d i n g o f A r r o w R o c k i n 1 8 2 9 came as t h e t r a d i n g h u b i n

t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k s h i f t e d f r o m f l o o d e d F r a n k l i n t o A r r o w R o c k .

T h e m e r c h a n t - c a p i t a l i s t s h a d g a i n e d r e q u i s i t e e x p e r i e n c e f o r

s a f e r t r i p s w e s t . W i l l i a m B e c k n a l l , f a m e d a s t h e t r a d e ' s f o u n d e r ,

b e c a m e a t w o - t e r m l e g i s l a t o r f r o m S a l i n e C o u n t y a n d a p a r t n e r i n

o n e o f t h e " S a p p i n g t o n p i l l c o m p a n i e s . " ( 7 ) W h e r e a s F r a n k l i n

h a d b e e n t h e e c o n o m i c a n d c u l t u r a l c e n t e r o f t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k ,

C o u ~ n ORGANIZATION OF PVE~IG P A ~ T Y ' PIIESIDENTIAL E1,ECTIONS

DATE OF COUNTY IN WIIICII COUNTY YIELDED COLJNTY ORGANIZATION WIIIG PItAJORITIES

Audrairi 1836 1844-1852 llates 184 1 1848 Ijoone 1820 1836-1852 Callaway 1820 lS40-1852 Cape Girardeau 1812 Cliari ton 1820 Clark I836 l 840-1852 (71,ly 1822 1 S 1-1-1 852 Clin to11 1833 1548 Cole 18.30 Crawford 1828

'Sliadccl areas are predon~i~ini~tly 13:11ig counties.

Franklin Gasconade Grundy Henry Howard Jackson Jasper Jefferson Laf ayette Lincoln Marion Monroe Montgomery New Madrid Pemiscot Perry Pike Ralls

r; Randolph Ray Saint Charles Sainte Genevieve Saint Frnncois Saint Louis Saline Schu yler Scott. Shelby Warren Washington Waync

DATE OF c o m n ORGANIZATION

1818 1820 1841 1834 1816 1826 1841 1818 1820 1818 1826 1831 18 18 1812 185 1 1820 18 18 1820 1829 1820 1812 1812 182 1 1812 1820 1845 1821 1835 1833 1813 1818

PRESIDENTTAL ELECTIONS

IN WHICH COUNTY YIELDED

WHIG MAJORITIES

Sal ine County's Whig majo r i t i e s came i n 1840 through 1852.

Mering, The Whig Par ty i n Missouri , 1967 : appendix.

i t s d i s p e r s i o n f o l l o w i n g t h e 1 8 2 5 f l o o d c a u s e d i t s s o c i e t y t o

l o c a t e t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e g i o n . Many e v e n t u a l l y w o u n d u p i n A r r o w

Rock w h e r e t h a t t o w n " b e s t c h a r a c t e r i z e d t h e s t r o n g u p p e r S o u t h

t r a d i t i o n u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p o f t h e g e n t r y c l a s s . " ( 8 )

D i v e r s i f i e d p l a n t a t i o n a g r i c u l t u r e i n e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y ,

e x p o r t e d i t s p r o d u c t s a t A r r o w R o c k u n t i l t h e C i v i l W a r . R e c e i p t s

f r o m t h e M a r m a d u k e p a p e r s t y p i f i e d m a j o r t r a d i n g i t e m s o f t h e

a n t e b e l l u m e r a . I n 1 8 5 6 M . M . M a r m a d u k e i m p o r t e d f r o m t h e S t . L o u i s

A g r i c u l t u r a l W a r e h o u s e a n d S e e d s t o r e , a t h r e s h e r a n d s e p a r a t o r ,

a n d a r a k e w h i l e e x p o r t i n g c a s k s o f b a c o n a n d s a c k s o f w h e a t

t h k o u g h m e r c h a n t , W i l l Wood.

A1 t h o u g h b r i s k m e r c h a n d i s i n g c o n t i n u e d a t A r r o w R o c k ,

m a n u f a c t u r i n g d i d n o t . B o o n e ' s L i c k i n d u s t r y d e v e l o p e d i n H o w a r d

a n d C o o p e r c o u n t i e s , i n c l u d i n g m o s t o f t h e s l a u g h t e r h o u s e s r e q u i r e d

f o r t h e e a s t w a r d m o v i n g s w i n e p r o d u c t s . T h e l a c k o f m a n u f a c t u r i n g

i n t e r e s t s i n t h e p l a n t e r - r a n c h e r s o c i e t y o f e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y

p r o h i b i t e d t h e g r o w t h o f a w a g e - e a r n i n g p o p u l a t i o n . One e x c e p t i o n

was B i n g h a m ' s m i l l . The B i n g h a m f a m i l y w e r e s k i l l e d i n c a r p e n t r y

a n d c o n s t r u c t e d s e v e r a l b u i l d i n g s i n t h e r e g i o n . B y 1 8 6 0 t h e

" B i n g h a m m i l l was e q u i p p e d t o make s c r o l l w o r k , s a s h a n d m o l d i n g ,

a n d t o p l a n e , m o r t i s e a n d t e n o n w o o d . " ( 9 ) S e v e r a l o f t h e a r e a ' s

s u c c e s s f u l p l a n t e r s a l s o h a d some b a c k g r o u n d i n t h e b u i l d i n g t r a d e s .

F r o m t h e e a r l i e s t a c c o u n t s a b o u t S a l i n e C o u n t y came t e s t i m o n i e s

o f i t s l u x u r i a n t g r a s s l a n d s t h a t s u p p o r t e d a l a r g e s t o c k i n d u s t r y .

T h e M i s s o u r i G a z e t t e i n 1 8 1 8 a d v e r t i s e d " t o E m i g r a n t s w i s h i n g t o

s e t t l e a t B o o n ' s L i c k , "

G e n t l e m e n , b e a s s u r e d t h a t y o u c a n p u r c h a s e c o r n f e d p o r k a n d b e e f , much c h e a p e r a t B o o n ' s L i c k t h a n i n a n y o t h e r

-. p a r t o f t h i s t e r r i t o r y , a n d m o r e t h a n e n o u g h t o f u r n i s h d o u b l e t h e n u m b e r t h a t w i l l s e t t l e i n t h a t p a r t o f t h e c o u n t r y t h i s s e a s o n . ( 1 0 )

Bacon and wheat agricultual exports from M.M.Marmaduke to Will Wood at Arrow Rock.

Marmaduke Papers, Joint Manuscripts, UMC

--- - - - _ _ _ - _ - - - - - A -- - - - - - - - - - - - r* rou:s no,rrLour.ruwis wnRPtseusr hND SEEP. S T Q R ~ , i NO. 14 x u N , BETWEEN u g E T AND c a E s N u T sTs.

--- SIGN O F THE a I L T P L O W -

'I \ l',; 1 t i1 i .,> ( I

WIIOLESALL h RETAIL - D U L S P I 1.-

SEEDS.

St. Louis was ' the city' for antebellum Saline Countians who wibhed to purchase manufactured goods. Marmaduke Papers, Joint Manuscripts, UMC

k:, :f&?;$$ y[J$y ;&$$+$;~~ J$!j*;~$p,\~:; p@$$p*qff8y: ;<t$j,A , & J d s r g ~ r . < 4 ~ ~ L ~ ; y ~ i : ~ ;

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i l l , - - - - - -.,-. - --A R? -- Pabated May 9, 1846, 8s

2-3 '--- - - - - - I . 4

- -- --- -- -_ - ___________ _ _ _ _ _. _ _ _ I _ . . * * ,d,J "'q:"

Finsr~.----l o ~llrc: n swal m of' i ? c c ~ : !'lace a piece o f .. +

GJY~' ' t i 1 1 or %i l l ( . o \ - c ~ ~ I I I C lloles i n tllr top of tilt. ~rriddle box to . X . : ..

a'? 4 I 4 . *

plBevc. l~i tilt. bc:e.; I'lonl #u i~ l% illto ti]($ to;, ot~c., tlmw out , r . t- LJ 4 ' . --

1 - ' #-.

the zinc. i ~ o t t o l ~ i , ant1 hi\-r: as i l l old fashinl;cff I~iva1s. '-. . -9 . ,

I * hxc.,bx ~, . - - - l i l : i l ) t l the l i i r c on stonc. I)ricl; or zinc, ut l . i r .,; . 4, * 'i.!,'

; t l ~ c g r u l ~ n ~ l , u- f , i t . l t wi l l carcntc! rnoistl!!.v srlfli(~icnt to 1 1 1 . f - - j: + *, 8 -/, L

. v e ~ : t t l i t r 1 . 1 t - !,totil f'rorn l~a tc*h i i~g . r t . ' >r\= t ' \@? !

' - 2 "0 1 111:: I).-- .? 11~11. [ l i t . J ISCS have co~ rv 10 1% 0 1 4 , plscr i r l r-.. -

\'" zinc biifil~nl ~ i ~ l - o u g l l the clcets :o ;la t o l i ,~ ra i l l ] i t l c .1 i j1r .d : ..4' ;y:,L 1 l\

, , [ ) l u f i ~ I;,!' : l i t h Iji1W LO F;O i i i 021. ,

i , ' 0

#; 1 I - - I t v i t I i O K : I - = cor.llnrJ::c4 ( l ill tlic i ~ o t tchl O I I ~ . , ~ I r a w o.lt t l l : . top bos, rcri:.O . I

t !10 ~ r l : t I. I,c,~e.3 hy thc s ! I I ! t i T b o x i : ~

G.: i l ' ~ \ r ~ f . ; . : , ~ \~I : \ (*c tit ti!!: I ! ~ t t ~ f ~ i , 1 - C I : K ~ . ~ ~ I I . . - i f ' tllc him: sllortltl 1.c l ik t ) l \ - 1:r.l Iilil l r : * t r , : 7 ;.

,s'-'? the bevs nrt. r!0:10 Iji~cr..tli~~;; uul)g+ ~ ~ ~ ~ : , l n ~ s 1;):. the P:~:I~(IIL . L~ tdie n i;)i> IJ~:; il om : i ~ i o t he], hive of' i i!ci !-,ir!lt c!irnrnsion~. $A*; ~$3 and j 113c~ t l i e ? 0 , 3 box a irh ti^!) y o t ~ r ~ g ~ V , . I I * I I ~ in i t il:to rl.

y-Q-v rLr , ( .+ r.:iraot s j ~ i t r f L of flu! ~rr\v ! i \ :.: t i : t h 1 1 !~!nc.ct thc eulpty bo, -,h.

a b Iron1 tho new itivc illto the l b o f torn :-],:itst: of' tho ot t1c.t , ,: . ; -Y . )

\ I tvhich will cu;:bic tile old sw'trnl to cotlti~l.;e ;kt work. 1hl- pcbat this :is often as yo~ulg ss nrrns ; :irl be spared u~rii! .: about ihc 1 s t of August, after rvhirll t i l r i c I~oses of honuj ?! '

call be taltcll ;wny frb;nl thc top nrltl erlli7tic~d a11tl p!lt i l l t

the loacr : ipacbc S~xrl~.-.-Re careful to ic;lvc ~ , i r i ~ t y of' ilotlry in the hive

3 # th~tougl~ tl~c 1sillte14, as what r emnil~s'riln 1111 bc taken away i n the sl bri trq itr-imediately after the bees i~;~vt: eornmencc tl i fork, ncrtl the flcnej? can be kept 1)cttr:r in the hive t11:~11

4 '* , iil~ywhei c else. i> 1

* t SEVESTH.--TII the fall shtlt up the Ilivc: Ily tile zinc

'- 3.5 I platc: at t l ~ : bottom to potcct the bees from mice, &c., , ,..

whco put in ~ c l l a r s . ~ I$i%@&beet ot zinc c n b B t s o ~ ~ m u v -

* .?F& zv used when uecesnary to remove thc hive or. to p r e v a the I

- 3 2 - J , , rieighboring swarms from robbing it. When removing .. ,**

boxes of hr:ntag or placing swarms i n otiier hives, the sheet <& 3 & of zinc placed between the drawer to bc ~~enioved anti the one below, the zinc being tlrawn out with the drawcr

$ 3 kce),y tile Ixes in it, and wider et~tire colltrol. ,M BIK(iIIAlI ik $1 CCtI llTOS9 +

1YIanufacturers, Arrow Rock, Mo, ,* * \r

Josephine Lawrence Pppers, Marshall

By t h e m i d - 1 8 3 0 s A l p h o n s o W e t m o r e , S a n t a Fe t r a d e r a n d a u t h o r ,

d e s c r i b e d t h e P e t i t e O s a g e P l a i n s a s c o v e r e d w i t h " n a t i v e s t r a w -

b e r r y a n d l a r g e h e r d s o f c a t t l e , h o r s e s a n d m u l e s t h e r e a n d o t h e r

S a l i n e p r a i r i e s . " ( 1 1 ) D u r i n g t h e 1 8 4 0 s a n a g r i c u l t u r a l boom

o v e r t o o k t h e c o u n t y . C o r n , w h e a t , o a t s , h a y , c a t t l e a n d s h e e p

p r o d u c t i o n d o u b l e d w h i l e s w i n e i n c r e a s e d t w e l v e t i m e s ! C o n c u r r e n t l y

t h e hemp i n d u s t r y , c r e a t e d a v e r i t a b l e " hemp c u l t u r e " f r o m 1 8 4 0 -

1 8 6 0 . R e g i o n a l w a r e h o u s e s w e r e e s t a b l i s h e d a t A r r o w R o c k , G l a s -

gow, R o c h e p o r t a n d L e x i n g t o n a n d r o p e w a l k s p r o s p e r e d a t R o c h e p o r t ,

M i a m i a n d G l a s g o w . ( 1 2 ) Hemp t h r i v e d a n d r e m a i n e d s t r o n g u n t i l

t h e C i v i 1 W a r .

I n 1 8 4 9 t h e C a l i f o r n i a t r a d e e s p e c i a l l y i n f l a t e d M i s s o u r i

p r i c e s f o r c a t t l e , h o r s e s , m u l e s , o x e n a n d m i l k c o w s . T h e s e

c o m m o d i t i e s w e r e d r i v e n W e s t f o r s i g n i f i c a n t p r o f i t s . S a l i n e

C o u n t y h o g s w e r e k i l l e d , c u t i n h a l v e s , s a l t e d d o w n a n d t a k e n b y

w a g o n s t o C a l i f o r n i a . T h e 1 8 5 0 s was g e n e r a l l y a boom d e c a d e

t h r o u g h o u t M i s s o u r i a n d - t h e W e s t . By 1 8 6 0 o n l y t w o o t h e r s t a t e s

e x c e e d e d M i s s o u r i ' s c o r n p r o d u c t i o n ( I 1 1 i n o i s a n d O h i o ) w h i c h

was l a r g e l y f e d t o l i v e s t o c k . S a l i n e was o n e o f f i v e l e a d i n g

c o u n t i e s i n M i s s o u r i a s t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k m a i n t a i n e d a r e g i o n a l

l e a d i n c o r n p r o d u c t i o n ( L a f a y e t t e , B o o n e , C o o p e r a n d P l a t t e

w e r e t h e o t h e r f o u r ) . I n t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f s w i n e M i s s o u r i l e d

a l l e x c e p t I l l i n o i s a n d I n d i a n a w i t h B o o n e C o u n t y f i r s t a n d S a l i n e

C o u n t y s e c o n d i n t h e s t a t e . T h e C i v i l War d e c i m a t e d s t o c k a n d

f i e 1 d s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e , b u t i n c r e d i b l y , t h e 1 8 7 0 v a l u e o f

f a r m p r o d u c t s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y e x c e e d e d t h e 1 8 6 0 f i g u r e ! T h i s

i n c r e a s e came w i t h o u t a n y r a i 1 r o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n e x c e p t i n t h e

e x t r e m e s o u t h w e s t c o r n e r o f t h e c o u n t y . ( 1 3 )

D a v i d M a r c h p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e " K e n t u c k y i n f l u e n c e i n

a r o u s i n g i n t e r e s t i n t h e i m p r o v e n i e n t o f c a t t l e a n d h o r s e s " i n

M i s s o u r i was c o n s i d e r a b l e . ( 1 4 ) I n S a l i n e C o u n t y t h i s f a c t c a n b e

a m p l y d e m o n s t r a t e d . D u r i n g t h e 1 8 4 0 s t h e c o u n t y a c h i e v e d t h e

r e p l a c e m e n t o f " s c r u b c a t t l e " w i t h " g r a d e d c a t t l e " . I n 1 8 4 3

K e n t u c k y i m p o r t s o f Durham c a t t l e r e a c h e d t h e c o u n t y , f o l l o w e d

l a t e r b y o t h e r S h o r t h o r n s . F r o m S t . L o u i s C o l . 0 ' F a l l o n , M i s s o u r i ' s

l a r g e s t o w n e r o f Du rhams , s e n t a b u l l a n d t w o cows t o h i s S a l i n e

C o u n t y f r i e n d , G e n e r a l Thomas A. S m i t h , p r o p r i e t o r o f t h e " E x p e r i -

m e n t . " N e a r t h e same t i m e C o l . Thompson G a i n e s o f K e n t u c k y ,

b r o u g h t Durhams t o t h e f a r m o f h i s b r o t h e r - i n - l a w , G e n e r a l W i l l i a m

M i 1 l e r . And G e n e r a l James S h e l b y o f F a y e t t e C o u n t y , K e n t u c k y ,

i m p o r t e d a Durham b u l l f r o m E n g l a n d a n d s e n t i t t o h i s s o n

R i c h a r d P . S h e l b y . T h e s e w e r e i m p o r t a n t b e g i n n i n g s i n S a l i n e ' s

c a t t l e i n d u s t r y a n d i t w o u l d seem t h a t b y t h i s t i m e G e n e r a l T .A .

S m i t h h a d m o r e t h a n p r o v e d h i s p o i n t a t t h e " E x p e r i m e n t " t h a t

m i l i t a r y men c o u l d f l o u r i s h as a p l a n t e r - r a n c h e r . ( 1 5 )

I n t h e m i d s t o f t h e p l a n t e r - r a n c h e r ' s don la i n s t o o d f e n c i n g

t h a t h a d a r e g i o n a l c h a r a c t e r . I n 1 8 3 7 Wetmore o b s e r v e d " s e v e r a l

modes o f d i t c h i n g a n d h e d g i n g . I t was t h e c u s t o m t o p r e s e r v e

a n d c h e r i s h w i t h c a r e t h e c l u m p s o f b r u s h a n d e v e n t h e p a t c h e s

o f h a z e l . " R a i l f e n c e s a n d b o a r d f e n c e s w e r e a d d e d t o t h e

" n a t u r a l f e n c i n g ," b u t on t h e p r a i r i e s O s a g e - o r a n g e f e n c i n g

became a m o d e l f e n c e . B a r b e d w i r e b e g a n t o b e u s e d i n t h e 1 8 8 0 s

a n d b y t h e t u r n o f t h e c e n t u r y O s a g e - o r a n g e h e d g e s w e r e b e i n g

r e p l a c e d w i t h w i r e . ( 1 6 )

S a l i ne C o u n t y s t o c k r a i s e r s t o o k a d v a n t a g e o f a r e g i o n a l

m a r k e t , b u t t h e y a l s o f e d i n t o s t a t e a n d n a t i o n a l m a r k e t i n g .

P a u l G a t e s w r o t e ,

The c a t t l e r a n c h e r s a n d d r o v e r s who f l o u r i s h e d i n I n d i a n a

a n d I l l i n o i s i n t h e f o r t i e s , f i f t i e s , a n d s i x t i e s a n d i n I o w a a n d M i s s o u r i a l i t t l e l a t e r d o m i n a t e d g r e a t a r e a s o f t h e p r a i r i e s f o r a t i m e . T h e y b u i l t u p o n t h e m i n v e s t m e n t s b y s h r e w d l y b u y i n g t h e s u r p l u s s t o c k o f n e i g h b o r s , f a t t e n i n g t h e m o n t h e p r a i r i e b l u e s t e m w i t h t h e a d d i t i o n o f a l i t t l e g r a i n , a n d t h e n d r i v i n g t h e m t o C h i c a g o , I n d i a n a p o l i s , o r t h e E a s t , w h e r e v e r t h e y c o u l d g e t f a v o r a b l e p r i c e s . L a t e r t h e y b r o u g h t i n c a t t l e f r o m M i s s o u r i a n d T e x a s . ( 1 7 )

T h i s s c e n a r i o d e v e l o p e d i n M i s s o u r i l o n g b e f o r e t h e t i m e G a t e s

d e s c r i b e d . By 1 8 1 9 O z a r k s c a t t l e a n d h o r s e s w e r e e x p o r t e d t o

t h e Red R i v e r c o u n t r y a n d t o K e n t u c k y . C a t t l e d r i v e s f r o m K e n-

t u c k y t r a v e r s e d t h e B o o n ' s L i c k t r a i l f o r s a l e i n t h e B o o n ' s

L i c k s e t t l e m e n t s . ( 1 8 ) T h r o u g h o u t t h e a n t e b e l l u m e r a a n d b e y o n d

s c r u b c a t t l e w e r e p i c k e d u p i n S o u t h w e s t M i s s o u r i a n d d r i v e n n o r t h

t o l u c p a t i v e m a r k e t s i n S t . L o u i s . B y 1 8 3 0 some o f t h i s t r a d e

f r o m S o u t h w e s t M i s s o u r i h e a d e d f o r t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k .

S i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h d e v e l o p m e n t s i n I r i d i a n a a n d I l l i n o i s came t h e u s e o f o p e n - r a n g e c a t t l e r a i s i n g i n p a r t s o f M i s s o u r i . F r o m a p r e - 1 8 2 0 b a s e i n t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r V a l l e y b e t w e e n B o o n v i 1 l e a n d L e x i n g t o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e B o o n s l i c k c o u n t r y a n d t h e P e t e a t s a u ( P e t i t s a u l t ) P l a i n s ( S a l i n e C o u n t y ) , c a t t l e m e n f r o m t h e O h i o V a l l e y m o v e d s o u t h t o e s t a b l i s h a c a t t l e i n d u s t r y i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t o f t h e O z a r k P l a t e a u a n d a d j a c e n t p r a i r i e p l a i n s w e s t w a r d t o t h e K a n s a s b o r d e r . The S p r i n g f i e l d P l a i n , a s e a r l y a s 1 8 3 2 , was m a j o r c a t t l e - h e r d i n g a r e a . B o o n v i l l e r e t a i n e d i t s o r i g i n a l i m p o r t a n c e a n d became a c e n t e r f o r s l a u g h t e r - h o u s e s s e r v i n g t h e w e s t e r n O z a r k c o u n t i e s . ( 1 9 )

T h r o u g h o u t M i s s o u r i c a t t l e g r a z e d o n t h e p r a i r i e s a n d w i n t e ' r e d

o n t h e r i v e r a n d c r e e k b o t t o m s , f e e d i n g o n n a t i v e c a n e t h a t made

v a l l e y s 1 i k e t h e Osage s o a t t r a c t i v e t o s t o c k m e n .

D u r i n g t h e 1 8 3 0 s

h e r d s o f h a l f - w i l d T e x a s m u s t a n g s w e r e b e i n g d r i v e n n o r t h f o r s a l e o n t h e M i s s o u r i m a r k e t . . . . I n e a s t e r n T e x a s t h e r e was a s u p e r a b u n d a n c e o f L o n g h o r n c a t t l e . New O r l e a n s was t h e o n l y m a r k e t , s m a l l a n d e a s i l y g l u t t e d . T h o u g h t h e way was l o n g , t h e p r o s p e c t o f d r i v i n g t h e i r s u r p l u s c a t t l e u p t h r o u g h t h e n a t i o n s t o M i s s o u r i a n d f i n d i n g a b e t t e r m a r k e t a p p e a l e d t o t h e T e x a n s . As y e t , t h e r e was n o r a i l r o a d w e s t o f t h e M i s s i s s i p p i a n d w o u l d n ' t b e f o r a n o t h e r f i f t e e n y e a r s , b u t S t . L o u i s h a d r a i l c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e E a s t a n d was s h i p p i n g l i v e s t o c k . ( 2 0 )

Jordan, Trails to Tqxas, 1981: 40.

RIVER VALLEYS

H l S W I C COLONIAL HERDING * MAJOR AMERINDIAN HERDING

0 FRENCH OUTPOST HERDING

OTHER MAJOR HERDING AREAS BEFOClE I850

CATTLE C O R R I D O R

Partially adapted from Drage , Great American Cattle Trails. 1965

S e v e r a l new s l a u g h t e r h o u s e s o p e n e d i n S t . L o u i s d u r i n g t h e 1 8 4 0 s

t o a c c o m o d a t e t h i s g r o w i n g t r a d e f r o m t h e s o u t h w e s t .

A s t i m u l u s t o t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k a n d S p r i n g f i e l d P l a i n c a t t l e

t r a d e h a d b e e n t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t o f t h e " p e r m a n e n t I n d i a n f r o n t i e r "

w i t h i t s a s s o c i a t e d m i 1 i t a r y f o r t s a n d n u m e r o u s r e s e r v a t i o n s .

P u r c h a s i n g a g e n t s a t t h e f o r t s c o n t r a c t e d w i t h s t o c k m e n f o r h e r d s

t o s a t i s f y t r e a t y a r r a n g e m e n t s a n d m i 1 i t a r y c o n s u m p t i o n . F t . G i b s o n

became a m a r k e t f o r S o u t h w e s t M i s s o u r i a s s e n i o r o f f i c e r N a t h a n

B o o n e , a r e p u t a b l e n e i g h b o r among t h e p l a n t e r - r a n c h e r s o f t h e

G r a n d a n d K i c k a p o o p r a i r i e s i n G r e e n e C o u n t y , a p p a r e n t l y p r o v i d e d

a m e e t i n g g r o u n d f o r c a t t l e m e n a n d p u r c h a s i n g a g e n t s . S i m i 1 a r l y

B o o n e ' s ii c k s t o c k m e n c o m p e t e d a t F t . L e a v e n w o r t h .

A r e v i e w o f T e r r y J o r d o n ' s a n t e b e l l u ~ i i c a t t l e - h e r d i n g li iap i s

i n s t r u c t i v e f o r t h e o b v i o u s n e t w o r k t h a t t i e d E a s t T e x a s , S o u t h -

w e s t M i s s o u r i a n d t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k t o e a s t e r n m a r k e t s . U n t i l c .

1 8 5 0 S a l i n e C o u n t y s t o c k r a i s e r s d r o v e h e r d s e a s t t o a n y n u m b e r o f

r e g i o n a l m a r k e t s . P r e s u m a b l y t h e f u r t h e r e a s t t h a t t h e d r o v e r s

t r a v e l l e d , t h e h i g h e r t h e r e t u r n f o r t h e h e r d . The V a n m e t e r

f a m i l y i n S a l i n e C o u n t y f o l l o w e d t h e s e m a r k e t s . A b e l V a n m e t e r ,

n a t i v e o f H a r d y C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a , i n v e s t e d i n l a n d n e a r M i a m i

d u r i n g t h e 1 8 3 0 s a n d " b e c a m e t h e m o s t e x t e n s i v e c a t t l e d e a l e r

i n n o r t h w e s t e r n M i s s o u r i . " ( a n e x a g g e r a t i o n , b u t p e r h a p s t r u e

f o r S a l i n e C o u n t y ) . He f e d c a t t l e f o r m a r k e t , w h i c h h e f o u n d b y

d r i v i n g h i s c a t t l e t o S t . L o u i s a n d o t h e r c i t i e s , t h e r e b e i n g

n o M i s s o u r i r a i l r o a d s . A t o n e t - i n ie h e d r o v e 1 6 0 0 l i e a d s o f c a t t l e

a n d a l a r g e n u m b e r o f s h e e p t o P h i l a d e l p h i a , P e n n s y l v a n i a , a

r e m a r k a b l e f e a t . ( 2 1 )

I n d e e d , t h i s c a t t l e d r i v e was a n e x t r a o r d i n a r y f e a t i n

d i s t a n c e a n d n u m b e r s . A c c o r d i n g t o J o r d a n , c a t t l e d r i v e s o f t h e

p e r i o d n o r m a l l y a v e r a g e d a c o u p l e o f h u n d r e d n i i l e s a n d h b o u t

4 0 0 h e a d . B u t V a n m e t e r was a p a r t i c i p a n t i n a l o n g t r a d i t i o n

o f c a t t l e d r i v e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e u p l a n d s o u t h . He o b v i o u s l y

was w e l l a c q u a i n t e d w i t h t h e n e t w o r k s , f a ~ i i i l i a r t o h i s f a m i l y

i n V i r g i n i a , t h a t a t t r a c t e d h i m a n d o t h e r s t o t h e P h i l a d e l p h i a

m a r k e t . . Soon a f t e r t h e C i v i l War h i s b r o t h e r , D.P. V a n m e t e r ,

made a n a s t u t e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t s o u t h e r n c o m m e r c i a1 c a t t l e m e n

c a p i t a l i z e d upon t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y

a n d w e l l i n t o t h e 2 0 t h . He w r o t e , "I w a n t t o know i f T e x a s c a t t l e

( a n d G z a r k c a t t l e ) w i l l s u i t a s w e l l a s o x e n a s t h e c a t t l e we

b u y a t . home. . . . T h e y c a n b e b o u g h t v e r y c h e a p i n t h e s o u t h , i f

t h e y w i l l s u i t , f o r I t h i n k t h e r e i s money i n t h e m , m o r e t h a n

i n a n y o t h e r c a t t l e . " ( 2 2 )

C l i f f o r d C a r p e n t e r l i s t e d s e v e r a l e x a m p l e s o f t h e a n t e b e l l u m

s o u t h w e s t e r n c a t t l e t r a d e t h a t i n v o l v e d w e s t e r n a n d c e n t r a l M i s -

s o u r i . B e t w e e n 1 8 4 9 a n d 1 8 6 0 K a n s a s C i t y a n d I n d e p e n d e n c e a s

w e l l a s S t . L o u i s h a d d e v e l o p e d a s c e n t e r s f o r t h e c a t t l e d r i v e n

f r o m T e x a s . By 1 8 5 8 o n e n e w s p a p e r e s t i m a t e d t h a t t w o - t h i r d s o f

t h e s t o c k t h a t r e a c h e d K a n s a s C i t y f r o m T e x a s . I n 1 8 5 3 , I l l i n o i s i a n ,

Tom Candy P o i n t i n g , u t i l i z e d t h e o l d t r a d e r o u t e s a n d t h e O z a r k s

" g r e a t i n t e r i o r h i g h w a y " 1 - 4 4 c o r r i d o r when h e w e n t t o T e x a s ,

b o u g h t a n 8 0 0 h e a d h e r d , came b a c k t h r o u g h S p r i n g f i e l d t o U n i o n ,

M i s s o u r i , a n d f a t t e n e d t h e h e r d on I l l i n o i s c o r n a n d s o l d t h e m

t o New Y o r k C i t y m a r k e t s . S o u t h e r n c a t t l e c o n t i n u e d n o r t h i n t o

M i s s o u r i , c r o s s i n g t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r a t K a n s a s C i t y , I n d e p e n -

d e n c e , L e x i n g t o n , R o c h e p o r t a n d e s p e c i a l l y B o o n v i l l e o n t h e i r

way t o t h e n o r t h e a s t . ( 2 3 ) A l t h o u g h t h e C i v i l War i n t e r r u p t e d

t h e g r o w i n g s o u t h w e s t e r n c a t t l e t r a d e i n t o c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i , t h e

w a r y e a r s a l l o w e d t e n s o f t h o u s a n d s o f h e a d t o b u i t d u p i n

r e l a t i v e l y p e a c e f u l T e x a s . F o l l o w i n g t h e War t h e t r a d e r e s u m e d

on a much l a r g e r s c a l e , b u t e n t r e p o t s f o r T e x a s c a t t l e s o o n

d e v e l o p e d w e s t o f c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i . Howeve r t h e B o o n s l i c k ' s

g r e a t c o r n p r o d u c t i o n a n d d e v e l o p i n g f e e d e r i n d u s t r y c o n t i n u e d

t o a t t r a c t t h e i m p o r t a t i o n o f c a t t l e f r o m t h e h i n t e r l a n d s a n d

t h e e x p o r t a t i o n o f f a t t e n e d c a t t l e f e d i n t o n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s .

By t h e e n d o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y S a l i n e c o u n t y h a d e x p e r i e n c e d

many c e c a d e s o f e x p a n d i n g c o m m e r c i a l a g r i c u l t u r e . The 1 9 0 5 S o i 1

S u r v e y r e p o r t e d t h a t t h e " h i g h e s t - p r i c e d a g r i c u l t u r a l 1 a n d i n

M i s s o u r i i s on t h e P e t e s a u P l a i n s . " L e s s t h a n o n e - t e n t h o f S a l i n e ' s

f e e d e r c a t t l e w e r e b e i n g r a i s e d i n t h e c o u n t y w i t h i n S l p o r t s c o n l i n g

f r o m r a n c h e s i n t h e G r e a t P l a i n s a n d t h e O z a r k s . O f t h e s i x a n d

o n e - h a l f m i l l i o n b u s h e l s o f S a l i n e c o u n t y c o r n p r o d u c e d i n 1 8 9 9

a l l b u t 5 % was f e d l o c a l l y t o some 30 ,000 c a t t l e . O n l y t w o o t h e r

M i s s o u r i c o u n t i e s e x c e e d e d S a l i n e ' s 1 i v e s t o c k v a l u a t i o n . The c o r n -

g r o w i n g , s t o c k - f e e d i n g c o u n t y a1 t e r n a t e d i t s c o r n a n d w h e a t g r o u n d .

By t h e m i d - t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y c a t t l e f i g u r e s d o u b l e d a g a i n . ( 2 4 )

M i s s o u r i a n d S a l i n e C o u n t y c a t t l e m e n m a i n t a i n e d h i g h qua1 i t y

b r e e d s i n c e n t r a l a n d n o r t h w e s t e r n M i s s o u r i t h r o u g h o u t t h e l a t e

1 9 t h c e n t u r y . I n 1 8 8 0 M i s s o u r i r a n k e d 2 n d b e h i n d Texas i n number

o f c a t t l e a n d b y 1 8 8 4 r a n k e d 3 r d b e h i n d Texas a n d I o w a i n v a l u a t i o n

o f t h e c a t t l e t r a d e . ( 2 5 ) I n S a l i n e C o u n t y t h e b r o t h e r s L e o n a r d ,

W i l l i a m H . a n d A b i e l , s o n s o f f amed s t o c k m a n , N a t h a n i e l L e o n a r d ,

o f C o o p e r C o u n t y , b u i l t a m o d e l s h o r t h o r n r a n c h , named W a v e l a n d ,

o n 1 8 0 0 a c r e s o f i n h e r i t e d l a n d . I n t h e 1 8 7 0 s t h e L e o n a r d ~ ,

s c h o o l e d a t D a r t m o u t h , r e t u r n e d t o M i s s o u r i t o b e g i n t h e i r c a t t l e

r a n c h a n d d e v e l o p e d a h e r d " o f i n e s t i m a b l e a d v a n t a g e t o S a l i n e

C o u n t y , as t h e i r s t o c k i s o f t h e p u r e s t b l o o d i n t h e U n i t e d

S t a t e s . " ( 2 6 )

41, : l e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e c o u n t y ' s r a i l r o a d e r a , c . 18 [?0 ,

, - a t i [ ~ f f i n 100 a n d 2 0 0 a c r e f i e l d s s e c u r e l y f e n c e d w i t h F- i f :een m i l e s o f h e d g e a n d b a r b e d w i r e a n d f u r t h e r i n l p r o v e d w i t b l a m p l e a n d c o n v e n i e n t h o u s e s , s t a b l e s , y a r d s , c o r r a l s ,

f i f t y a c r e s o f t h r i f t y y o u n g o r c h a r d a n d f o r a'l 1 t h e ; is(- ! - o f h u s b a n d r y , i s o n e o f t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e f a r m s w e s t o f - M i s s i s s i p p i . U p w a r d s o f 1 5 0 0 a c r e s o f t h i s p r i v c e l y (lsc, , t , t . d r e f i n e l y s t o c k e d w i t h b l u e g r a s s , c l o v e r a n d ? i n l . ~ t n y . . . . T h e y u s u a ' l l y g r a z e a n d f e e d f r o m 200 t o 3 0 0 . - :jr i + i c c 2 s t e e r s a n d f r o m 5 0 0 t o 8 0 0 B e r k s h i r e s . . . b i i t t h e (:? r . f a t t r a c t i o n o f t h e e s t a t e i s t h e " W a v e l a n d H e r d " a f ; ~ r ; i . o ~ ~ g h b r e d s h o r t - h o r n s , e m b r a c i n g 1 0 0 a n i m a l s . . . a1 i ;ror:i t h e f a m o u s " R a v e n s w o o d " h e r d a t Be1 1 a i r , M o . , . . . d q d ~ o p u l a r l y k n o w n a s t h e " P r i z e R i n g H e r d " . . . . T h e b i ~ v r i l a n d h e r d i s l e d b y T h i r d R o y a l o f R a v e n s w o o d . . . He , l a c , g o t t e n 1 2 5 c a l v e s . . . . The b r o t h e r s L e o n a r d come o f ~i h i n i l y w h o s e a c h i e v e m e n t s i n b r e e d i n g d r e m a t t e r s o f n 3 t ; s n a i f a m e . . . . ( 2 7 )

! i e c o n t i n u i t y o f b l o o d e d s t r a i n s , m a i n t a i n e d b y r e g i o n a l

s t ~ ~ k ; i i . ? : ~ . j l r o v e d c r u c i a l i n p e r p e t u a t i n g q u a 1 i t y h e r d s . S t o c k m e n

1 -I k e t S i e . . c ? o n a r d s o f t e n d i v e r s i f i e d t h e i r b u s i n e s s a n d m a i n t a i n e d

t c j w l ~ ~ - ~ d i : o u n t r y p r o p e r t i e s . A b i e l L e o n a r d a 1 s o p r a c t i c e 1 a ! ~ a n d

d e a l t r e a l e s t a t e o n t h e M a r s h a l l s q u a r e a n d l i v e d i n a f i n e

Queer1 ,'ii:r:cL h o u s e e a s t o f t h e s q u a r e . ( 2 8 )

I n S a ! i n e C o u n t y b r e e d e r s l i k e t h e L e o n a r d s a n d o t h e r s

a 1 l o w e d K i s s o u r i s t o c k t n c ~ i t o f a r e we1 1 i n s t o c k f a i r s t h r o u g t ~ o u t

t h e c o i ~ r i t - r y a n d i n i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o m p e t i t i o n . B y 1 9 0 4 o n e - f i f t h

o f a l l tix: r e g i s t e r e d H e r e f o r d s i n A m e r i c a w e r e o w n e d i n M i s s o u r i .

T h e l e q a c y o f t h e K e n t u c k y b r e e d e r s o f h o r s e f l e s h who came t o

c e n t r d M i s s o u r i r e s u l t e d i n t w o o f t h e f o u r n a t i o n a l p u r c h a s i n g

s t a t i o r ~ s f o r g o v e r n m e n t h o r s e s t o b e l o c a t e d i n M i s s o u r i . When

t h e 0 r t i b h a r m y s e n t a g e n t s t o A m e r i c a t o b u y m u l e s f o r t h e B o e r

W a r , I.? t l v e s t a b l i s h e d t h e i r d i s t i - i b u t i n g c e n t e r n o r t h o f K a n r . a s

C i t y a t . L a t h r o p . ( 2 9 )

The s e n e r a 1 c o n t e x t f o r M i s s o u r i I s h i s t o r i c m u l e i n d u s t r y

h a s beer) d ~ l r - i t t e n b y G . K . R e n n e r . C o m m e r c i a l - f r o m t h e v e l - y . ; t . a r t ,

At the turn of the century Missouri, Saline County held a prominent position of leadership in the value of domestic animals.

Williams, State of Missouri, 1904: 97.

m u l e b r e e d i n g h a d i t s o r i g i n s i n t h e S a n t a Fe t r a d e a n d among t h e

e v e r i m p o r t a n t K e n t u c k y a n d T e n n e s s e e s t o c k m e n . S a l i n e C o u n t y ,

a l w a y s a n i n t e g r a l c o m p o n e n t o f c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i e c o n o m i c s , was

n e a r t h e c e n t e r o f j a c k s t o c k b r e e d i n g i n n e i g h b o r i n g B o o n e a n d

C o o p e r c o u n t i e s . N a t h a n i e l L e o n a r d , i m p o r t a n t i n S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s

s h o r t h o r n h e r d s , a1 s o s p e a r h e a d e d t h e r e g i o n ' s mu1 e t r a d e . T h e

a c c o m p a n y i n g map i n d i c a t e s how t h e i n d u s t r y d e v e l o p e d a 1 o n g t h e

M i s s o u r i R i v e r c o r r i d o r o f c o u n t i e s . A c o m p i l a t i o n o f M u l e -

R a i s i n g C o u n t i e s i n 1 9 0 0 d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t S a l i n e C o u n t y e m e r g e d

a s s o m e t h i n g o f a c e n t e r o f t r a d e d u r i n g t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y . ( 2 3 )

The t r a d i t i o n s o f s t o c k n i e n , w h e t h e r t h a t o f s c r u b o r b ' l o o d e d

c a t t l e , i s l o n g a n d w i d e s p r e a d i n M i s s o u r i . S a l i n e C o u n t y i s a

p r i m e e x a m p l e a n d p r e s e n t s a m o d e l c a s e s t u d y f o r p r i d e , i n d u s t r y

a n d e x c e l l e n t e i n many f a c e t s o f t h e s t o c k t r a d e w h e t h e r c a t t l e ,

s w i n e , h o r s e s , m u l e s o r s h e e p . The s t o c k t r a d e h a s b e e n a m a j o r

f o u n d a t i o n o f c u l t u r e , f a m i l y a n d r e g i o n a l e c o n o m i e s , a n d a p r o -

m o t e r o f M i s s o u r i f a r m d e v e l o p m e n t f o r o v e r 1 6 0 y e a r s .

Ten I~rgest Mule-Raising Counties in Misaouri in 190039 -- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - -

Total Number Mules Under Cou ntv of Mules- 'I'wo Year\

All Agvs crf Ape --_--- - _ - - --- - -- - - - .

Saiinr 6 713 1 761 Callawd) 6,314 2,149 93oor1u 5 46'5 2.r KJ2 Canoll .-) . 22 7 : ,924 Lalz\ctte 5,189 1 ,-)81 < tw)per 4,950 1 377 !Lloriroc 4.91'5 2,490 Chari ton 4,838 2:227 Audrain 4,749 1,741 Johrlgon

- -- - - - -. - 4.648 I ,.IN

- - _-- _-

Missouri Counties with 2,500 or More Mule3 in the Vcar 1900

In 1900 Saline County led Missouri in the total number of mules as the county was located in the heart of Missouri's mule industry.

Renner , MHR 74 : 448-449

C h a p t e r F o u r : N o t e s

L e w i s A t h e r t o n , The F r o n t i e r M e r c h a n t i n M i d - A m e r i c a , Co1 u rnb ia : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i P r e s s , 1 9 7 1 : 1 5 .

I b i d . , p . 2 5 .

A t h e r t o n , -- F r o n t i e r M e r c h a n t , - a d p a s s i m .

I b i d . , p . 3 3 .

H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e CounQ, S t . L o u i s : M i s s o u r i H i s t o r i c a l -- -- Company, 1 8 8 1 : 2 3 5 , 237 , a n d 2 5 7 .

F . F . S t e p h e n s , " M i s s o u r i a n d t h e S a n t a Fe T r a d e , " MHR, J u l y , 1 9 1 6 : 2 3 3 - 2 6 2 a n d O c t o b e r , 1 9 1 6 : 2 8 9 - 3 1 2 .

I b i d . , s e e a l s o , L e w i s A t h e r t o n , " T h e S a n t e Fe T r a d e r a s M e r c a n t i l e C a p i t a l i s t , " MHR, O c t o b e r , 1 9 8 2 : 1 - 1 2 , f o r a g e n e r a l c o n t e x t o f S a n t a Fe e n t r e p r e n u e r s .

S t u a r t Voss , "Town G r o w t h i n C e n t r a l M i s s o u r i , 1 8 1 5 - 1 8 8 0 , " M H R 6 4 : 2 1 6 . --

M a r s h a l 1 D e m o c r a t , F e b r u a r y 1 5 , 1 8 6 0 , q u o t e d i n Van Ravenswaay , " A r r o w Rock , " -- B u l l e t i n 1 5 : 2 1 9 .

H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n u , 1 9 6 7 : 3 8 8 . --

A1 p h o n s o We tmore , G a z e t t e e r o f t h e S t a t e o f M i s s o u r i , S t . L o u i s : C . K e e m l e , P u b l i s h e r , 1 8 3 7 : 2 1 7 .

M a r c h , H i s t o r y o f M i s s o u r i , p . 6 3 5 .

F . E a r l C a r r a n d H . L . B e l d e n , S o i l S u r v e y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C . : U.S. G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , 1 9 0 5 : 7 , W i l l i a m B. N a p t o n , P a s t a n d P r e s e n t o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i , I n d i a n a p o l i s a n d C h i c a g o : B. F. Bowen a n d Co., 1 9 1 0 : 1 3 0 a n d M a r c h , H i s t o r y o f M i s s o u r i , New Y o r k a n d Wes t P a l m B e a c h : L e w i s ~ i s t o r i c a l Co. , 1 9 6 7 : 6 2 8 a n d 6 3 1 .

M a r c h , M i s s o u r i , p . 6 4 1 .

N a p t o n , S a l i n e C o u n t y , p . 1 3 1 .

We tmore , G a z e t t e e r o f M i s s o u r i , -- p . 2 1 5 , Handbook o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i , C h i c a g o : C.S. B u r c h P u b l i s h i n g C o . , 1 8 8 9 : 7 , a n d S o i 1 S u r v e y , 1 9 0 5 : 2 6 .

P a u l G a t e s , L a n d l o r d s a d d T e n a n t s o n t h e P r a i r i e F r o n t i e r , I t h i c a , N.Y. , a n d L o n d o n : C o r n e l l U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 3 : 3 1 5 .

J o n a s V i l e s , " O l d F r a n k l i n : A F r o n t i e r Town o f t h e T w e n t i e s , " M i s s i s s i p p i V a l l e y H i s t o r i c a l R e v i e w , 9 : 2 7 5 .

T e r r y J o r d a n , T r a i l s t o T e x a s , L i n c o l n a n d L o n d o n : U n i v e r s i t y o f N e b r a s k a P r e s s , 1 9 8 1 : 5 5 .

H a r r y D r a g o , G r e a t A m e r i c a n C a t t l e T r a i l s , Ney Y0i.k: Dodd, Mead a n d Company, 1 9 6 5 : 2 8 . N o r t h o f t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r t h e c a t t l e t r a d e was a l s o b r i s k . I n 1 8 3 4 n e w s p a p e r s r e p o r t e d t h o u s a n d s o f c a t t l e , m u l e s , a n d h o r s e s h a d b e e n f e r r i e d a c r o s s t h e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r a t C l a r k s v i l l e h e a d e d f o r e a s t e r n a n d s o u t h e r n m a r k e t s . See C l i f f o r d C a r p e n t e r , " T h e E a r l y C a t t l e I n d u s t r y i n M i s s o u r i , "MHR47: 2 0 1 - 2 0 2 .

J e a n T y r e e H a m i l t o n , " A b e l J . V a n m e t e r , H i s P a r k a n d H i s D i a r y , " p a m p h l e t r e p r i n t f r o m M i s s o u r i H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y B u l l e t i n , O c t o b e r , 1 9 7 1 .

I b i d . , p . 3 7 .

C a r p e n t e r , " C a t t l e I n d u s t r y i n M i s s o u r i ," MHR 4 7 : 2 0 3 - 2 0 4 .

S o i l S u r v e y , 1 9 0 5 : 2 4 - 2 7 .

C a r p e n t e r , " C a t t l e I n d u s t r y . " p . 2 1 4 - 2 1 5 .

" W i l l i a m H. a n d A. L e o n a r d , i n " H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t . , 1 8 8 1 : 6 6 6 .

O t h e r p r o m i n e n t s t o c k b r e e d e r s o f t h e 1 8 8 0 s i n c l u d e d Beemer , G l o v e r , G r a v e s , H a g g i n , R i c h a r t , H a w k i n s , S p a r k s , Thompson, L a i 1 , B r o w n , C o r d e l 1 , S t e w a r t a n d W o o d b r i d g e . See Handbook o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 8 9 : 1 1 .

W a l t e r W i l l i a n i s , The S t a t e o f M i s s o u r i , C o l u m b i a : E . W . S t e p h e n s P r e s s , 1 9 0 4 : 1 0 7 , a n d 1 1 9 - 1 2 0 .

A TRANSIT ION FROM WAR TO PEACE I N SALINE COUNTY

K e e p i n g o o d c h e e r f o r a s y o u s a y t h e d a r k e s t h o u r i s j u s t b e f o r e t h e d a y a n d I t h i n k i t i s d a r k e n o u g h now t o b e n e a r d a y .

B . F . L a z e a r , O c t o b e r 1 7 , 1 8 6 4

The C i v i l War i n S a l i n e C o u n t y a s e l s e w h e r e i n t e r r u p t e d

t h e u s u a l e c o n o m i c e n d e a v o r s , m o d i f i e d 1 i f e s t y l e s a n d f o r e v e r

c h a n g e d t h e h i s t o r y o f t h e N a t i o n . The c o u n t y s u f f e r e d b u s h -

w a c k e r a n d g u e r i 1 l a a c t i v i t i e s , b u r n i n g s a n d m u r d e r , a n d d e c i -

m a t i o n o f b u i l d i n g s , f i e l d s a n d s t o c k . I n S a l i n e , t h e e a s t e r n

p a r t o f t h e c o u n t y p e r h a p s s u f f e r e d t h e m o s t d u e t o i t s s t r o n g

s o u t h e r n s y m p a t h y a n d s u p p o r t o f n e i g h b o r , C.F. J a c k s o n i n t h e

1 8 6 0 e l e c t i o n . A r r o w R o c k , G l a s g o w , F a y e t t e a n d R o c h e p o r t t e n d e d

t o s e e m o r e d e s t r u c t i o n t h a n B o o n s l i c k t o w n s e a s t a n d s o u t h o f

t h e m . The 1 a r g e s l a v e h o l d i n g l a n d o w n e r s o f e a s t e r n S a l i ne

C o u n t y , H o w a r d C o u n t y , a n d w e s t e r n B o o n e C o u n t y r e a p e d e n o r m o u s

l o s s e s d u r i n g t h e " b r o t h e r l y c o n f l i c t . " ( 1 ) A1 t h o u g h A r r o w

R o c k ' s p o p u l a t i o n a t t h e W a r ' s b e g i n n i n g was 1 , 0 0 0 i t q u i c k l y

d w i n d l e d t o l e s s t h a n o n e - t h i r d i t s s i z e w i t h 1 5 y e a r s f o l l o w i n g

t h e War .

The o n e \ p i t c h e d e n c o u n t e r o f N o r t h a n d S o u t h i n t h e c o u n t y

t h a t h a s l e d t o some s i g n i f i c a n c e a s a C i v i l War e v e n t was t h e

M a r s h a l l b a t t l e . James G o o d r i c h e x p l a i n e d ,

On S e p t e m b e r 2 2 , 1 8 6 3 , C o n f e d e r a t e C o l o n e l J o S h e l b y a n d h i s 2 , 5 0 0 t r o o p s l e f t A r k a n s a s a n d b e g a n a r a i d t h a t t o o k t h e m t o N e o s h o , S a r c o x i e , H u m a n s v i l l e , Warsaw, C o l e Camp a n d T i p t o n . S h e l b y ' s f o r c e s a r r i v e d a t B o o n e v i l l e o n O c t o b e r 1 1 . W i t h U n i o n f o r c e s a t t e m p t i n g t o s u r r o u n d h i m S h e l b y r e m o v e d t o M a r s h a l l , w h e r e h i s t r o o p s f o u g h t f o r f i v e h o u r s b e f o r e m a n a g i n g t o e s c a p e t h e U n i o n d r a g n e t . ( 2 )

Some l o c a l u n r e s t c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e l a s t S o u t h e r n f e v e r -

p i t c h o f War e r u p t e d i n M i s s o u r i w i t h t h e f a 1 1 , 1 8 6 4 r a i d s o f

G e n e r a l S t e r l i n g P r i c e . A U n i o n r e p o r t f r o m " H e a d q u a r t e r s i n

( 5 0 )

c- ), ' '

' c a l e -One Copy l o Commanding ofiicer of - 14 eginrtfit. .a' -- -- -- - - - - -- . - - - - . - -. . - - - - - L

- - -- - -- - - c- -, T- .

Some men avoided military service by paying a fee.

Saline County Records, Joint Manuscripts, UMC

t h e F i e l d , " S e p t e m b e r 1 3 , 1 8 6 4 , s h e d some l i g h t o n t h e l o c a l

S a l i n e C o u n t y s i t u a t i o n .

T h e r e h a s b e e n a r e i g n o f t e r r o r e x i s t i n g i n L a f a y e t t e a n d S a l i n e C o u n t i e s b u t ( a t ) t h i s t i m e h a p p i l y i t e x i s t s among B u s h w a c k e r s , t h e i r f r i e n d s , a n d s y m p a t h i z e r s a n d i t was c a u s e d s i m p l y b y t h e y b e i n g made t o u n d e r s t a n d t h a t t h e y w e r e h e l d r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n d u c t o f t h e G u e r i l l a s t o w a r d U n i o n men a n d t h a t i f U n i o n men c o u l d n o t s t a y i n t h i s c o u n t r y t h a t R e b e l s c o u l d n o t . . . . t h e r e was a h o u s e p l u n d e r e d i n M a r s h a l l w h i c h was o c c u p i e d b y o n e M r s . S h e n d o n , a n o t o r i o u s r e b e l , a n d known r e b e l h e a d q u a r t e r s f o r t h a t t o w n . Soon a f t e r t h e a r r i v a l o f a p a r t o f my command u n d e r M a j o r M u l l i n s a t M a r s h a l l , w h i l e t h e command was camped some d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e t o w n , s t r a g g l i n g s o l d i e r s w e r e t o l d b y some women a n d n e g r o e s t h a t t h e r e was a l a r g e R e b e l f l a g i n t h a t h o u s e a n d t h a t i t was w a v e d f r o m t h a t h o u s e d u r i n g t h e t i m e t h a t t h e G u e r i l l a s w e r e e n g a g e d i n b u r n i n g r o b b S n g a n d m u r d e r i n g i n M a r s h a l l ! T h e y w e n t i n t o t h e h o u s e t o s e a r c h f o r t h e f l a g - t h i s f r i g h t e n e d t h e women s o t h e y l e f t a n d d i d n o t r e t u r n f o r s e v e r a l d a y s a n d i n t h e m e a n t i m e t h e n e g r o e s p l u n d e r e d a n d c a r r i e d o f f m o s t o f h e r c l o t h i n g a n d o t h e r t h i n g s . . . . As t o t h e m e a g e r r e s u l t s r e p o r t e d o f t h e s t o p p i n g o f t h e m u r d e r i n g , b u r n i n g a n d p l u n d e r i n g o f U n i o n men i n S a l i n e C o u n t y i n t h e s h o r t s p a c e o f t e n d a y s ; ( t h e y ) a r e m e a g e r r e s u l t s . I am w i l l i n g t o r e s t u n d e r t h a t c e n s u r e p a r t i c u - l a r l y when I know t h a t I h a v e t h e h e a r t f e l t t h a n k s o f G e n u i n e U n i o n men o f S a l i n e C o u n t y . . . T h e r e a r e some men l i v i n g i n t h e c o u n t r y r e c o g n i z e d as U n i o n b y some; b u t t h e y a r e a l l o n sdine k i n d o f t e r m s o r c o m p r o n l i s e w i t h g u e r i l l a s o r t h e i r f r i e n d s t o g e t t o s t a y a t home a n d do n o t r e l y upon t h e f e d e r a l a u t h o r i t y f o r p r o t e c t i o n . ( 3 )

T h i s r e p o r t i s s u r e w i t n e s s t o t h e i n n u m e r a b l e l o c a l f r o n t s o f

C i v i l War . N e i g h b o r s , f r i e n d s , s l a v e s , a n d o t h e r s a l l h a d t o

make t h e b e s t d e a l p o s s i b l e on t h e l o c a l l e v e l t o i n s u r e t h e i r

own s u r v i v a l . L a t e i n 1 8 6 4 C o l . B . F . L a z e a r w r o t e t h a t h i s

company " h a d t o l i v e o f f t h e c o u n t r y a n d t h a t i s a p o o r l i v i n g

f o r a l a r g e b o d y o f t r o o p s . . . . ,I1 b u t w i t h some o p t i m i s m he w r o t e

h i s w i f e ,

k e e p i n g o o d c h e e r f o r a s y o u s a y t h e d a r k e s t h o u r i s j u s t b e f o r e day a n d I t h i n k i t i s d a r k e n o u g h now t o b e n e a r d a y . ( 4 )

F o r t u n a t e l y f o r L a z e a r a n d t h e c o u n t r y , h e was r i g h t .

Many M i s s o u r i c o u n t i e s b e f o r e a n d a f t e r t h e War h a d e x p e r i e n c e s

w i t h v i g i l a n t e g r o u p s o f d i v e r s e d e s c r i p t i o n s . S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s

H o n e s t ' M e n l s L e a g u e , s o m e t i m e s l e d b y d e p u t y s h e r i f f F.M. Sap-

p i n g t o n , o r g a n i z e d f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f l o c a l p r o p e r t y r i g h t s

a n d t h e c u r t a i l m e n t o f c r i m i n a l a c t i v i t i e s . D a v i d V a n m e t e r w r o t e

t h a t d e f e a t e d C o n f e d e r a t e s " . . . c a m e b a c k w i t h o u t a n y money o r

c l o t h e s a n d t h e y a r e r i d i n g a b o u t d o i n g n o t h i n g . " A f e w m o n t h s

l a t e r i n November , 1 8 6 5 , V a n m e t e r commented t o h i s b r o t h e r A b e l

a b o u t t h e r a t h e r q u i c k r e t u r n t o n o r m a l i t y i n S a l i n e C o u n t y ,

T i m e s a r e v e r y g o o d h e r e now. A t p r e s e n t some l i t t l e s t e a l i n g , a h o r s e m i s s i n g o n c e i n a w h i l e . The C i v i l l a w i s i n f o r c e a g a i n a n d I t h i n k e v e r y t h i n g P i - l l w o r k o u t p r e t t y w e l l a g a i n . I r e n t e d y o u r b r i c k h o u s e t o a Bush Whacke r f o r one y e a r a n d 80 a c r e s o f l a n d f o r $ 2 . 5 0 an a c r e . ( 5 )

R e s u m p t i o n o f l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d l o c a l t r a d e was c r u c i a l i n

p o s t - W a r e c o n o m i c s . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e g u e r r i l l a a c t i v i t y i n S a l i n e

C o u n t y a n d i t s S o u t h e r n o r i e n t a t i o n , b o t h g ' ove rnn ien t a n d t r a d e

seem t o h a v e r e t u r n e d a t a r a p i d r a t e . C o u n t y r e c o r d s r e m a i n e d

i n t a c t as c i t i z e n s h a d h i d d e n t h e m f r o m t h e m a r a u d i n g U n i o n a n d

C o r i f e d e r a t e t r o o p s t h a t h a d o c c u p i e d t h e c o u r t h o u s e . I n 1 8 6 5

c o u n t y g o v e r n m e n t m o b i l i z e d t o r e s u m e t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f d e l i n q u e n t

t a x e s f 6 r t h e W a r - t o r n y e a r s ( s e e c i r c u l a r ) . M a r s h a l 1 p r o m o t e r ,

J o h n McKown, w a s t e d n o t i m e i n t r y i n g t o a d v e r t i s e t h e v i r t u e s o f

S a l i n e C o u n t y t o p r o s p e c t i v e i m m i g r a n t s . By S e p t e m b e r , 1 8 6 5 ,

McKown h a d o r c h e s t r a t e d t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f a b r a n c h o f f i c e o f

an e m i g r a n t a i d r e a l e s t a t e company i n M a r s h a l l ( s e e a t t a c h e d ) .

By w i n t e r t h e p l a n s h a d been l a i d f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a new

$30 ,000 c o u r t h o u s e i n M a r k h a l l . J o h n McKown was c h o s e n a s t h e

b u i l d i r ~ g s u p e r i n t e n d e n t . ( 6 )

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C h a p t e r F i v e : N o t e s

1 . V o s s , " Town G r o w t h , " M H R 6 4 : 3 3 7 - 3 3 8 a n d 3 4 6 - 3 4 7 .

2 . James G o o d r i c h , " T h e C i v i l War L e t t e r s o f B e t h i a h P y a t t McKown," M H R , A p r i l , 1 9 7 3 : 359 , n . 2 9 .

3 . B a z e l L a z e a r P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , U M C .

4 . I t j i d . , O c t o b e r 1 7 , 1 8 6 4 .

5 . M e y e r , ------. M i s s o u r i , p . 5 0 7 - 5 0 8 , a n d H a m i l t o n , " V a n m e t e r , " p . 3 3 a n d 3 7 .

6 . S a l i n e C o u n t y C o u r t d o c u m e n t d a t e d , F e b r u a r y 9, 1 8 6 6 , J o h n McKown P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , UMC.

FROM ARROW ROCK TO MARSHALL: THE NEW CENTER AND THE NEW ORDER OF RECONSTRUCTION

The p a t r i c i a n w i t h h i s b r o a d a c r e s a n d r e t i n u e o f s e r v a n t s h a s y i e l d e d t h e s e g r a n d o l d hemp f i e l d s t o t h e " h o r n y h a n d e d " d e m o c r a t s who g r o w g r a i n , b e e f a n d b a c o n t o f e e d a n d w o o l t o c l o t h e t h e m i l l i o n s . . . . T h e c h a n g e f r o m t h e o l d o r d e r t o t h e new i s a s b e n e f i c e n t a s i t i s d e m o c r a t i c . T w e n t y y e a r s o f t h e new o r d e r h a v e g i v e n t h e g r a n d e s t s a n c t i o n t o m i x e d f a r m i n g .

S a l i n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i f r o m t h e I n d u s t r i a l W o r l d , C h i c a g o , 1 8 8 2 .

By t h e m i d - 1 8 3 0 s f a m i 1 i e s h a d l o c a t e d n e a r m o d e r n M a r s h a l 1 .

The s m a l l h a m l e t s e e m e d n o t t o e x c e e d some 2 0 0 - 2 5 0 p o p u l a t i o n

p r i o r t o t h e C i v i l W a r . A l t h o u g h t h e r e was c o u n t y a g i t a t i o n f o r

a r a i l r o a d d u r i n g t h e 1 8 5 0 s v o t e r s w e r e u n s u r e o f t h e b e n e f i t s t o

b e d e r i v e d f r o m t h e new t r a n s p o r t a t i o n . R a t h e r t h a n l a c k o f c o u n t y

s u p p o r t f o r a r a i l r o a d , o n e a u t h o r c l a i m e d i t was a c o m b i n a t i o n o f

S o u t h e r n s y m p a t h i e s i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , r e p u g n a n t t o N o r t h e r n

i n v e s t o r s , a n d s t r o n g U n i o n i s t s e n t i m e n t a t S e d a l i a a n d G e o r g e R.

S m i t h ' s p r o m o t i o n , t h a t c a u s e d t h e e x t e n s i o n o f t h e P a c i f i c

R a i l r o a d f r o m J e f f e r s o n C i t y t o g o t h r o u g h P e t t i s C o u n t y . ( 1 )

W i t h t h e War y e a r s b e h i n d t h e m , b y 1 8 6 6 S a l i n e C o u n t y h a d

q u i c k l y s e t t l e d down t o b u s i n e s s . M i a m i , A r r o w R o c k , N a p t o n

a n d M a r s h a l l a r e a s h a d s u f f e r e d s i g n i f i c a n t w a r d i s r u p t i o n s i n

t h e i r l o c a l s o c i e t i e s a n d w e r e a b o u t t o e n t e r a n e r a o f p r o s p e r o u s ,

r u r a l a g r i c u l t u r e t h a t w o u l d e x c e e d i t s a n t e b e l l urn p r o s p e r i t y .

T h e o l d hemp c u l t u r e was now a b y g o n e e r a a s c e r e a l c r o p s a n d s t o c k

p r o d u c t i o n c l a i m e d l e a d e r s h i p among c o u n t y e n t e r p r i s e s . B l u e g r a s s ,

w h i t e c l o v e r , t i m o t h y a n d H u n g a r i a n s e e d was s o w n a c r o s s hemp

p l a n t a t i o n s t h a t h a d f o r m e r l y g r o s s e d $ I % m i 1 1 i o n c o l l e c t i v e l y

f o r S a l ~ n e hemp f a r m e r s . L a t e i n t h e c e n t u r y a s n a t i o n a l m a r -

k e t s , v i a r a i l r o a d s , came w i t h i n t h e r e a c h o f c o u n t y f a r m e r s ,

c o r n a c r e a g e s o f 100 ,000 p l u s w e r e c h a l l e n g e d b y w h e a t a c r e a g e s

o f 7 0 - 8 0 , 0 0 0 . A n n u a l c o u n t y s t o c k t o t a l s o f 30 ,000 c a t t l e a n d

30 ,000 s w i n e became common. ( 2 )

A r r o w Rock n e v e r a t t r a c t e d a r a i l r o a d ; M a r s h a l l d i d . The

c o m m e r c i a l c e n t e r o f t h e c o u n t y moved f r o m t h e e a s t t o t h e c o u n t y ' s

c e n t e r ; a n d c o m i n g w i t h t h e move w e r e many e a s t c o u n t y f a m i l i e s

t h a t h a d been p r o s p e r o u s i n t h e A r r o w Rock a n d M i a m i v i c i n i t i e s .

T . C . R a i n e y r e f l e c t e d upon t h e g r e a t c h a n g e s t h a t he w i t n e s s e d

d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d o f S a l i n e C o u n t y h i s t o r y . He c o n c l u d e d t h a t

" t h e o l d M i s s o u r i was p a s s i n g o u t ; t h e new was a t t h e t h r e s h o l d . . . "

I n d e e d a new a g r i c u l t u r a l h o r i z o n was e m i n e n t . R a i n e y c r e d i t e d

t h e v i s i o n o f t h e Wood a n d H u s t o n m e r c h a n t s i n A r r o w Rock f o r

b e i n g c r u c i a l i n n o v a t o r s a n d men o f v i s i o n .

A f t e r c o n s u l t i n g t h e i r f a r m e r f r i e n d s , i t was d e c i d e d b y p a r t n e r s t o b u y a n d i n t r o d u c e i m p l e m e n t s n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e g r o w i h g a n d h a r v e s t i n g o f w h e a t , a n d f o r c u l t i v a t i n g c o r n on a l a r g e s c a l e , p r e p a r a t o r y t o t h e f e e d i n g o f ' b e e f c a t t l e a n d h o g s . To do t h i s s u c c e s s f u l l y r e q u i r e d a n e x t e n s i v e u s e o f t h e f i r m ' s c r e d i t , w h i c h was b a s e d m a i n l y on i t s b u s i n e s s s k i l l a n d i n t e g r i t y , b a c k e d b y t h e w e l l - k n o w n f e r t i l i t y o f S a l i n e s o i l , a n d t h e s o l v e n c y o f t h e f a r m e r s who owned i t . The f i r m d i d n o t h e s i t a t e , b u t b o u g h t t h e new- f a n g l e d t o o l s , a n d t h e f a r m e r s b e g a n t o w r e s t l e w i t h t h e m . . . ( 3 )

F o r t u n a t e l y Wood h a d e s c a p e d C i v i l War h o s t i l i t i e s i n S t . L o u i s

a n d H u s t o n w e a t h e r e d t h e c o n f l i c t i n Canada. When t h e y r e t u r n e d

t o A r r o w Rock t h e y r e s u m e d a c r e d i t b u s i n e s s b a s e d u p o n r e p u t a t i o n

a n d t h e r e c o v e r y o f t h e i r g o l d t h a t h a d b e e n b u r i e d n e a r b y . I n

1 8 7 3 Wood a n d H u s t o n o r g a n i z e d t h e i r b a n k i n M a r s h a l l . They

c o n t i n u e d t h e i r b u s i n e s s acumen a n d pub1 i c s p i r i t b y c a p i t a l i z i n g

s e v e r a l m a j o r b o n d i s s u e s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f M a r s h a l l p u b l i c

b u i l d i n g s .

The c o u n t y ' s p o p u l a t i o n h a d g r o w n s t e a d i l y f o r f i f t y y e a r s

a n d t h e l a c k o f a n t e b e l l u m m a n u f a c t u r i n g i n t e r e s t s i n t h e c o u n t y

p e r s i s t e d a f t e r t h e War .

1 8 2 1 1 1 7 6 1 8 3 0 2 8 7 3 1 8 4 0 5 2 5 8 1 8 5 0 8 8 4 3 1 8 6 0 1 4 6 9 9 1 8 7 0 21 6 7 2 ( 3 7 5 4 b l a c k )

O n l y w i t h t h e C h i c a g o a n d A1 t o n r a i l r o a d e x t e n s i o n t o M a r s h a l l i n

1 8 7 9 d i d t h e s i t u a t i o n i m p r o v e . C o u n t y m e r c h a n d i s i n g - a t M a r s h a l l

h a d g r e a t l y i m p r o v e d b y 1 8 7 4 a s t h e t o w n d o u b l e d t h e n u m b e r o f i t s

a n t e b e l l um c o m m e r c i a l e s t a b l i s h m e n t s t o 45 s t o r e s , t h r e e b a n k s a n d

t w o h o t e l s . M a r s h a l 1 h o s t e d m o n t h l y s t o c k e x c h a n g e s a l e s . C a t t l e

i m p o r t e d f r o m C o l o r a d o , T e x a s a n d t h e O z a r k s w e r e i n c r e a s i n g i n

n u m b e r s . ( 4 )

T h e p o s t - W a r f a r m s , 1 i k e m o s t p r e - W a r f a r m s , c u l t i v a t e d

d i v e r s e a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t s . C o r n , w h e a t a n d h a y was c u l t i -

v a t e d o n a l m o s t 346 ,000 a c r e s . T o b a c c o , a s y m b o l o f s o u t h e r n

a g r i c u l t u r e , r e a c h e d i t s z e n i t h i n c o u n t y p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e 1 8 7 0 s

a s a " s p e c i a l i z e d c r o p , " e v e n t h e n t h e a c r e a g e i n v o l v e d was o n l y

6 3 3 . B y 1 8 8 0 t h k - M i a m i v i c i n i t y , a n o l d c e n t e r o f l i v e s t o c k

g r a z i n g , h a d a t t r a c t e d s i g n i f i c a n t a g r i c u l t u r a l i n v e s t m e n t s . The

P e t i t e Osage P l a i n s s o c i e t y h e l d t h e c o u n t y ' s m o s t v a l u a b l e l a n d

a n d was t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c o u n t y ' s n i n e t e e n f a r m s o f 1 0 0 0 a c r e s

o r m o r e . ( 5 )

The l e g a c y o f K e n t u c k y b l o o d e d s t o c k a n d t h e c u l t u r e a s s o c i a t e d

w i t h s u p e r i o r h o r s e f l e s h f l o u r i s h e d i n p o s t - W a r S a l i n e C o u n t y .

P a r t i c i p a t i o n i n t h e b l o o d e d a n i m a l m a r k e t s demanded s i g n i f i c a n t

f i n a n c i a l r e s o u r c e s . T h o r o u g h b r e d s t a l l i o n s , t r o t t e r s a n d b r o o d

m a r e s a l l h a d t o h a v e a p p r o p r i a t e p e d i g r e e s , d o c u m e n t e d a n d p u b -

l i s h e d i n t h e b u y e r s a n d s e l l e r s m a r k e t . P o s s e s s i o n o f h o r s e s

w i t h p r o p e r p e d i g r e e s was o n e s y m b o l o f h i g h s t a t u s . B y t h e 1 8 8 0 s

M a r s h a l l h a d become t h e c o u n t y c e n t e r f o r wagon a n d c a r r i a g e manu-

f a c t u r e a n d l i v e r y a n d s a l e b a r n s w h i c h p r o v i d e d m e e t i n g p l a c e s

f o r c r a f t s m e n , b r e e d e r a n d l o o k e r t o a d m i r e a l l t h e t r a p p i n g s o f

s t y 1 i s h t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .

Some o f t h e s t o c k m e n , o f c o u r s e , b e c a m e l e a d e r s i n c o u n t y

f a i r s a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l e x h i b i t i o n s . T h e y a l s o d e v e l o p e d a p a t -

t e r n , now o v e r a c e n t u r y o l d , o f o w n i n g a t o w n h o u s e a n d / o r b u s i n e s s

i n M a r s h a l l w h i l e m a n a g i n g a f a r m o u t i n t h e c o u n t y . One s u c h

p e r s o n was G e o r g e B. B l a n c h a r d . T h e B l a n c h a r d s h a d m i g r a t e d f r o m

E n g l a n d t o V i r g i n i a t o O h i o a n d t h e n M i s s o u r i . G e o r g e , t h e e l d e s t

c h i l d i n h i s f a m i l y , r e a r e d i n M a r i o n C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i a n d e d u c a t e d

a t C e n t r a l M e t h o d i s t i n F a y e t t e , M i s s o u r i , came t o S a l i n e C o u h t y

i n 1 8 6 5 . A f t e r f a r m i n g 2 8 0 a c r e s f o r f o u r t e e n y e a r s i n 1 8 7 9 h e

b e g a n a l u m b e r b u s i n e s s n e a r t h e C h i c a g o a n d A l t o n d e p o t i n ' M a r -

s h a l l . He i n v e s t e d i n c o u n t y l a n d , t o w n h o u s e s a n d l o t s , a n d

H a m b e l t o n i a n a n d M a m b r i n o t h o r o u g h b r e d s . B y t h e 1 8 9 0 s h e h a d -

a c c u m u l a t e d n e a r l y o n e h u n d r e d b l o o d e d h o r s e s , a n d t h o r o u g h b r e d

c a t t l e a s w e l l . He t o o , t o o k a t u r n a s D i r e c t o r i n t h e C o u n t y

F a i r A s s o c i a t i o n . ( 6 )

The v i 1 l a g e o f M a r s h a l 1 a l m o s t q u a d r u p l e d i n p o p u l a t i o n

f r o m 1 8 6 5 - 1 8 7 0 ( c . 2 5 0 - 9 2 4 ) . I n a n o t h e r s i x y e a r s i n 1 8 7 6 t h e

t o w n d o u b l e d i n s i z e t o 1 8 0 0 . I n 1 8 6 0 M a r s h a l l b o a s t e d o n l y a

h a l f - d o z e n s t o r e s , b u t s e v e r a l c a r p e n t e r s , p a i n t e r s , a n d a s t o n e

a n d b l o c k m a s o n w e r e a c t i v e i n t h e t o w n . B y t h e N a t i o n ' s C e n t e n n i a l

y e a r a m u l t i t u d e o f p r o d u c t s t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u n t y w e r e b e i n g

e x p o r t e d t o w a r d G l a s g o w , B o o n v i l l e a n d S w e e t S p r i n g s . A s e t e c t e d

1 i s t o f s a l a b l e c o m m o d i t i e s f o l l o w s ,

- s a c k s o f w h e a t , o a t s , r y e , c o r n , hemp s e e d , a n d e m p t y s a c k s

- b a l e s o f hemp a n d b r o o m c o r n - b a r r e l s o f f l o u r , t a l l o w , a p p l e s , c i d e r , p o t a t o e s ,

a n d e m p t y o i l b a r r e l s - b o x e s o f d r e s s e d p o u l t r y , f u r s , t o b a c c o , p e a c h e s

WILL MAKE T H E PRESENT SEASON~AT MY STABLES, NEAR FAIRVILLE, SALINE CG JKY:', xa, AND WILL BE LET Tb MARES AT 810 TH EIEAP, 81s FOR THE SEASON, iiqi 2 TO INSORE FOAL DlSPOSlNQ OF THE MARE RFEIT THE INSURANCE MONEY. S T- ;! /* ,- 1, . "0

&@4.dw*\ 1

'COMMENCE ON 'THE*'F~URTH;!I)F APRIL A ON THE FOURTH OF JULY. ' L 1

D'ESCX&:JPTXON.. h e .+-' + : r

I ' 1 ,

half llsnds high, witlloui suy kiiie. Rc - i unsurpwsed by any hor,cie, combining great .,

ommend him t o racers and to those ws11Ling good , eminently fit him for farming 1 )u r p O Y ~ .

- - - a 3 * k

1 - l' P !

argrave; his dam IInnknmun ha, the p~*iac~ I : of 1 by 2 ; his g. g. grand-dam 1Iax:~lJ'~ rn:llSe, Potno.~:i, ~y ~ V O ~ * L I I ~ ,

d; his g. g. g. g. grant1-dfiril ~ ~ U I I ~ ~ : I I I ~ L I Z I ~ ~ L , by T1iglr y Scluirrel; his g. g. g. g. g. g. g19:1114l-da1~ y 1 - ,

lett'ti Childers, 1 loneywood'rr AraLi:rll, dam of the

ton by Andrew, the befit ROH of Sir C~l l :ualc~n, i i i i dftn1 by Johnson'~i 'old Sir Chnrlrr ; ,L:. a. grnl~fl-cl:url 3i:try l * c l l c h l - , 5 ' 2

r t l h c:olnhrnt c : d h.roilgi:rll:l i l . ~ t l h i s ollrcrs, f i ~ r : ;le Ai:urdy ~8 pun@, over t ~ ~ a Rocky Ronnt Course, Franklin county, Va. I I C I Q oailer, MI*. ~holilas ~ i i ~ i a . : i ~ [ c r ~ i b t k 1*;1ct\, ofleied 4' i' an refilned $1,000 for her, and atterwardn offered $500 for he1 .'own ~ i ~ t . e r , by Sir Clln~ulc~. i t . will t I r l ~ y i,e apt.,l tllat !i WINFIELD combiiee ne much or more of' the old Sir Charlee'* ntock :rs ally o ~ l l c r llorsc now living.

T:?i s z r t i c l e of egreenknt made and e n t e r e d i n t o t h i s 1 2 t h day of -Ida? 1868 -

between J w , A , f a l n e s of S a l i n e Co and S t a t e of i;i;ssouri of t he f i r s t ~ e . r t

end P. -.. 'uthery cf' & m e Co of t h e Second p a r t Aitnesset '?; '= :?~t the y ~ ~ r t : ~

of t h e : ' i r s t has t 3 i s day farmed 2 c e r t a i n bay mare wick i s now i n f o l d :

t o t ' le : )~r t : of t i e Second p a r t , on the fo l lowing Condrtions, The pa r ty of

t h e Seccnd ? s r t i s t o t ake posses s ion of Sa id mare i n c i r r i n g a l l r i s k of t h e

.t- col t '$ 1 5 ::irly :: c 2nd t o have t h e p r i v i l e c e 7f bre;id:n? s a i d mare* next Snr5.n~

s y s i n I r l ~ - ~ i r i n : the r i s k s of f o l d k c and r c t u r n S ~ l d X ~ r e t;o t h e p e r t ? of

t l e f'ir::t -b&rt on t h e I s day o f Sept 1869 a f t e r h a v i n T tkksn a11 reasonable

3 r e 01' 'her- f r o ~ n th l s d e t i n - Fcr' and j.n Considerat ion of Such Freeding

2:lrnosez nf Szid !\isre t h e p a r t y of Second b inds and o b l i ~ a t ~ e s him Se l f t o

p a r t y t h e f i r s t p a r t be fo re t he

t h i r t y f i v e d o l l a r s W i

f i r s t Sept

An 1868 contract involving a brood mare and colt.

t n e s s my head & s e a l t h i s

Gaines Papers, Joint Manuscripts, UMC

Sales, well advertised in advance by promotional pamphlets, were popular social events. State Historical Society of Missouri, Columbia

- b a g s o f w o o l a n d s h e e p p e l t s - b u n d l e s o f p e l t r i e s , d r y a n d g r e e n h i d e s - b u s h e l s o f b u c k w h e a t - p o u n d s o f b a c o n , b u t t e r , b r a n - c a s e s o f e g g s - p a c k a g e s o f o n i o n s , r a g s , f e a t h e r s a n d m a c h i n e r y - g a l l o n s o f S w e e t S p r i n g s w a t e r - c a r s o f h o o p p o l e s - p i g s o f l e a d , b e e r k e g s , s c r a p i r o n , l u m b e r a n d - h o r s e s , m u l e s , c a t t l e , h o g s a n d s h e e p . ( 7 )

The p o i n t o f t h i s l o n g l i s t i s t o e m p h a s i z e t h a t w h i l e m o s t f a r m

p r o d u c t s w e r e " u n s a l a b l e " o r a t l e a s t d i f f i c u l t t o m a r k e t d u r i n g

t h e a n t e b e l l um y e a r s , t h e a d v e n t o f s t a t e a n d n a t i o n a l m a r k e t i n g

i n t o r u r a l a r e a s , v i a t h e r a i l r o a d s , c r e a t e d i n n u m e r a b l e c o t t a g e

i n d u s t r i e s a s we1 1 as o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n l o c a l c o m m e r c i a l v e n t u r e s

t . h a t h a d n o t o c c u r r e d b e f o r e . The number o f p a r t i c i p a n t s i n t h e

c a p i t a l i s t i c e n t e r p r i s e s b e g a n t o i n c l u d e many who h a d h e r e t o f o r e

o n l y s u b s i s t e d a g r i c u l t u r a l l y , w o r k e d a s t e n a n t s o r h i r e d o u t f o r

w a g e s . I n p a r t i c u l a r women o n t h e f a r m b e g a n t o a c c o u n t f o r c r u c i a l

e c o n o n ~ i c r e t u r n s b y t h e i r managemen ts o f p o u l t r y - r e l a t e d p r o d u c t s .

The a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d i v e r s e m a r k e t s a n d a c e n t r a l e x p o r t e n t r e -

p o t f o r t h e c o u n t y came t o M a r s h a l l o n l y t h r e e y e a r s a f t e r t h e

a b o v e l i s t was p u b l i s h e d . I n 1 8 7 9 e c o n o m i c o p p o r t u n i t i e s a t t h e

c o u n t y s e a t became t h e v i s i o n a n d t h e r e a l i t y o f t h e T .C . R a i n e y s ,

G . B . B l a n c h a r d s , t h e F a r m e r s ' B a n k , who moved f r o m W a v e r l y t o

M a r s h a l 1 a n d o t h e r s who e n g a g e d t h e e n t r e p r e n u e r i a l s p i r i t .

A n a t i o n a l boom e r a o f 1 8 7 9 - 1 8 8 2 was a t i m e o f i m p o r t a n t

t r a n s i t i o n f o r M a r s h a l l . F rom 1 8 7 6 - 1 8 8 3 , M a r s h a l l d o u b l e d i t s

p o p u l a t i o n a g a i n . The 1 8 8 0 c e n s u s r e p o r t e d 2701 p e o p l e b u t a

c o u n t t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r r e p o r t e d an a p p r o x i m a t e 3 ,000 . The M i n g

h o t e l o n t h e i o u t h s i d e o f t h e s q u a r e was deemed " o n e o f t h e b e s t

i n t h e s t a t e , " t h e new Rea a n d Page g r a i n e l e v a t o r h a d b e e n c o n -

s t r u c t e d n e a r t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , a n d a d i r e c t o r y p u b l i s h e d i n

Fig. 10 : Missouri Railroads, About 1874. Drawn b'rom Ibata in Campbell's New Atlus o f Missouri (1873) , and Campbell's 1874 Railway Map of Missouri

Map by Roncr2.d A. Wencl

A decade -'Yo1 lowing t h e C i v i l War, Sa l ine County was surrounded, but no t penetrated by r a i l r o d d s .

CENTRAL MISSOURI RAILROADS 1880

By 1880 t h e Chicago and Alton r a i l r o a d had expanded i t s l i n e s i n t o Sa l ine County,

Voss, MHR 6 4 : 350

Feiyof ~heMARSHA. Stem FLUCRrNG & C4RDNG Mllls, M e m . OLDHAM. THOMSON 8 SAND/OGE, Proprs., MARSHAL L, Sa /in e C o . Mo -

1 8 8 0 r e p o r t e d t h a t " t h e v i l l a g e h a s a h a n d s o m e a p p e a r a n c e , c o n t a i n s

many f i n e b u i l d i n g s a n d i s w e l l l a i d o u t . " The t o w n s q u a r e h a d

b e g u n t o t a k e o n a " m a i n s t r e e t N a p p e a r a n c e , much o f w h i c h may y e t

b e s e e h t o d a y . ( 8 )

New p e o p l e p o u r e d i n t o M i s s o u r i f r o m E u r o p e , t h e E a s t a n d t h e

S o u t h . M i s s o u r i p o l i t i c i a n s , p r o m o t e r s a n d r e a l e s t a t e men h h d b e e n

c o n c e r n e d f o r some t i m e o v e r t h e i m a g e o f t h e s t a t e . E a s t e r n a n d

W e s t e r n n e w s p a p e r s h a d f o r some y e a r s d e b a t e d a b o u t l a w l e s s n e s s a n d

b a n d i t r y i n M i s s o u r i . G e n e r a t e d i n l a r g e p a r t b y t h e J e s s e James

p h e n o m e n a , James was a s s a s s i n a t e d i n 1 8 8 2 . A c t u a l l y t h e " b a d

p r e s s ' ' t h a t M i s s o u r i r e c e i v e d o v e r James a n d t h e s t a t e ' s u n r u l y

c i t i z e n s s e e m e d n o t t o e f f e c t t h e i n c r e a s i n g i m m i g r a t i o n t o t h e

s t a t e . S a l i n e C o u n t y p r o m o t e r s p r o u d l y c l a i m e d ,

t h e d i s s i p a t i o n o f p o p u l a r p r e j u d i c e i n M i s s o u r i ( c o n t i n u e s ) . . . N o r t h M i s s o u r i i s n o l o n g e r a t e r r a i n c o g n i t a t o t h e i m ~ n i i g r a n t . . nien f r o m E a s t e r n s t a t e s a r e d e l i g h t e d t o f i n d t h e p e o p l e o f t h i s c o u n t r y n o t a r a c e o f Y a h o o s a n d b u s h w a c k e r s . ( 9 )

I n s t e a d o f b o i s t e r o u s r o w d y i s m t h e m e r c h a n t a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l

c l a s s i n M a r s h a l 1 a1 r e a d y h a d a v a i l a b l e t o t h e m o n e o f t h e f a m o u s

r e s o r t s p a s o f M i s s o u r i . S w e e t S p r i n g s h a d b e e n e x p o r t i n g i t s

m i n e r a l w a t e r f o r some t i m e , b u t t h e r e s o r t v e n t u r e o f t h e M a r m a d u k e

b r o t h e r s h a d r e s u l t e d i n c o t t a g e s , a h o t e l t o a c c o m o d a t e 4 0 0 - 5 0 0

g u e s t s , a r e s t a u r a n t , g e n t e e l r e c r e a t i o n a n d m o s t i m p o r t a n t l y i t

was a1 1 l o c a t e d a n d c o n n e c t e d t o r a i l r o a d s i n s o u t h w e s t S a l i n e

C o u n t y .

I n 1 8 7 3 D.W., L e s l i e a n d V i n c e n t M a r m a d u k e b o u g h t t h e r e s o r t

a c r e a Q e f r o m a p o p u l a r 01 d P r e s b y t e r i a n m i n i s t e r . M o d e s t b e g i n -

n i n g s o f a l e i s u r e s p o t h a d a l r e a d y b e g u n . B u t t h e M a r m a d u k e s

" b o u g h t t h e l a n d f r o m D r . J o h n Y a n t i s , a n d s u r r o u n d t h e m s e l v e s b y

a n i n t e r e s t i n g c o t e r i e o f d i s t i n g u i s h e d s o u t h e r n e r s . . . "

F a m i l i e s f r o m S t . L o u i s , c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i a n d K a n s a s C i t y b o u g h t

c o t t a g e s , l e a s e d p r o p e r t y a n d p a t r o n i z e d t h e h o t e l . T h i s " r e n d e -

v o u s o f t h e c r e a m o f M i s s o u r i ' s s o c i e t y " i n c l u d e d s e v e r a l r e l a t i o n s

o f t h e M a r m a d u k e s . P r e s e n t w e r e G o v e r n o r M a r m a d u k e , G o v e r n o r

C r i t t e n d e n a n d f u t u r e G o v e r n o r , L o n S t e v e n s , S e n a t o r s G e o r g e V e s t

a n d F r a n c i s C o c k r e l l , C o n g r e s s m a n Ewi n g f r o m W a r r e n s b u r g , D r . L a w s ,

P r e s i d e n t o f M i s s o u r i U n i v e r s i t y , t h e N e i d r i n g h a u s f a n l i l y o f S t .

L o u i s , J u d g e P h i l i p s o f S t . L o u i s a n d J u d g e H e n r y o f I n d e p e n d e n c e ,

D r . B r o w n o f S t . L o u i s a n d D r . M o r r i s o n M u n f o r d a n d W i l l T y r e e o f

K a n s a s C i t y , J u d g e W o o d ' s L e x i n g t o n f a m i l y , t h e S t e p h e n s f a m i l y o f

B o o n v i l l e , t h e H o c k a d a y s a n d R o l l i n s f r o m C o l u m b i a , a n d n o t

u n e x p e c t e d l y , t h e K a n s a s C i t y B a r - A s s o c i a t i o n h a d a n n u a l m e e t i n g s

t h e r e . T h e s e a n d many m o r e f r o m a c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f d e c i s i o n -

m a k e r s v a c a t i o n e d i n s o u t h w e s t S a l i ne C o u n t y .

I n t e r m s o f a c o u n t y f o c u s i t i s d i f f i c u l t n o t t o d r a w some

c o n n e c t i o n t o t h i s p o s t - W a r n e t w o r k a n d t h e p r e - W a r s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l

n e t w o r k i n e a s t e r n S a l i n e C o u n t y , w h i c h was home f o r f a m i l i e s w i t h

i n t e r s t a t e Do1 i t i c a l t i e s . M . M . M a r m a d u k e a n d C . F . J a c k s o n h a d

become b r o t h e r s - i n - l a w b y v i r t u e o f m a r r i a g e s t o D r . J o h n S a p p i n g -

t o n ' s d a u g h t e r s . S a p p i n g t o n ' s w i f e was s i s t e r t o K e n t u c k y

G o v e r n o r J o h n B r e a t h i t t a n d h i s s o n , W.B. S a p p i n g t o n , m a r r i e d

Gov . B r e a t h i t t ' s d a u g h t e r , a n d a l s o h i s c o u s i n , M a r y M i l d r e d .

G e o r g e B r e a t h i t t , b r o t h e r t o D r . S a p p i n g t o n ' s w i f e , e n d e d h i s l i f e

d u r i n g s e r v i c e a s p r i v a t e s e c r e t a r y t o P r e s i d e n t A n d r e w J a c k s o n .

The K e n t u c k y g o v e r n o r ' s g r a n d s o n , J o h n B r e a t h i t t , came t o S a l i n e

C o u n t y a n d became a f a r m e r a n d t h e n a p r o s e c u t i n g a t t o r n e y .

H a m i l t o n G a m b l e was t h e c o u n t y ' s f i r s t d i s t r i c t a t t o r n e y a n d h e

was f o l l o w e d b y A b i e l L e o n a r d . J o h n L o c k e H a r d e m a n ' s c o u s i n ,

P e t e r H a r d e m a n B u r n e t t , became C a l i f o r n i a ' s f i r s t e l e c t e d G o v e r n o r

a n d K e n t u c k y G o v e r n o r S h e l b y ' s s o n , James S h e l b y s e t t l e d n e a r

The Marmaduke MiIi ary Academy--1894 I

Above is a scene from the Marmaduke Military year book published in the year 1894. Many romantic stories are attached to the institution located on the banks of Blackwater river which was used in those days for steam- boat travel from McAIIister Springs to Sweet Springs.

This composite picture shows the cavalry barn, the acad-

emy dormitory, drill field and drill hall, heating plant,

many other buildings that were part of the academy and the resort homes in the background.

"Vignettes of Sweet Springs, ~issouri"' Saline County Historical Societv. Marshall

O r e a r v i l l e . An o b v i o u s c o n c l u s i o n o f c o u r s e i s t h a t t h i s i s o n e

o f t h e many s t o r i e s t h a t p o i n t t o t h e B o o n e ' s L i c k r e g i o n a s a n

i n h e r i t o r o f many c u l t u r e s t r a n d s , b u t a l s o a s a s o c i o - p o l i t i c a l

h e a r t h . The o t h e r p o i n t i s t h a t t h e a n t e b e l l u m s o u t h e r n d e n i o c r a c y

who h a d i n f l u e n t i a l p o w e r b r o k e r s i n e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y seem t o

h a v e c r e a t e d a n o t h e r f o r u m f o r t h e i r own s o c i e t y t o m e e t i n p o s t -

War S a l i n e C o u n t y . The b r i d g e , o f c o u r s e , was p r o v i d e d b y t h e

M a r m a d u k e s . ( 1 0 )

W h i l e S w e e t S p r i n g s p r o s p e r e d , s o d i d M a r s h a l l . T h e c o u n t y

s e a t becan ie~ i w i t h o u t q u e s t i o n t h e l e a d i n g c o n i n i e r c i a l c e n t e r o f

t h e c o u n t y . S h o r t l y a f t e r t h e C h i c a g o a n d A1 t o n r a i l r o a d came t o

t o w n , M a r s h a l 1 was d e s c r i b e d a s a p l a c e o f " . . . p l a i n c h u r c h e s a n d

s c h o o l h o u s e s , a s i n g l e r a i l w a y , a g o o d s h o w i n g o f p l a i n h o m e s ,

a n d a s i t u a t i o n c h i e f l y n o t e w o r t h y f o r t h e w e a l t h y o f i t s a g r i -

c u l t u r a l s u r r o u n d i n g s . " ( 1 1 ) H o w e v e r , b u i 1 d e r s a n d p r o m o t e r s

w o r k e d h a r d a n d b e f o r e l o n g d e s c r i p t i o n s o f M a r s h a l l w e r e c l o t h e d

w i t h n u m e r o u s e n i b e l l i s h m e n t s .

E d g a r R . P a t e , t o o k a p r o m i n e n t l e a d a s t h e m o s t d i s t i n g u i s h e d

l o c a l b u i l d e r a n d c o n t r a c t o r . A l r e a d y b y 1 8 8 2 h e e m p l o y e d a

d o z e n men a n d h a d c o n s t r u c t e d " a l a r g e s h a r e o f t h e b e s t p u b l i c

a n d p r i v a t e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e c o u n t y ! " A r e c e n t o n e h a d b e e n t h e

T. C . R a i n e y h o u s e o n E a s t w o o d . I n f a c t , f r o m 1 8 8 0 - 1 8 8 2 m o r e t h a n

2 0 0 new b u i l d i n g s " e m b r a c i n g m e r c a n t i l e h o u s e s , s h o p s , f a c t o r i e s ,

s c h o o l h o u s e s a n d h o m e s" h a d b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d .

T h e b u s i n e s s q u a r t e r , l a i d u p o n t h e f o u r s i d e s o f t h e p u b l i c s q u a r e , i s m a i n l y b u i l t o f b r i c k , s t o n e a n d i r o n , a f t e r t h e b e s t t y p e s o f m o d e r n a r c h i t e c t u r e . S c o r e s o f h a n d s o m e homes o f c h a s t e d e s i g n a n d f i n e f i n i s h , l e n d g r a c e t o t h i s b e a u t i f u l l i t t l e c i t y , w h i c h f r o m e n d t o e n d e x p r e s s o r d e r , t a s t e a n d e n t e r p r i s e w o r t h y o f t h e b u i l d e r s a n d l o c a t i o n . ( 1 2 )

I n 1 8 8 2 t h e c r o w n i n g a c h i e v e m e n t was t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e t o w n ' s

a n c h o r p o i n t - t h e c l a s s i c a l c o u r t h o u s e , now e n r o l l e d o n t h e

N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e s .

C h a p t e r S i x : N o t e s

Wayne D u r r i l l , "A C o m p a r i s o n o f P e t t i s a n d S a l i n e C o u n t i e s , M i s s o u r i , 1 8 5 0- 1 8 8 0 , " 1 9 7 5 .

S o i l S u r v e y , 1 9 0 5 : 7, a n d Handbook o f S a l i n e C e u n t y , 1 8 8 9 : 8 - 9 .

R a i n e y , " O l d T r a i l s , " p . 3 0 - 3 5 .

R.A. C a m p b e l l , C a m p b e l l ' s G a z e t t e e r o f M i s s o u r i , S t . L o u i s : R.A. C a m p b e l l , 1 8 7 4 : 5 8 3 - 5 8 5 .

I b i d .

" G e o r g e B. B l a n c h a r d , " i n P o r t r a i t a n d B i o g r a p h i c a l R e c o r d o f L a f a y e t t e a n d S a l i n e C o u n t i e s , M i s s o u r i , C h i c a g o : Chapman B r o s . , 1 8 9 3 : 1 2 4 - 1 2 5 .

" O u r C e n t e n n i a l A lmanac , " M a r s h a l l , S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 7 6 .

M i s s o u r i S t a t e G a z e t e e r a n d B u s i n e s s D i r e c t o r y , 1 8 7 9 - 8 0 , - D e t r o i t a n d S t . L o u i s : R.L. P o l k a n d A.C. D a n s e r Compan ies ,

" S a l i n e C o u n t y , M i s s o u r i , f r o m t h e I n d u s t r i a l W o r l d , " C h i c a g o , c . 1 8 8 2 : 8 .

" S w e e t S p r i n g s ,I' v e r t i c a l f i 1 e n e w s p a p e r c l i p p i n g s , O f f i c e o f H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n , D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , J e f f e r s o n C i t y .

h a n d b o o k o f S a l i n e Count.$, M i s s o u r i , C h i c a g o : C . S . B u r c h P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1 8 8 9 : 1 6 .

" S a l i n e C o u n t y , I n d u s t r i a l W o r l d , " 1 8 8 2 : 1 0 .

MARSHALL: AN ARTICULATE SOCIETY

O u t t o w n was i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e d e f i n i t e l y l a i d o u t ; i t d i d n o t s p r e a d f r o m a c r e e k o r a r i v e r s i d e ; t h e r e i s n o o l d t o w n n o r new t o w n ; t h e o r i g i n a l t o w n i s s t i l l t h e h e a r t o f o u r c o m m u n i t y .

Me1 i n d a Mon t a g u e H a r v e y , M a r s h a l 1 C e n t e n n i a 1 P r o g r a m , 1 9 3 9

C i t i z e n s w i t h t e n u r e i n M a r s h a l l h a v e a l w a y s k n o w n " w h e r e

t h e y w e r e . " The memory o f s e t t l e m e n t a n d new b e g i n n i n g s a s a p a r t

o f t h e g r e a t e r B o o n ' s L i c k h i s t o r i c e x p e r i e n c e , a t o w n l o c a t e d

a l o n g t h e h i s t o r i c S a n t a Fe t r a i l a n d f a m i l i e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

p o l i t i c a l , p r o f e s s i o n a l , a n d m e r c a n t i l e e n t r e p r e n u e r s , h a v e

r e m e m b e r s t h e i r p a s t . T h e c a r r i e r s o f t h e s e m e m o r i e s h a v e s e t

t h e m down i n l e t t e r , d i a r y , j o u r n a l a n d c o u n t y h i s t o r i e s . S t a b l e ,

m i d d l e - c l a s s f a m i l i e s h a v e p r o u d l y p r o m o t e d t h e t o w n ' s s o c i e t y ,

e c o n o m i c a d v a n t a g e s a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l a c c o m p l i s h m e n t s . T h i s s t a n d s

i n m a r k e d c o n t r a s t t o t r a d i t i o n a l f o l k s o c i e t i e s i n M i s s o u r i

w h o s e t r a d i t i o n s h a v e l a r g e l y b e e n o r a l a n d n o t w r i t t e n . T r u e ,

t h e an t h r o p o l i g i s t s , " a n o n y m o u s s o c i e t y o r a n o n y m o u s h i s t o r i e s "

c a n b e f o u n d i n M a r s h a l l ; h o w e v e r , s p o k e s m e n a n d s p o k e s w o m e n ,

t h r o u g h t h e g e n e r a t i o n s , h a v e e x t o l l e d t h e v i r t u e s o f M a r s h a l 1 ' s

t o w n s o c i e t y .

I n 1 8 7 9 t h e a d v e n t o f r a i l r o a d t r a n s p o r t a t i o n b r o u g h t t h e

b e n e f i t s o f t h e I n d u s t r i a l R e v o l u t i o n i n f u l l f o r c e t o t h e c o u n t y

s e a t . By 1 8 8 3 m o d e r n i t y , a n d t h e r u s h o f c a p i t a l i z a t i o n , i n d u s t r y ,

a n d co l i imerce t h a t came w i t h i t , h a d s u c c e s s f u l l y become r o o t e d i n

M a r s h a l l , n e v e r t o l e a v e . The s m a l l p r a i r i e v i l l a g e e x p a n d e d

b e y o n d i t s " b e a u t i f u l c r o w n o f g r o u n d w i t h w a t e r r e c e d i n g i n a l l

d i r e c t i o n s ," t h r o u g h t h e n e a r b y b r o k e n h o l l o w s a n d i n t o d i s t a n t

p r a i r i e . S e v e r a l t o w n p l a t a d d i t i o n s h a d b e e n made t o M a r s h a l l

THE ORIGINAL TOWN OF MARSHALL

When and How Located

At the seslion of the Lvgialaturcl 1W-89, a law was enacted, approved Feb. 8, 1889, . m p ~ w e d q d dineting t'ive commissioners, designated in tbe act by name, to select a dte for the permanent county reat in the C~unty cf Saline. The commissioners wem reqated 4 Iocste it as near the geogra~hical center d the county os practicable, and for this purpose to purcham, or receive donations of not leas than fifty or more than one hundred and sixty ACES of I n ~ d , all of their proceedinm to be reported t~ the Judge of the Circult Court of the couniy for his approval.

In pursuanct of their authority the commissioner, Huah Barnett of Laiayette County, has liorne of .ir>hnson C o ~ ~ n t y Caton Usher of Chariton Comty, and George McKinnry rlnd Zanus LUCM of (:am11 County, met at the hou~e of David Baby in Saline County, on the 11th day of April, 1839, and proceeded to dimcharge their duties. Thev found, as they stated in their re- pgrt, which 1s darted April 13, 1889, thq a ~ n b r of the county to be ahout the center of Saction Ten, Town- #hip Fifty, Range twenty-me, but not deeming the site a euitable one they fixul upon tbe east half of the Northeast quarter of SectSoPI IPLfteen, Township Fifty, Range Twenty-one (where the Old Tuwn of Marshall 1s now located) u tbQ dte.

Saline County History, 1967.

s i n c e i t s f o u n d i n g , b u t i n t h e 1 8 8 0 s , w i t h r a p i d p o p u l a t i o n

i n c r e a s e s a n d r e l a t i v e s e c u r i t y a n d a f f l u e n c e f o r t h e p r o p e r -

t i e d a n d b u s i n e s s c l a s s , t h e t o w n b e g a n t o a r t i c u l a t e n e i g h -

b o r h o o d b o u n d a r i e s i n d r a m a t i c w a y s . O f p a r t i c u l a r s i g n i f i c a n c e

w e r e t h e t o w n e s t a t e s u r v e y s e a s t o f t h e s q u a r e a l o n g " A r r o w

Rock R o a d" ( m o d e r n N o r t h s t r e e t , a n d E a s t w o o d f r o m B r u n s w i c k

t o P a r k ) .

The " E a s t Woods" d e v e l o p m e n t s i n t h e c i t y ' s E a s t M a r s h a l l

s u r v e y a n d s u b s e q u e n t e a s t o f t h e s q u a r e s u r v e y s became M a r s h a l l ' s

" b e s t d r e s s " f a c i n g t h e m a i n h i g h w a y a l o n g t h e - h i s t o r i c e a s t - w e s t

a x i s f r o m A r r o w R o c k . The A r r o w Rock r o a d f o l l o w e d t h e h i g h

s u m m i t o f g r o u n d w e s t o f t h e S a l t F o r k c r e e k i n t o t h e M a r s h a l l

s q u a r e . I n a c o r r i d o r a l o n g t h i s s u m m i t l a r g e t o w n e s t a t e s

w i t h r e l a t i v e l y n a r r o w f r o n t a g e a n d n o r t h - s o u t h d e p t h s o f 5 0 0

t o 1 5 0 0 f e e t p r o v i d e d a d r a m a t i c s e t t i n g f o r t h e s u b u r b a n p a t -

r i c i a n s o f a c u l t i v a t e d s o c i e t y . The s e t t i n g was a l o g i c a l

r e s u l t o f g e o g r a p h y a n d h i s t o r y . Many E a s t Woods f a m i l i e s h a d

f o r m e r o r c o n t e m p o r a r y b a c k g r o u n d s e a s t o f M a r s h a l l i n t h e

A r r o w Rock v i c i n i t y . T r a v e l e r s c o m i n g i n t o M a r s h a l l f r o m t h e

e a s t f o r t h e p a s t c e n t u r y h a v e v i e w e d a n d e n j o y e d a l a n d s c a p e

p l a n n e d a n d m a i n t a i n e d f o r i t s a e s t h e t i c a p p e a l .

I n 1 8 8 3 t h e M i s s o u r i S t a t e G a z e t e e r a n d B u s i n e s s D i r e c t o r y

p u b l i s h e d t h a t M a r s h a l l " h a s i m p r o v e d g r e a t l y s i n c e o u r l a s t

p u b l i c a t i o n a n d now c o n t a i n s a n u m b e r o f h a n d s o m e b u i l d i n g

b l o c k s a n d r e s i d e n c e s . . . . " ( 1 ) B y t h e e n d o f t h e d r a m a t i c

d e c a d e o f t h e e i g h t i e s t h e M i s s o u r i P a c i f i c r a i l r o a d p a s s e d

t h r o u g h t o w n a n d M a r s h a l l h a d a c h i e v e d a n o t o r i e t y , r e s p e c t a -

b i l i t y a n d s o c i e t y t h a t w o u l d h a v e a t t r a c t e d J o h n M c K o w n ' s

m o t h e r . M a r s h a l l was

Advertisements for merchants around the Marshall square, 1883.

Marmaduke J o i n t Col lec t ion , UMC

C . .- . Ewt BidaSqurra - fl - - p I i

i BERNARD & ANCELL, - . - - . . . - Hardwere, Stoves and !Pinware. I.?-: ,. ; -

~ u r o i tuie, drr ' East Side Square. . ' 1 - M M E . D. N. TA'AFFE. The Cheap Store.

"9 The French Milliner. W hn1o;file hnd;~otsll 1)mler in S t n u nna l ~ c e , Jew~lrg; Notionq Fmey

Gmda iluviaw Il~tnrlkcrcl~i~fo. Carwe, Jsdlw' Under\rcry, Toy8 and ~ o l l e . ' hlme .'r';lfl'*, sel be illllincr on+t\wnl leer than n~hi=r HOUB~C ~ u y e at Y~ctorio.. -8t~ide~udTn * l a m . F O ~ ~ Y o t m n u a city, R C ~

BLACKBURN N BRO.. o . I.errder~ in

Drug;, Dledicinea, Toilet Gor~ale & Stationery, 1 North Side Square. -3

, Y C U CAN GET * I - - C

0 . The Best Photographa in Marsllsll . k : " ... - At Johns &SonS: - " - -

i- Fnrni tnre, ~ a r d a a r k Cutlery, S tove~J& Tinware, Wagon and C,arriage Mate

- - . . *.

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i n f u l l t i d e o f p r o g r e s s a n d h e a l t h f u l g r o w t h . . . t o w a r d 1 0 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n . . . f i v e n e w s p a p e r s , t w o e l e g a n t p u b l i c s c h o o l s , a m o d e l c o u r t h o u s e , t h r e e o f t h e p r e t t i e s t new c h u r c h e s i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i . . . a f i n e a c a d e m y , b u i l d i n g a new c o l l e g e . . . h a s f o u r b a n k s . . . a p r o s p e r o u s F a i r a s s o c i a t i o n . . . t w o f l o u r i n g m i l l s , a n e l e v a t o r , t w o w a g o n a n d c a r r i a g e f a c t o r i e s , f i n e w a t e r w o r k s a n d g a s p l a n t s , t h e l a r g e s t m u l e m a r k e t i n M i s s o u r i o u t s i d e K a n s a s C i t y a n d S t . L o u i s , b r i c k a n d t i l e w o r k s , f r a t e r n a l o r d e r s , s o c i a l c l u b s , t w o t r u n k r a i l w a y l i n e s , n e a r l y a h u n d r e d b u s i n e s s c o n c e r n s , s c o r e s o f e l e g a n t homes a n d a n a c t i v e w o r k i n g B o a r d o f T r a d e . ( 2 )

M a r s h a l l ' s g o o d t i m e s r e f l e c t e d t h e r a p i d n a t i o n a l g r o w t h o f

m o d e r n i z a t i o n . T h e p o w e r o f m o n e y , o f c o r p o r a t e o r g a n i z a t i o n ,

o f a d v a n c e d t e c h n o l o g y i n r a i l r o a d s a n d m i l l s , t h e l u r e o f

n a t i o n a l a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n ,

p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h a n d i n c r e m e n t o f l a n d v a l u e s w i t h i n S a l i n e

C o u n t y a l l a c c o u n t e d f o r " r a i l r o a d t o w n " p r o s p e r i t y i n t h e l a t e

V i c t o r i a n a g e .

E d g a r R . P a g e a d d A n d r e w O l s o n l e d t h e t a s k f o r c e o f b u i l d e r s

i n M a r s h a l l ' s new V i c t o r i a n t o w n . P a g e , i n t h e m i d d l e o f a b u i l d i n g

c a r e e r t h a t s p a n n e d m o r e t h a n a h a l f c e n t u r y , h a d l o n g b e e n t h e

t o w n ' s l e a d i n g c o n t r a c t o r . I n 1 8 8 9 Page

" h a s d e s i g n e d a n d c o n s t r u c t e d many o f t h e b e s t h o u s e s , b u s i n e s s b l o c k s a n d p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s o f t h e d i t y , a n d h a s now u n d e r c o n s t r u c t i o n t h e M i s s o u r i V a l l e y C o l l e g e , a n d e m p l o y s f r o m t w e n t y t o f o r t y h a n d s o n t h e b e t t e r c l a s s o f b u i l d i n g s . " ( 3 )

A t t h e same t i m e O l s o n e m p l o y e d

f r o m t w e n t y t o f o r t y men i n s t o n e c u t t i n g a n d s t o n e m a s o n r y a n d h a s d o n e t h e s t o n e w o r k o n t h e p r i n c i p a l b a n k s , s t o r e s , c h u r c h e s a n d t h e f i n e r h o u s e s o f t h e c i t y a n d o n t h e M i s s o u r i P a c i f i c a n d A l t o n r a i l w a y d e p o t s . ( 4 )

B o t h P a g e a n d O l s o n b o u g h t l o c a l l y m a n u f a c t u r e d b r i c k f r o m R o s e

a n d M e r k i n s , l a t e r t h e Rose B r o t h e r s b r i c k y a r d o n s o u t h B r u n s w i c k .

S y m b o l i c o f r a i 1 r o a d i m p o r t s i n t o M a r s h a l 1 was t h e e s t a b l i s h -

m e n t s o u t h o f t h e s q u a r e o f t h e L a c r o s s e L u m b e r Company, h e a d -

q u a r t e r e d a t L o u i s i a n a , M i s s o u r i . M a r s h a l l ' s L a c r o s s e y a r d was

o n e o f s e v e r a l l o c a t e d a l o n g t h e C h i c a g o a n d A1 t o n l i n e . The

t o w n s q u a r e ' s c o m m e r c i a l d i s t r i c t a c c o m o d a t e d a p p r o x i m a t e l y

o n e h u n d r e d c o n c e r n , t h e same number a s i t h a s f o r t h e p a s t

c e n t u r y . Numerous b u s i n e s s m e n ' s names a r o u n d t h e s q u a r e w e r e

f o u n d t h e n a n d l a t e r a t a d d r e s s e s a n d as d e v e l o p e r s i n t h e E a s t

Woods: A l t h o u s e , A r m e n t r o u t , B u c k n e r , C a m p b e l l , G r a v e s , Lowen-

s t e i n , N a y l o r , Page , Rea, Rose , V a w t e r , VanDyke , a n d many m o r e .

The r a i l 1 i n e s t h r o u g h M a r s h a l l h a d made t h e c o u n t y s e a t

t h e u n q u e s t i o n e d c o m m e r c i a1 c e n t e r o f S a l i n e C o u n t y . Town f a t h e r s

o r g a n i z e d c r u c i a l p u b 1 i c s e r v i c e s d u r i n g t h e e i g h t i e s : t h e

M a r s h a l l Gas w o r k s i n 1 8 8 3 , M a r s h a l l W a t e r company i n 1 8 8 5 , t h e

t o w n ' s f i r s t f i r e wagon was p u r c h a s e d i n 1 8 8 5 . I n 1 8 9 3 t h e

e l e c t r i c p l a n t was f o u n d e d , i n 1 8 9 5 t e l e p h o n e s e r v i c e was e s t a b -

l i s h e d b e t w e e n M a r s h a l l a n d K a n s a s C i t y , a n d i n 1 8 9 8 m a c a d a m i z i n g ,

c u r b i n g a n d g u t t e r i n g w e r e a l l f e a t u r e s o f M a r s h a l l s t r e e t

i m p r o v e m e n t s . O f c o u r s e t h e h e a r t o f t h e c i t y a n d e a s t o f t h e

s q u a r e r e c e i v e d r o a d i m p r o v e m e n t f i r s t - E a s t A r r o w , Ode1 1 ,

J e f f e r s o n , a n d N o r t h s t r e e t s w e r e t h e f i r s t p r o j e c t s . These

new s t r e e t s r a n p a s t t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d e a s t o f t h e s q u a r e , b u t

t h e r e t o o , i n t h e 1 8 9 0 s , v i g o r o u s b u i l d i n g a c t i v i t y t o o k p l a c e .

I n t h e y e a r , 1 8 9 0 a l o n e , f i f t y new h o u s e s w e r e e r e c t e d i n M a r s h a l l . ( 5 )

The d i v e r s i t y o f r e t a i l e r s a r o u n d a n d n e a r t h e s q u a r e was

s i m i l a r t o t o d a y . I n 1 8 8 7 t h e B o a r d o f T r a d e was f o u n d e d .

T h e r e w e r e s t o r e s o f d r y g o o d s , a g r i c u l t u r a l i m p l e m e n t s , b a n k s ,

b o o t a n d s h o e , c o a l , i c e a n d c i t y t r a n s f e r , d r u g s t o r e s , f r u i t s

a n d c o n f e c t i o n e r y , f u r n i t u r e a n d h a r d w a r e , f u r s a n d p e l t s , s e v e r a l

g r o c e r i e s , h a r n e s s a n d s a d d l e r y , h o t e l s , j e w e l r y , m i 1 1 i n g ,

s e v e r a l r e a l e s t a t e c o n c e r n s , a n d wagon m a n u f a c t u r e r s . ( 6 ) The

down t o w n a r e a h a d s u f f e r e d t h r e e d i s a s t r o u s f i r e s d u r i n g t h e

e i g h t i e s , b u t t h e o l d f r a m e b u i l d i n g s w e r e r e p l a c e d b y m o d e r n

b r i c k s t r u c t u r e s . Many o f t h e s e d a t i n g f r o m t h e e i g h t i e s a n d

n i n e t i e s r e m a i n t o d a y .

One o f t h e c o m m e r c i a l a n d c u l t u r a l a t t r a c t i o n s f o r M a r s h a l l

d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d a n d b e y o n d was i t s n o t o r i e t y as a m u l e t r a d i n g

c e n t e r . By 1 8 9 0 o n l y S t . L o u i s e x c e e d e d M a r s h a l l i n t h e v o l u ~ i i e

o f i t s b u s i n e s s i n M i s s o u r i . The g r e a t S p a r k s m u l e b a r n was a

b l o c k w e s t o f t h e s q u a r e a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r s w e r e n e a r b y . A t t h e

e n d o f t h e c e n t u r y o v e r 1 3 , 0 0 0 m u l e s w o r t h t w o m i l l i o n d o l l a r s

p a s s e d t h r o u g h t h e s a l e b a r n s . S p a r k s B r o t h e r s , M e r r i l l a n d

E v a n s , a n d S p a r k s a n d Conway a c c o u n t e d f o r o v e r 7 5 % o f t h e t r a d e . ( 7 )

By t h e n i n e t i e s M a r s h a l l ' s b l e n d o f n a t u r a l s e t t i n g , b l o c k s

o f b r i c k a n d a " s u b u r b s r i c h w i t h r e f i n e d a n d t a s t e f u l homes"

h a d a l l t h e a p p e a r a n c e s o f a v i t a l c o u n t y c e n t e r . P r o m o t e r s

a d v e r t i s e d a

c o u r t h o u s e g i r d l e d b y t h e b u s i n e s s s q u a r e w h i c h i s a l m o s t one c o n t i n u o u s w a l l o f b r i c k a n d w i l l s o o n b e c o m p l e t e l y f i l l e d o u t b y b u s i n e s s h o u s e s o f c i t y s t y l e a n d f i n i s h , t h e t a l l s t a t e l y o p e r a h o u s e a n d t h e p a l a t i a l b u s i n e s s c o r n e r s , a n d l e a d i n g t h e s t r e a m o f commerce down o t h e r s t r e e t s , t h e m i l e s o f s t r e e t s b o r d e r e d b y n e a t , o r d e r l y a n d e l e g a n t dew1 1 i n g s a l l h a v e a l o o k a n d a n i n d i v i d u a l i t y o f t h e i r own a n d m u s t b e s e e n t o b e a p p r e c i a t e d . ( 8 )

To r o u n d o u t M a r s h a l 1 I s r o m a n t i c l a n d s c a p e , t o w n f a t h e r s h i r e d

" B e n G r o v e o f L o u i s v i l l e , K e n t u c k y , t h e f a m o u s c e m e t e r y e n g i n e e r . "

R i d g e P a r k c e m e t e r y , i n k e e p i n g w i t h n a t i o n a l t r e n d s i n l a n d s c a p e

d e s i g n , became " a s p e c i a l k i n d o f p a r k w i t h a p e c u l i a r d i g n i t y

a n d s a c r e d n e s s . " I t s g e o n i e t r i c d e s i g n a c c o m o d a t e d h o r s e - d r a w n

t r a f f i c w h i c h v i e w e d t h e m a r k e r s o f c i t i z e n s a t r e s t f a c i n g t h e

t h o r o u g h f a r e . R i d g e P a r k c e m e t e r y , 1 i k e t h e E a s t Woods d i s t r i c t ,

i s a s p e c i a l c u l t u r a l l a n d s c a p e i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i . ( 9 )

M a r s h a l l h a d c o n t i n u e d t o b e a p p r e c i a t e d b y i t s a r t i c u l a t e

c i t i z e n r ' y . The down town s t i l l r e t a i n s a b o u t one h u n d r e d b u s i n e s s e s

a n d t h e " m a i n s t r e e t " r e t a i l e r s a n d p r o f e s s i o n a l s c a n s t i l l w a l k

t h r o u g h t h e E a s t Woods n e i g h b o r h o o d t o w o r k . Home a n d b u s i n e s s

r e m a i n g e o g r a p h i c a l l y c l o s e . E x p a n s i o n f o r i n d u s t r i a l d e v e l o p m e n t

a n d r e s i d e n t i a1 n e i g h b o r h o o d s h a v e b e e n d i r e c t e d n o r t h , w e s t a n d

s o u t h . E a s t Woods a n d t h e s q u a r e m a i n t a i n a c o n t i n u i t y o f s p a c e ,

o c c u p a t i o n a n d a p p e a r a n c e w i t h t h e p a s t . C e n t e n n i a l c e l e b r a n t

a n d E a s t Woods r e s i d e n t , Me1 i n d a M o n t a g u e H a r v e y , e v a l u a t e d t h i s

s y m b i o t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p .

T h e r e h a s b e e n g e n e r o u s p l a n n i n g . Ou r s q u a r e i s l a r g e r t h a n t h a t o f many o f t h e o t h e r c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i v i l l a g e s . O u r s m e a s u r e s 1 , 7 0 0 f e e t a r o u n d , a p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - t h i r d m i l e . O u r s t r e e t s a r e w i d e r a n d o u r y a r d s a r e l a r g e r t h a n t h o s e i n many t o w n s . The l a r g e t r e e s h a v e t a k e n a l m o s t o n e h u n d r e d y e a r s t o g r o w . ( 1 0 )

C l i m a x t r e e s , l a r g e t o w n l o t s a n d a w a l k i n g n e i g h b o r h o o d a r e s t i l l

q u a l i t i e s o f t h e E a s t Woods t h a t a d d t o M a r s h a l l ' s q u a l i t y o f

l i f e .

A f t e r t h e t u r n o f t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y James R o l l i n s B i n g h a m ,

r e m i n i s c e d a b o u t h i s b o u r g e o i s b a c k g r o u n d i n 1 9 t h c e n t u r y S a l i n e

C o u n t y . H i s e m o t i o n s s p o k e f o r many who h a d c l a i m e d t h e p i o n e e r ' s

r e w a r d i n M a r s h a l l a n d S a l i n e C o u n t y .

The B i nghams o f t h i s r a c e p o s s e s s e d m a r k e d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . F rom t h e number o f l e t t e r s I h a v e l o o k e d o v e r , d a t i n g b a c k n e a r l y a c e n t u r y , i t i s p l a i n t h e y w e r e t h e r e v e r s e o f i l l i t e r a t e . They seem a l w a y s t o h a v e p o s s e s s e d an e d u - c a t i o n h i g h e r t h a n common t h o u g h none o f t hem, I know, c o u l d h a v e h a d much a d v a n t a g e o f s c h o o l . As an e x a m p l e , my g r a n d f a t h e r , t h o u g h commonly s u p p o s e d t o h a v e b e e n a c o l l e g e b r e d man, n e v e r a t t e n d e d s c h o o l s i x m o n t h s a l t o - g e t h e r . H i s e d u c a t i o n was t h e r e s u l t o f c o n s t a n t r e a d i n g , s t u d y , a n d o b s e r v a t i o n , a l i f e o f a c q u i r e m e n t . A l l t h e B i n g h a m s seem t o h a v e t h e l i t e r a r y g i f t , w e l l c o n s t r u c t e d a n d e a s i l y u n d e r s t o o d e x p r e s s i o n .

T h e r e i s n o p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t t h e y s p r i n g f r o m a n y a r i s - t o c r a c y o f b i r t h o r w e a l t h . They h a v e a l m o s t w i t h o u t e x c e p t i o n p r e f e r r e d t h e c o u n t r y t o t h e t o w n , a n d w h i l e n o t p r o n e t o a c q u i r e w e a l t h , h a v e a l w a y s l i v e d c o m f o r t a b l y a n d b e e n g o o d p r o v i d e r s . They w e r e a l l h o n e s t , w h o l e -

s o u l e d , g o o d men a n d women, k i n d - h e a r t e d a n d , w h i l e r e s e r v e d , r e a l l y a f f e c t i o n a t e a n d d e e p l y 1 o v i n g t h e i r k i n d r e d a n d f e l l ow men. N e v e r a B i n g h a m was t h e r e who was n o t a b s o l u t e l y f e a r l e s s a n d o u t s p o k e n i n a c t i o n a n d w o r d s i n u p h o l d i n g w h a t he t h o u g h t was r i g h t . T h e r e h a s n e v e r b e e n a " t r i m m e r " n o r a " s t r a d d l e r " among t h e m . I n f a c t , t h i s t e n a c i t y o f o p i n i o n a n d f i r m n e s s i n s t a n d i n g b y t h e ( w o r d ) o f t h e B i n g h a m s i s p r o v e r b i a l i n M i s s o u r i a n d t h e t r u t h i s many s p e a k o f i t a s t h e " B i n g h a m s t u b b o r n n e s s " . S p e a k i n g f o r m y s e l f , I am p r o u d o f my h o m e l y l i n e a g e a n d w e r e I g i v e n t h e c h o i c e , w o u l d p r e f e r i t t o a n y o t h e r . I n t h a t f e e l i n g we B i n g h a m s a l l s h a r e e q u a l l y . ( 1 1 )

E a s t Woods a n d M a r s h a l l t o w n s o c i e t y c o n t i n u e s t o s h a r e i n

t h e f r u i t s o f t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y p i o n e e r s ' v i s i o n f o r t h e f u t u r e .

Town a n d n e i g h b o r h o o d a r e i n e x t r i c a b l y w o v e n i n t o a c o m m u n i t y

t h a t r e s p e c t s i t s p a s t a n d p l a n s f o r t h e f u t u r e .

C h a p t e r S e v e n : N o t e s

1 . M i s s o u r i S t a t e G a z e t e e r a n d B u s i n e s s D i r e c t o r y , 1 8 8 3 - 8 4 , D e t r o i t a n d S t . L o u i s : R . L . P o l k a n d A.C. D a n s e r C o m p a n i e s , 1 8 8 3 : 6 3 2 .

2 . H a n d b o o k , S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 8 9 : 1 6 .

3 . I b i d . , p . 2 0 .

4 . I b i d . , p . 2 0 .

5 . H a n d b o o k o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 8 9 : 1 9 , a n d N a p t o n , -- S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 9 1 0 : 2 5 1 - 2 5 6 .

6 . H a n d b o o k , 1 8 8 9 : 2 1 f f .

7. I b i d . , p . 2 1 .

8 . H i s t o r i c a l a n d D e s c r i p t i v e R e v i e w o f M i s s o u r i , V o l u m e I, K a n s a s C i t y : J n o . L e t h e m , 1 8 9 1 : 1 6 4 .

9 . I b i d . , p . 1 6 4 a n d P e t e r J . S c h m i t t , B a c k t o N a t u r e , T h e A r c a d i a n M y t h i n U r b a n A m e r i c a , New Y o r k : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 6 9 : 6 7 .

1 0 . " H i s t o r y o f M a r s h a l 1 , M i s s o u r i , "ms . c o m p i l e d b y J . L e o H a y o b , 1 9 6 7 .

1 1 . B i n g h a n i P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , UMC.

THE BLACK COMMUNITY

M r s . J . B . F i n l e y a g r e e s t o s e l l F r a n c e s S p e a r s p l o t o f l a n d , l o c a t e d a t P e n n y t o w n , f o r $ 1 0 0 . 0 0 . . . I n c a s e t h i s d e a l f a l l s t h r o u g h F r a n c e s p r o m i s e s t o p a y r e n t o f $ 1 0 . 0 0 p e r y r . f r o m d a t e .

P e n n y t o w n 1 a n d c o n t r a c t , A p r i 1 , 1 9 3 8 .

The h i s t o r y o f A m e r i c a n b l a c k s i s o n e o f a p e o p l e e n s l a v e d

a n d t h e n r e l e g a t e d t o t h i r d - c l a s s c i t i z e n s h i p . L i k e a 1 1 h i s t o r i e s ,

b l a c k h i s t o r y i s d i v e r s e a n d c o m p l e x . W i t h i n s t a t e s b l a c k e x p e r i e n c e s

h a v e v a r i e d among t o w n s , c i t i e s a n d c o u n t i e s . B l a c k s o c i a l

h i s t o r y h a s n o t b e e n " a r t i c u l a t e " i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , b u t n e i t h e r

h a s i t b e e n s i l e n t n o r i s i t s i l e n t .

T h e f o l l o w i n g c o m m e n t s w i 1 1 b e s p a r e f o r s u c h a p o r t e n t o u s

s u b j e c t . A f e w s o u r c e s a n d d o c u m e n t s a r e o f f e r e d t o d e m o n s t r a t e

t h e r i c h n e s s o f c u l t u r a l i n q u i r y f o r t h e b l a c k e x p e r i e n c e i n

S a l i n e C o u n t y . I n M a r s h a l l t h e b l a c k n e i g h b o r h o o d s o u t h o f

A r r o w s t r e e t a n d e i t h e r s i d e o f B r u n s w i c k c o n s t i t u t e s o n e o f 4

M a r s h a l 1 ' s t h r e e s i g n i f i c a n t h i s t o r i c n e i g h b o r h o o d s .

Much o f S a l i n e ' s g r e a t a n t e b e l l um a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o s p e r i t y

was p r o d u c e d b y b l a c k s w e a t a n d b l a c k l a b o r . T h e M i s s o u r i a n d

M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r b o r d e r c o u n t i e s , f o r o b v i o u s r e a s o n s , h e l d t h e

l a r g e s t b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n s . T h e l a b o r i n t e n s i v e hemp c u l t u r e

i n S a i i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 4 0 - 1 8 6 0 , a t t r a c t e d a n e v e r i n c r e a s i n g n u m b e r

o f s l a v e s t o t h e p r a i r i e p l a n t a t i o n s . As s h o w n b y R o b e r t D u f f n e r ' s ,

S l a v e r y i n M i s s o u r i R i v e r C o u n t i e s , 1 8 2 0 - 1 8 6 5 , S a l i n e was o n e o f

t h e m a j o r s l a v e - h o l d i n g c o u n t i e s i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i . ( 1 )

YEAR WHITES SLAVES

D u r i n g t h e 1 8 2 0 s , 1 8 3 0 s a n d e a r l y 1 8 4 0 s b l a c k s a c c o u n t e d f o r 2 5 %

o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . B u t t h e boom i n t h e 1 8 4 0 s hemp c u l t u r e m o r e

t h a n d o u b l e d t h e b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n b y 1 8 5 0 . B y 1 8 6 0 b l a c k s a c c o u n t e d

f o r o n e - t h i r d o f t h e c o u n t y p o p u l a t i o n . S a l i n e ' s d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e

i n t h e b l a c k p o p u l a c e c h a n g e d h e r s t a t e w i d e r a n k i n g f r o m t w e l f t h

i n 1 8 5 0 t o f o u r t h i n 1 8 6 0 . R e m a r k e d l y , i n 1 8 5 0 , 5 1 % o f S a l i n e ' s

w h i t e h o u s e h o l d s o w n e d s l a v e s , b u t t h e g r e a t g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n

i n c r e a s e o f t h e 1 8 5 0 s c a u s e d t h a t f i g u r e t o d r o p t o 4 0 % b y 1 8 6 0

w h i l e t h e n u m b e r o f s l a v e s p e r s l a v e h o l d e r i n c r e a s e d f r o n i 5 . 4 t o

6 . 9 . T h e s e f i g u r e s i n d i c a t e t h e p e r v a s i v e n e s s o f b l a c k c u l t u r e

t h r o u g h o u t r u r a l S a l i n e C o u n t y . ( 2 )

W h e t h e r s l a v e r y p r o v e d t o b e r e a l l y p r o f i t a b l e o r n o t c o n t i n u e s

t o b e a s u b j e c t o f d e b a t e . C e r t a i n l y t h e r e w e r e many e x c e p t i o n s

t o w h i c h e v e r g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n o n e p r e f e r s . On t h e e v e o f t h e

C i v i l War n o o n e d i s c l a i m e d t h e h i g h l y e x p e n s i v e e n t e r p r i s e o f

p u r c h a s i n g o r m a n a g i n g a s u b s t a n t i a l s l a v e p l a n t a t i o n . I n 1 8 5 9

i n S a l i n e C o u n t y t h e f o l l o w i n g l i s t o f s l a v e s commanded r e s p e c t a b l e

p r i c e s .

H e n r y , a g e 1 7 , v a l u e $1 3 0 0 D a n i e l a g e 3 6 , v a l u e 1 2 0 0 G e o r g e a g e 1 3 , v a l u e 9 5 0 S t e p h e n , a g e 8 , v a l u e 6 5 0 A d d i s o n , a g e 8 , v a l u e 5 5 0 Thomas , a g e 5 , v a l ue 4 4 0 ( 3 )

O t h e r t h a n c e n s u s d a t a , i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t b l a c k s i s s c a t t e r e d

i n w i 1 1 s a n d p r o b a t e r e c o r d s , a b s t r a c t s , w h i t e o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d

i n b l a c k f o l k l o r e . W h a t h a s b e e n w r i t t e n was o f t e n p r e j u d i c i a l ,

r e f l e c t i n g t h e p r e v a i l i n g w h i t e a t t i t u d e s . F o r e x a m p l e , t h e

N a p t o n w i l l , a c c o m p a n y i n g t h e o l d N a p t o n p r o p e r t y o n A r r o w

s t r e e t , i n c l u d e d a s t a t e m e n t t h a t " t h e l a n d i s t o n e v e r b e s o l d

t o a n y p e r s o n o f c o l o r . " T h e w i l l o f s l a v e h o l d e r , A s a F i n l e y ,

who l i v e d n e a r N e l s o n , p r o v i d e d a r r a n g e m e n t s f o r h i s s l a v e p r o p e r t y .

H i s c h i l d r e n w e r e t o r e c e i v e s l a v e s v a l u e d a t $ 4 0 0 e a c h . H i s

w i f e was t o i n h e r i t , E m i l y , a p p a r e n t l y a s k i l l e d d o m e s t i c l a d y

a n d p e r h a p s d e v o t e d t o t h e F i n l e y f a m i l y . O t h e r s l a v e s w e r e t o

be h i r e d o u t f o r r e g u l a r i n c o m e o r s o l d a n d t h e money i n v e s t e d

f o r i n t e r e s t d i v i d e n d s f o r t h e m i n o r c h i l d r e n . ( 4 )

Mob l a w a n d l y n c h i n g s r e m a i n as some o f t h e u g l i e s t e v e n t s

o f t h e A m e r i c a n p a s t . I n S a l i n e C o u n t y a d r a m a t i c e x a m p l e h a s

b e e n p r e s e r v e d . The a u t h o r o f t h e a c c o u n t e n g e n d e r e d g r e a t

p r e s e n c e i n h i s w r i t t e n v e r s i o n a n d t h e r e a d i n g o f i t s h o u l d

c a u s e t h e m o s t h a r d e n e d o f h e a r t s t o r e l e a s e some s y m p a t h y f o r

i n j u s t i c e s p e r p e t r a t e d u p o n h u m a n i t y .

J o h n was a b o u t 23 y e a r s o f a g e , a v a l u a b l e s l a v e , w o r t h p r o b a b l y $ 1 , 5 0 0 ; h a d a n i n t e l l i g e n t a n d o p e n c o u n t e n a n c e , a n d c o n v e r s e d v e r y f r e e l y w i t h a l l t h o s e who i n d i c a t e d a w i l l i n g n e s s t o h e a r h i m w h i l e he was c h a i n e d t o t h e s t a k e . He h a d c o n f e s s e d h i s g u i l t s h o r t l y a f t e r h i s f i r s t e x a m i n a - t i o n , s t a t i n g t h a t h e h a d gone t o H i n t o n ' s c a b i n o n t h e n i g h t o f t h e 1 3 t h o f May, h a v i n g p r o v i d e d h i m s e l f w i t h a b l u d g e o n , a n d c a l l e d h i m up s a y i n g he h a d a n o t e f o r h i m f r o m M r . K i s e r . As s o o n as H i n t o n o p e n e d t h e d o o r he s t r u c k h i m t h e f a t a l b l o w . On T u e s d a y when c h a i n e d t o t h e s t a k e h e s a i d he h a d a n a c c o m p l i c e . We h a v e n o means o f k n o w i n g w h e t h e r i t was t h e f e a r o f d e a t h o r t h e h o p e o f p u n i s h i n g an enemy t h a t b r o u g h t t h i s l a s t c o n f e s s i o n . A w h i t e man, J o h n a v e r r e d , was h i s a c c o m p l i c e a n d s h a r e d t h e g a i n s . He was h e a r d t h r o u g h , a n d t h e n t h e m a t c h was a p p l i e d t o t h e c o m b u s t i b l e s p i l e d r o u n d h i m . When t h e f l a m e s b e g a n t o h i s s a b o u t h i m , a n d t h e f i r e p e n e t r a t e h i s f l e s h , h e f i r s t seemed t o r e a l i z e t h a t h e was t o e x p i a t e h i s c r i m e i n t h a t d r e a d f u l m a n n e r , f o r a1 1 a l o n g h e h a d f e d u p o n t h e f o n d b e l i e f t h a t an h o n e s t c o n f e s s i o n w o u l d m i t i g a t e h i s p u n i s h m e n t . We d i d n o t h e a r o f h i s h a v i n g made h i s p e a c e w i t h a n y j u d g e m o r e t e r r i b l e t h a n " J u d g e L y n c h . " I n h i s a g o n y h e p r a y e d m o r e t o t h o s e a r o u n d h i m , t h a n t o t h e One a b o v e h i m . He s c r e a m e d a n d g r o a n e d a n d i m p l o r e d t h o s e a b o u t h i m f o r m e r c y , c a l l i n g on t h o s e h e knew b y name. He l i v e d f r o m s i x t o e i g h t m i n u t e s f r o m t h e t i m e t h e f l a m e s w r u n g t h e f i r s t c r y o f a g o n y f r o m h i s l i p s , t h e i n h a l a t i o n o f t h e b l a z i n g f i r e s u f f o c a t i n g h i m i n a s h o r t t i m e . H i s l i p s a n d a rms w e r e b u r n t , a p o r t i o n o f h i s h e a d a n d f a c e , a n d a p a r t o f h i s c h e s t . H i s b o d y r e m a i n e d , a c h a r r e d a n d s h a p e l e s s mass .

H o l m a n was a b o u t t h i r t y y e a r s o f a g e , we b e l i e v e , a n d h a d t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f b e i n g a v i c i o u s n e g r o ; c e r t a i n l y he h a d

much t h e w o r s t c o u n t e n a n c e o f t h e t h r e e . He b e l o n g e d t o a w i d o w l a d y o f some p r o p e r t y , a n d was w o r t h p r o b a b l y $ 1 , 0 0 0 . H i s o f f e n s e was n o t s o g r e a t a s J o h n ' s s o l e l y , i t i s t h o u g h t , b e c a u s e h e l a c k e d o p p o r t u n i t y . As i t was , h e came v e r y n e a r t a k i n g t h e 1 i f e o f a n e s t e e m e d a n d v a l u e d c i t i z e n , who we u n d e r s t a n d , was o n l y s a v e d f r o m a b r u t a l m u r d e r b y t h e h e r o i s m o f h i s w i f e . H o l m a n h a d n o t y e t h a d h i s t r i a l , b u t was t a k e n o u t w i t h J o h n . He s t r u g g l e d b u t l i t t l e a n d seemed r e s i g n e d t o h i s f a t e . On a r r i v i n g a t t h e p l a c e o f e x e c u t i o n , a r o p e was s p e e d i l y a d j u s t e d a b o u t h i s n e c k , a n d h e was s w u n g u p t o t h e l i m b o f a w a l n u t t r e e c l o s e t o t h e o n e w h e r e J o h n was c h a i n e d . He d i d n o t s t r u g g l e , b u t d i e d a p p a r e n t l y e a s y .

J i n i was f r o m 3 2 t o 3 5 y e a r s o f a g e , w o r t h p r o b a b l y $ 1 , 0 0 0 . He s t r u g g l e d h a r d t o f r e e h i m s e l f o f t h o s e who h a d h i m i n c h a r g e , b u t was s e c u r e d a n d t a k e n t o t h e p l a c e o f e x e c u t i o n w i t h o u t m a t e r i a l i n j u r y t o a n y o n e . To o u r e y e h i s o f f e n s e was t h e b l a c k e s t o f t h e t h r e e , b u t t h e l a w d o e s n o t r e c o g - n i z e i t a s e q u a l t o e i t h e r o f t h e o t h e r s ; a t l e a s t t h e p u n i s h m e n t p r o v i d e d i s n o t s o g r e a t . I t was t h e i n t e n t i o n o f t h e mob a t f i r s t t o b u r n J i m a l o n g w i t h J o h n , b u t he was f i n a l l y s w u n g u p o n t h e same l i m b w i t h H o l m a n w h e r e h e s t r u g g l e d f o r some t i m e , d y i n g h a r d . The b o d i e s a l l h u n g u n t i l W e d n e s d a y m o r n i n g , when t h e y w e r e b u r i e d n e a r t h e p l a c e o f e x e c u t i o n . ( 5 )

The mob h a i l e d f r o m W a v e r l y , A r r o w Rock a n d n e a r M a r s h a l l .

The e x e c u t i o n e r s ' l e a d e r , J . M . S h a c k l e f o r d , d e f e n d e d t h e mobs

a c t i o n i n a l o c a l n e w s p a p e r .

I know o f n o r e a s o n why we s h o u l d n o t h a v e a l i t t l e mob l a w i n t h e s t a t e o f M i s s o u r i ; a n d t h e c o u n t y o f S a l i n e when t h e o c c a s i o n i m p e r i o u s l y a n d o f n e c e s s i t y demands i t . . . A b o l i- t i o n i s t s a n d n e g r o s y r r ~ p a t h i z e r s h a v e h a d a g r e a t d e a l t o do i n c r e a t i n g a s p i r i t o f i n s u b o r d i n a t i o n a m o n g s t o u r n e g r o p o p u l a t i o n . E v e r y a b o l i t i o n i s t o u g h t t o b e d r i v e n o u t o f t h e c o u n t y ; e v e r y f r e e n e g r o s h o u l d b e s o l d i n t o s l a v e r y o r go o u t o f t h e s t a t e ; n o m o r e e m a n c i p a t i o n w i t h o u t s e n d i n g negcrp8es o u t o f s t a t e . ( 6 )

News o f t h e i n f a m o u s e v e n t s p r e a d t h r o u g h o u t c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i .

D u r i n g t h e C i v i l War f e d e r a l t r o o p s r e m i n d e d t h e M a r s h a l l p o p u l a c e

o f t h e g r i s l y i n c i d e n t .

A t t a c h e d i s a c o m p i l a t i o n f r o m D u f f n e r , T a b l e 1 2 , t h a t

p r o v i d e s a s t a t i s t i c a l l o o k a t l a r g e a n d s m a l l s l a v e h o l d e r s ,

hemp p r o d u c t i o n s a n d f a r m v a l u e s . N o t i c e t h e g r e a t boom d e c a d e

o f t h e 1 8 5 0 s i n d i c a t e d b y t h e " c a s h v a l u e o f f a r m . " D u r i n g t h e

&- ' 1,

TABLE 1 2

CHANGE I N CASH VALUE OF FARMS, HEMP PRODUCTION, AND FARM ACREAGE I N SALINE COUNTY

Number o f Cash Value Hemp Farm Acreage S l a v e h o l d e r S l a v e s o f Farm ( t o n s ) Improved/Unimproved

x 1850 1860 1850 1860 1850 1860 1850 1860

M. M e Marmaduke 27 77 $7,500 37,800 Reuben E. McDaniel 27 48 12 ,000 24,000 John DeMoss 26 42 9,400 27,000 W i l l i a m B. Sapp ing ton 23 38 14 ,000 41,000 James Brown 22 28 7,000 20,000 Isaac Neff 22 26 4,500 16,000 James N . Smith 89 106 39,000 40,000 Richard M a r s h a l l 11 1 7 5,000 16,400 John J o n e s , S r . 1 2 5 5,000 7,000 John M. Lewis 11 28 10,000 25,000 C l a i r b o r n e H i l l 3 7 650 8,000 H a r r i s o n Harris 2 4 1 , 0 0 0 8,000 W i l l i a m Wheeler 3 8 1 ,400 5,350 T i l l m a n Cameron 5 1 4 2,000 13 ,000 T. M . Minor 2 5 1 ,500 4,000 W i l l i a m T. H a r r i s o n 1 9 20 4,500 20,000 B e m i s Brown 1 6 1 6 10 ,000 22,000

1 4 % 4

21 2 3

none none none

1 4 400/1100 1000/1100 56 280/920 1000/250 1 0 120/820 450/910 1 7 350/250 1300/1000 1 7 300/1100 350/188 1 7 160/724 380/425 43 1000/680o 1850/600

3 300/10oo 200/620 none 100/450 130/230

40 2751495 40 /140

500/500 3 701330 5 15/485 120/400 3 60/154 100/114

11 70/530 3001797 1 4 200/80o 751155 160/60 43 600/600 1 0 250/1050 800/700

Source : Manuscr ip t Census Re tu rns f o r S a l i n e County, M i s s o u r i , A g r i c u l t u r e S c h e d u l e s and S l a v e S c h e d u l e s , Seven th Census o f t h e Uni t ed S t a t e s , 1850, a n d E i g h t h Census o f t h e Uni t ed S t a t e s , 1860.

An 1850s economic boom i s p a r t i a l l y ind ica t ed by a comparison of f i g u r e s i n t h e Cash Value of Farm column.

Duffner, Slavery i n Missouri River

--- Counties , 1820-1865, PhD, 1974 : 3 5

- * 1.

C i v i 1 War a n d i m m e d i a t e l y f o l l o w i n g , s l a v e h o l d e r s l o s t m u c h

o f t h e i r d o l l a r v a l u a t i o n i n s l a v e p r o p e r t y . T h e s e v e r i t y

o f t h e l o s s i s a g a i n i n d i c a t e d b y D u f f n e r . ( 8 )

A U D I T O R ' S REPORT OF VALUATION OF SLAVES I N THE S I X R IVER COUNTIES FOR 1 8 6 0 a n d 1 8 6 3

C o u n t y 1 8 6 0

B o o n e $ 1 , 6 9 7 , 6 1 0 C o o p e r $ 1 , 5 7 9 , 5 6 5 H o w a r d $ 2 , 2 4 6 , 2 4 0 S a l i n e $ 1 , 8 9 5 , 8 5 0 C h a r i t o n $ 1 , 3 1 5 , 3 4 0 L a f a y e t t e $ 2 , 2 5 2 , 5 7 0

A 1 o c a l p u b 1 i c a t i o n i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , P e n e l o p e ' s F r e e d o m ,

p r o v i d e d a d o c u m e n t t h a t , i n p a r t , d e m o n s t r a t e s o n a s m a l l s c a l e

t h e e c o n o ~ l l i c 1 o s s t o o n e s l a v e h o l d e r . M o r e i ~ n p o r t a n t l y i t r e c o r d e d

t h e o f f i c i a l r i t e o f p a s s a g e f r o m s l a v e r y t o f r e e d o m f o r o n e o f

S a l i n e ' s b l a c k c i t i z e n s .

C E R T I F I C A T E OF C I V I L WAR RARELY SEEN NOW

T h i s i s t h e w o r d i n g o f t h e C e r t i f i c a t e o f F r e e d o m o w n e d b y R e v . R i c h a r d A. L e w i s , 4 7 3 W e s t M a r i o n , M a r s h a l l , t h a t was i s s u e d S ~ p t e m b e r 2 6 , 1 8 6 3 , t o h i s m o t h e r , P e n e l o p e , t h e n a 5 - m o n t h - 0 1 d b a b y . T h e s e c e r t i f i c a t e s a r e q u i t e r a r e now.

OFFICE OF PROVOST MARSHAL 4 t h Sub D i s t . o f W e s t , D i s t r i c t o f M i s s o u r i .

BY AUTHORITY OF THE UNITED STATES

T H I S C E R T I F I C A T E OF FREEDOM i s g i v e n t o a n e g r o g i r l

Name, P e n e l o p e A g e d , F i v e M o n t h s C o l o r , Y e l l o w S i z e , S m a l l

I t h a v i n g b e e n o f f i c i a l l y a s c e r t a i n e d a n d d e c i d e d b y me, t h a t D r . C r a w f o r d E. S m i t h o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , Mo. , o w n e r o f s a i d g i r l P e n e l o p e h a s b e e n g u i l t y o f t r e a s o n a g a i n s t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d

t h e r e b y h a s w o r k e d t h e f r e e d o m o f s a i d g i r l P e n e l o p e f r o m h e r s e r v i t u d e , u n d e r t h e p r o v i s i o n s o f t h e a c t o f C o n g r e s s , t o s u p p r e m s s i n s u r r e c t i o n , t o p u n i s h t r e a s o n a n d r e b e l l i o n , a n d t o s e i z e a n d c o n f i s c a t e t h e p r o p e r t y o f R e b e l s , c o m o n l y c a l l - e d t . h e C o n f i s c a t i o n a n d E m a n c i p a t i o n B i 1 1 a n d a p p r o v e d

J u l y 1 8 6 2 , b y t h e PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES. D e l i v e r e d a n d S e a l e d t h e 2 6 t h d a y o f S e p t . , 1 8 6 3

F r a n k Swap, 1 s t L i e u t . A s s t . PROVOST MARSHAL F o r S a l i n e C o u n t y , Mo.

D r . C r a w f o r d S m i t h , who h a d t o y i e l d f r e e d o m t o t h e y o u n g P e n e l o p e ,

was t h e s o n o f G e n e r a l T . A . S m i t h , f o u n d e r o f t h e p l a n t a t i o n ,

E x p e r i m e n t . -- P e n e l o p e l a t e r m a r r i e d W i 1 li am E d w a r d L e w i s a n d t h e

c o u p l e l i v e d a n d r e a r e d t h e i r c h i l d r e n a t P e n n y t o w n i n S a l i n e

C o u n t y . P e n e l o p e , o r A u n t P e n n y L e w i s , d i e d i n 1 9 5 8 a t a g e 9 5 i n

t h e home o f h e r s o n , Ed L e w i s , S e d a l i a , M i s s o u r i . ( 9 )

F o l l o w i n g t h e C i v i l War b l a c k s m a i n t a i n e d a p r e s e n c e , l i v e l i -

h o o d a n d c u l t u r e i n S a l i n e C o u n t y . P r i o r t o t h e w a r some h a d b e e n

s k i l l e d i n t r a d e s s u c h a s c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d s t o c k c a r e . A f t e r t h e

w a r a n d i n t o t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , s e v e r a l b l a c k men c o n t i n u e d t o b e

p r o f e s s i o n a l s t o c k t r a i n e r s , " f o l k v e t e n a r i a n s , " a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n

l a b o r e r s . B l a c k men made b r i c k s a t Rose B r o t h e r s f o r c o m m e r c i a l

a n d r e s i d e n t i a l M a r s h a l 1 b u i l d i n g s .

F o o d a n d m u s i c a r e b o t h g r e a t p l e a s u r e s f r o m w h i c h b l a c k s

h a v e b e q u e a t h e d a g r e a t d e a l t o A m e r i c a n c u l t u r e . F o r e x a m p l e ,

t h e o r i g i n o f c h e s s p i e ( c o r r u p t e d f r o m J e f f ' s p i e ? ) a p p a r e n t l y

came f r o m n e a r b y W a v e r l y w h e r e a b l a c k l a d y p r e p a r e d h u n d r e d s o f

J e f f e r s o n D a v i s p i e s f o r t h e t h r o n g s a t t e n d i n g A u g u s t camp

m e e t i n g s . N o r t h e r n e r s c a l l e d i t c h e s s p i e . I n m u s i c t h e J u b i l e e

S i n g e r s f r o m F i s k U n i v e r s i t y , N a s h v i 1 l e , T e n n e s s e e , p r o v i d e d

n a t i o n a l t o u r s w h i c h f e a t u r e d " p l a n t a t i o n m e l o d i e s o f t h e c o l o r e d

p e o p l e " a n d i n s o d o i n g r a i s e d money f o r t h e f a m o u s b l a c k u n i v e r -

s i t y . ( 1 0 ) One s u c h t o u r a p p e a r a n c e was h e l d n e a r S a l i n e C o u n t y ,

w i t h S a l i n e C o u n t i a n s i n a t t e n d a n c e .

THE TENNESSEE J U B I L E E NIGGERS

. . . B u t t o u s o l d M i s s o u r i f o l k s " r a i s e d w i t h t h e n i g g e r s " i n t h e hemp b e l t a l o n g t h e r i v e r , a n i g g e r s h o w i s a n i g g e r s h o w , a n d t h i s was a b l e s s e d g o o d o n e .

T h a t s o p r a n o d a r k y s a n g l i k e a b i r d , a n d a s o n l y a n e g r o c a n s i n g . I n t h e s e s i m p l e m e l o d i e s t h e n e g r o c a n n o t b e b e a t . T h e i r v o i c e s a r e a s s o f t a s t h e summer z e p h y r s o f t h e i r a n c e s t r a l home i n d a r k e s t A f r i c a . T h e y k e e p g o o d t i m e , a n d t h e y s i n g , c o n a m o r e , w i t h s p i r i t . I n t h e i r c o m i c camp m e e t i n g r o l e s t h e y w e r e s i r r ~ p l y i m m e n s e . No w h i t e man c a n a c t t h o s e r o l e s l i k e t h e E t h i o p i a n . By t h e way t h e n e g r o i s q u i c k , m e r c u r i c a l , d r a m a t i c b y n a t u r e , a n d h a s m a n y o f t h e s u r f a c e q u a l i t i e s t h a t make t h e g o o d m i m i c . F o r i n s t a n c e we h e a r d a s t i f f s t a r c h e d , d o g c o l l a r e d , q u a r t e t t e o f c o l l e g e d u d e s s i n g "Who b u i l t d e A r k . " P o o r f e l l o w s , t h e y n e v e r b r o u g h t o u t a d r a m a t i c p o i n t o r a s i n g l e c o m i c f e a t u r e . T h e y h a d n o m o r e f a s c i a 1 e x p r e s s i o n t h a n a c i g a r s t o r e I n d i a n . T h e i r m o t i o n s h a d a l l t h e g r a c e a n d a g i l i t y o f c l o t l i i n g s t o r e d u m m i e s b e i n g w h e e l e d i n o u t o f t h e r a i n . B u t t h e n e g r o c a t c h e s o n e a s i l y a n d q u i c k l y , a n d f r o m h i s s o u t h e r n b l o o d a r i s e s t h e i n s t i n c t t o t e l l t h e s t o r y o f t h e s o n g w i t h h i s h a n d s , h i s e y e s , h i s f a c e , a n d h i s w h o l e b o d y . T h e m u l a t t o woman who s a n g "I am H o o- d o o e d ! " T u e s d a y n i g h t c o u l d n o t h a v e b e e n s u r p a s s e d . I t was a t h o r o u g h l y " n i g g e r " t o o , t h a t ' s w h a t made e v e r y b o d y c a l l e v e r y p e r f o r m e r b a c k a g a i n a n d a g a i n . T o t h e t h o u g h t f u l t h i s e c h o o f t h e o l d s l a v e t i m e a n d t h e o l d s l a v e s o n g s was s u g g e s t i v e a n d t h e i n t e r e s t was r e m i n i s c e n t . "Way Down o n t h e S u w a n e e R i v e r " " M a s s a ' s i n t h e C o l d C o l d G r o ~ ~ n d ' ' w i l l n o t a l w a y s e c h o o n s t a g e , t h e s t o r y o f t h e f a d i n g p a s t . A l r e a d y t h e t r a d i t i o n s a r e b e i n g l o s t , t h e i n t e r e s t i s d y i n g o u t . S u c h c o n c e r t s a s t h o s e o f l a s t T u e s d a y n i g h t a r e among t h e l a s t o f t h e i r k i n d . I n a f e w y e a r s t h e y w i l l h a v e v a n i s h e d f r o m t h e e n t e r t a i n m e n t s t a g e . S t i l l i n t h e p e r - f o r m a n c e T u e s d a y n i g h t we h a d t h e n e g r o i n a l l h i s g l o r y a n d i n h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c r o l e s . I t was g o o d . I t was l i f e l i k e .

Some s a y t h e n e g r o who s a n g O l d B l a c k J o e , c o u l d n ' t s i n g . B u t h e c o u l d a c t , a n d h e c o u l d s i n g l i k e 01 d b l a c k J o e m u s t h a v e s u n g , f o r t h e o r i g i n a l J o e i s n o t s u p p o s e d t o h a v e b e e n t h e f e t e d b a s s o o f a f a m o u s t r o u p e .

A n y o n e who r e m e m b e r s , h e a r i n g a n o l d c o t t o n - h e a d e d , d a r k y t a l k a n d s i n g w i l l k n o w t h a t O l d B l a c k J o e T u e s d a y n i g h t was a p e r f e c t p i c t u r e . T h e make u p was p e r f e c t , t h a t l o o k m o u r n f u l a n d p l a i n t i v e a s t h e v o i c e , was t h e m e l a n c h o l y r h e u m a t i c o l d n e g r o p o u r i n g f o r t h h i s l a m e n t w i t h c h i l d i s h s e l f - p i t y s o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h e r a c e , a n d t h e w h o l e p i c t u r e was s t a r t 1 i n g l y t r u e t o t h e t y p e r e p r e s e n t e d . S h o w i n g a s we s a i d b e f o r e t h a t t o a c e r t a i n l i m i t t h e n e g r o i s a b o r n a c t o r . T h e g r e a t Dumas m u s t h a v e d r a w n much o f h i s d r a m a t i c q u a l i t y f r o m t h e n e g r o b l o o d i n h i s v e i n s .

To sum u p : we b e l i e v e t h e d i v e r s i t y o f o p i n i o n a b o u t t h e p e r f o r m a n c e T u e s d a y n i g h t i s b e s t s t a t e d i n t h i s w a y : t h o s e

who w e n t t h e r e k n o w i n g " n i g g e r s " a n d e x p e c t i n g t o h e a r t h e m s i n g i n n i g g e r s t y l e w e r e d e l i g h t e d . T h o s e who l o o k e d u p o n i t a s s i m p l y a c o n c e r t a n d e x p e c t e d t h e m t o s i n g l i k e w h i t e p e o p l e , w e r e d i s a p p o i n t e d . Some s a y H a g e r m a n was g r e a t e s t i n " R o c k e d i n t h e C r a d l e o f t h e D e e p . " B u t who w a n t s t o h e a r a d a r k y s i n g t h a t ? We n e v e r saw a s h o w t h a t r e p r e s e n t e d r e a l n i g g e r s a t t h e i r b r i g h t e s t a n d t h e i r b e s t m o r e t r u l y t h a n t h a t o f T u e s d a y n i g h t . ( 1 1 )

W h i l e t h e w h i t e c o m m u n i t y d e n i e d c i v i l r i g h t s t o b l a c k s , t h e y

c e r t a i n l y w e r e w i l l i n g t o b e e n t e r t a i n e d b y b l a c k s . B u t i n S a l i n e

C o u n t y , a s e l s w h e r e , a f e w n o t a b l e a c h i e v e m e n t s b e g a n t o b e

a c c o m p l i s h e d b y e n t e r p r i s i n g b l a c k s b u i 1 d i n g a b e t t e r s o c i e t y . One

s u c h m i l e s t o n e i n r u r a l S a l i n e C o u n t y was t h e f o u n d i n g o f P e n n y t o w n .

I n 1 8 7 1 J o e P e n n y , a f r e e d m a n f r o m K e n t u c k y , came t o S a l i n e

C o u n t y . F o r $ 1 6 0 . 0 0 h e p u r c h a s e d e i g h t a c r e s a b o u t n i n e m i l e s

s o u t h a n d e a s t o f M a r s h a l l . L o c a t e d n e a r t h e e d g e o f t h e s c a r p

b e t w e e n B l a c k w a t e r r i v e r v a l l e y a n d t h e p r a i r i e , t h e P e n n y t o w n

s e t t l e m e n t d e v e l o p e d .

I n 1 8 7 7 f o l l o w i n g t h e e l e c t i o n o f R u t h e r f o r d H a y e s a n d t h e

e n d o f R e c o n s t r u c t i o n , s o u t h e r n b l a c k s b e g a n a n e x o d u s n o r t h a n d

w e s t . I t seems t h a t d u r i n g t h e 1 8 8 0 s s e v e r a l f a m i l i e s i m m i g r a t e d

t o P e n n y t o w n , j o i n i n g o l d S a l i n e C o u n t y f a m i l i e s . P e n n y s o l d s m a l l

l o t s t o t h e n e w c o m e r s f r o m K e n t u c k y a n d V i r g i n i a a s w e l l a s t o

S a l i n e C o u n t i a n s . T h e r u r a l h a m l e t e x p a n d e d t o some f o r t y a c r e s .

H o u s e s w e r e n o r m a l l y s i n g l e a n d d o u b l e p e n , l o g a n d f r a m e ,

w i t h s h e d r o o m s i n t h e r e a r . A f e w w e r e p a i n t e d , m o s t w e r e n o t .

Some s i n g l e p e n l o g h o u s e s h a d a s m a l l e r b o a r d a n d b a t t e n f r a m e

p e n a s a n a d d i t i o n . The s m a l l e r f r a m e a d d i t i o n f o r t h e s e c o n d p e n

f o l l o w e d a common p a t t e r n o f s i z e u s e d b y f o l k b u i l d e r s t h r o u g h o u t

t h e s t a t e . S h a k e r o o f s w e r e l a t e r c o v e r e d w i t h t i n s h e e t m e t a l .

The h o u s e s d i d n o t h a v e f i r e p l a c e s , b u t w e r e b u i l t f o r s t o v e f l u e s ,

h a d n o l o f t a b o v e t h e p r i m a r y p e n , o f t e n h a d n o f a c a d e w i n d o w s

( t h e y w e r e i n g a b l e e n d s ) , t h e y u t i l i z e d s q u a r e n o t c h i n g , a n d

t h e h o u s e s w e r e b u i l t o f r o u n d a n d s q u a r e hewn l o g s . R a i n b a r r e l s

p r o v i d e d r e s e r v o i r s f o r w a t e r a1 t h o u g h a c o u p l e o f dug w e l l s

w e r e d e s i g n a t e d f o r c o m m u n i t y u s e . ( 1 2 )

J i m J a c k s o n , a nian o f v a r i e d t a l e n t s , was a f o l k v e t e n a r i a n .

H i s r e m e d i e s i n c l u d e d ,

A m i x t u r e o f s a l t , wood a s h e s a n d p o w d e r e d t o b a c c o e r a d i - c a t e d i n t e r n a l p a r a s i t e s i n s h e e p ; p u l v e r i z e d g l a s s p l a c e d i n t h e e a r s o f m u l e s o r h o r s e s t h a t s u f f e r e d w i t h p o l l e v i l a n d f i s t u l a c u r e d t h e m . H i s homemade s y r i n g e s o f e l d e r wood , w i t h p i t h r e m o v e d , a n d a p l u n g e r o f a s w i t c h c u t t o f i t , w e r e u s e d t o " s h o o t " b l u e s t o n e i n t o t i s s u e s , w i t h c o a l o i l f o r a d r e n c h f o r b l o a t . ( 1 3 )

B e s i d e s w o r k done f o r t h e m s e l v e s , m o s t b l a c k s " w o r k e d o u t "

f o r w h i t e f a r m e r s . They t r a i n e d s t o c k , e s p e c i a l l y h o r s e s , b u i l t

f e n c e , t r i m m e d a n d c l e a n e d o u t t h e f a m e d S a l i n e C o u n t y h e d g e

f e n c e s , s h o c k e d a n d s t a c k e d w h e a t a n d h a y , c u t c o r n , b u t c h e r e d

h o g s , a n d s u p p l i e d h o u s e h o l d d o m e s t i c w o r k . W i l l B r o w n "manu-

f a c t u r e d c h a r c o a l f r o m g r e e n h i c k o r y l o g s w h i c h h e t h r e w i n t o

t r e n c h e s , f i r e d a n d s m o t h e r e d . T h i s was s o l d w i d e l y t o p e r s o n s

who u s e d c h a r c o a l h e a t i n t h e i r b u s i n e s s . " B r o w n , a s a w m i l l e r ,

c u t t r e e s a n d p l a n t e d t r e e s i n M a r s h a l l . Many o f t h e m a t u r e

E a s t w o o d t r e e s w e r e p l a n t e d b y h i m . B r o w n , a s k i l l e d e n t r e -

p r e n u e r among t h e P e n n y t o w n r e s i d e n t s , a l s o m a n u f a c t u r e d f e r t i l i -

z e r a n d h o g m e d i c i n e w h i c h h e p e d d l e d t o w h i t e f a m i l i e s . P e n n y t o w n

g a r d e n e r s s o l d t r u c k p a t c h p r o d u c t s t o b l a c k a n d w h i t e M a r s h a l l

r e s i d e n t s . I n f a c t , P e n n y t o w n t r a f f i c t o M a r s h a l l was s o common

t h a t t h e c o r n e r o f S a l t Pond a n d N o r t h s t r e e t s became known a s

" P e n n y t o w n c o r n e r " f o r t h o s e who c o n g r e g a t e d t h e r e a w a i t i n g

r i d e s b a c k home. ( 1 4 )

B u t s t i l l f a r i n t o t h e 2 0 t h c e n t u r y , S a l i n e C o u n t y b l a c k s

h a d t o l o b b y f o r j u s t t r e a t m e n t b y t h e m o s t common o f i n s t i t u t i o n s -

e d u c a t i o n . The s t a t e d e p a r t m e n t o f E d u c a t i o n a l l o c a t e d f u n d s t o

t h e l o c a l d i s t r i c t s t o p a y t e a c h e r s . When S a l i n e C o u n t y d i s t r i c t

# 9 3 r e f u s e d p a y m e n t o f $ 2 0 0 . 0 0 t o t h e P e n n y t o w n s c h o o l , N e l l y

J a c k s o n , " P a t r o n o f t h e C o m m u n i t y A s s o c i a t i o n ," p e t i t i o n e d t h e

M i s s o u r i A t t o r n e y G e n e r a l ' s o f f i c e f o r r e d r e s s o f t h e i n j u s t i c e .

J a c k s o n , a l s o a s c h o o l t e a c h e r , l o s t h e r j o b f o r t h e e f f o r t o f

h e r i n q u i r y . ( 1 5 )

F e n n y t o w n h a d i t s own l o c a l l a n d m a r k s a n d i n s t i t u t i o n s .

D r . Tom H a l l b o u g h t a n d d o n a t e d a s m a l l a c r e a g e t o t h e c o m m u n i t y

w h e r e a p a v i l i o n was b u i l t i n t h e c e n t e r o f a p a r k - r e c r e a t i o n a r e a .

A s c h o o l a n d t w o c h u r c h e s s e r v e d t h e c i t i z e n s . B u t b y t h e D e p r e s -

s i o n m o s t o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n h a d l e f t a n d f e w s t r u c t u r e s r e m a i n e d .

Now o n l y o n e c h u r c h b u i l d i n g , c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e m i d - 1 9 2 0 s o f

m a n u f a c t u r e d t i l e b l o c k s , s t a n d s a s a v i s i b l e r e m i n d e r o f t h e

c o u n t y ' s m o s t we1 1 - k n o w n b l a c k c o m m u n i t y . An a n n u a l r e u n i o n a t

t h e c h u r c h r e v i v e s m e m o r i e s a n d f e l l o w s h i p . B e c a u s e o f l a n d

o w n e r s h i p a r r a n g e m e n t s , a r e g u l a r m e e t i n g m u s t t a k e p l a c e a t t h e

c h u r c h t o k e e p t h e c u r r e n t l a n d o w n e r , MFA, f r o m d e m o l i s h i n g t h e

h i s t o r i c 1 a n d n i a r k .

P e n n y t o w n i s u n i q u e i n S a l i n e C o u n t y . T h e h i s t o r y o f l a n d

p r i v a t e l y o w n e d b y b l a c k r e s i d e n t s i s a m e m o r y a n d a n a c c o m p l i s h -

m e n t n o t a c h i e v e d e l s e w h e r e i n t h e c o u n t y u n t i l t h e 1 9 5 0 s i n t h e

o l d b l a c k t e n e t n e i g h b o r h o o d s o u t h o f A r r o w s t r e e t . Some f o r m e r

P e n n y t o w n r e s i d e n t s n i o v e d t o M a r s h a l 1 , a n d f r o m t h e r e , p r i m a r i l y

t h r o u g h t h e e f f o r t s o f c i v i c - m i n d e d , J o s e p h i n e L a w r e n c e , t h e

r e u n i o n a n d h i s t o r y o f P e n n y t o w n h a s b e e n k e p t a1 i v e . T h e p r e s e n c e

o f b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n t h r o u g h o u t M a r s h a l l a n d S a l i n e C o u n t y ' s h i s t o r y

i s a m a j o r h i s t o r i c a l t h e m e d e n i e d b y a u t h o r s o f t h e 1 8 8 1 a n d 1 9 1 0

c o u n t y h i s t o r i e s . P e r h a p s c o n t e m p o r a r y h i s t o r i a n s w i l l p r o m o t e a

m o r e w h o l i s t i c v i e w o f t h e c o u n t y ' s p a s t .

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S i n c e t h e M a r s h a l l b l a c k c o m m u n i t y i s o n e o f t h e t h r e e

" h i s t o r i c d i s t r i c t s " d e t e r m i n e d b y t h i s p r e l i n i i n a r y o v e r v i e w

o f t o w n h i s t o r y , t h e f o l l o w i n g s e t o f h i s t o r i c p h o t o g r a p h s a r e

i n c l u a e d . They w e r e t a k e n f r o m 1 9 6 1 - 1 9 6 6 i n t h e g e n e r a l a r e a

e a s t o f B r u n s w i c k , w e s t o f P a r k , s o u t h o f A r r o w s t r e e t l o t s a n d

n o r t h o f Y e r b y s t r e e t l o t s . The p h o t o s r e p r e s e n t a v i v i d c h a r -

a c t e r i z a t i o n o f a s m a l l t o w n b l a c k g h e t t o w h i c h h a d b e e n a t e n e t

n e i g h b o r n o o d f o r a c e n t u r y . R e s i d e n t s w o r k e d f o r w h i t e f a m i l i e s

i n t h e E a s t Woods a n d e l s e w h e r e , w o r k e d a t Rose B r o t h e r s b r i c k

y a r d , o r f o r o t h e r w h i t e - o w n e d b u s i n e s s e s . T h e y s u b s i s t e d b y

c u l t i v a t i n g g a r d e n s , g r o w i n g f r u i t a n d t e n d i n g a f e w a n i m a l s .

The d o u b l e p e n , s i n g l e p e n a n d s h o t g u n t r a d i t i o n a l h o u s i n g

w i l l b e r e c o g n i z e d b y o b s e r v e r s o f f o l k a r c h i t e c t u r e . B u i l d i n g s

o f i n v e n t i v e , n o n - t r a d i t i o n a l f o r m s a 1 s o a p p e a r . The b u i 1 t

e n v i r o n m e n t p i c t u r e d h a s b e e n r e p 1 a c e d b y f e d e r a l h o u s i n g p r o j e c t s .

,-J r - - - - - - - - - I - - - - . . - , L A - 'I -1 ' 7% 1 J 3

1 , . South of the deep l o t s for town I / ~ > I , . W ' -- es tates was located the black tenant

I neighborhood. Two brick yards and the black cemetery were nearby.

Saline County Atlas, 1896

m --I Photo courtesy of * t t* . L . l L - - -

I Charter Bank, Marshall

m y . .- - 6 L., -

i ,1-! - 4

D B O ~ l o t s and mature trees 1 emphasize the park- l ike quality of some blocks in -the East Woods.

C h a p t e r E i g h t : N o t e s

R o b e r t W . D u f f n e r , " S l a v e r y i n M i s s o u r i R i v e r C o u n t i e s , 1 8 2 0 - 1 8 6 5 , " PhD, U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i , 1 9 7 4 .

I b i d . , p . 1 3 , 1 6 , a n d 2 1 .

M e y e r , H e r i t a g e o f M i s s o u r i , p . 3 2 0 .

N a p t o n a b s t r a c t , a n d n e w s c l i p p i n g , " E x c e r p t f r o m W i l l o f Asa F i n l e y i n 1 8 4 7 , Who L i v e d i n E a s t S a l i n e , " n e w s c l i p p i n g i n J o s p e h i n e L a w r e n c e P a p e r s .

H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 8 1 : 2 6 1 .

I b i d . , p . 2 6 2 .

D u f f n e r , " S l a v e r y . . . " , p . 3 5 .

I b i d . , p . 1 9 9 .

" P e n e l o p e ' s F r e e d o m , " n . p . , n . d .

K e l l y M i l l e r a n d J o s e p h Gay , P r o g r e s s a n d A c h i e v e m e n t s o f t h e C o l o r e d P e o p l e , W a s h i n g t o n D . C . : A u s t i n J e n k i n s Co. : 2 5 4 .

A n n a M . D a v i s S c r a p b o o k , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , UMC.

" P e n e l o p e ' s F r e e d o m , " a n d i n t e r v i e w b y a u t h o r s w i t h J o s e p h i n e L a w r e n c e a n d i n s p e c t i o n o f h e r h i s t o r i c p h o t o g r a p h s .

" P e n e l o p e ' s F r e e d o m , " n . p . , n . d .

I b i d . a n d J o s e p h i n e L a w r e n c e i n t e r v i e w .

L . e t t e r s i n J o s e p h i n e L a w r e n c e P a p e r s .

BUILDERS AND BUILDINGS

M i s s o u r i a n s l i v e u n d e r an a s s o r t m e n t o f r o o f s . T h e i r a r c h i t e c t u r e i s a s d i v e r s e a s w i l l be s e e n a l m o s t a n y w h e r e .

I r v i n g P o l l a r d , M i s s o u r i i s A l l A m e r i c a

A s e r i o u s s t u d y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y t r a d i t i o n a l a n d s t y l i s t i c

a c r c h i t e c t u r e i s y e t t o b e a c c o m p l i s h e d . The c o m p r e h e n s i o n o f

M i s s o u r i ' s b a i l t e n v i r o n m e n t on t h e w h o l e h a s y e t t o b e accom-

p l i s h e d . I n d i v e r s e l o c a l e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e s t a t e , h o w e v e r ,

i m p o r t a n t b e g i n n i n g s h a v e b e g u n w h i c h w i l l p r o v i d e c o u n t y a n d

r e g i o n a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g s o f why s t r u c t u r e s o n t h e l a n d l o o k t h e

way t h e y d ~ . T h i s s u r v e y , i n i t s p i c t o r i a l r e c o r d , i s one m o r e

w i n d o w w h i c h w i l l a i d i n a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f M i s s o u r i ' s t r a d i -

t i o n a l a l c d e s i g n l a n d s c a p e .

I n a1 1 c o m m u n i t i e s t h e r e h a v e b e e n b u i l d ~ s , c o n t r a c t o r s

a n d a r c : ~ i t e c t s who h a v e b e e n t h e a r b i t e r s o f t r a d i t i o n a n d s t y l e

f o r t h e i r c o m m u n i t i e s l a n d s c a p e s . The r e c o r d o f t h e i r w o r k i s i n

p r i n1a r . l s o u r c e s , e s p e c i a l l y l o c a l n e w s p a p e r s , w h i c h o f t e n c h r o n i -

c l e d t h e p r o g r e s s o f t o w n s . New b u i l d i n g s w e r e a l w a y s n e w s w o r t h y

t o t h e c i v i c - m i n d e d e d i t o r s , h e n c e b u i l d e r s ' c a r e e r s 1 i e h i d d e n

i n f i n e n e w s p r i n t . The r e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e s e c a r e e r s demands

m o n t h s o f c a r e f u l r e a d i n g a n d i n d e x i n g o f n e w s p a p e r s . B u t e v e n

i n a s u r v e y , p r o m i n e n t b u i l d e r s a n d n e t w o r k s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n

t r a d e s m e n o f t e n e m e r g e . Such i s t h e c a s e i n M a r s h a l l .

D r . J o h n S a p p i n g t o n ' s i n f l u e n c e s h a v e a1 r e a d y b e e n m e n t i o n e d .

An a d d i t i o n a l o n e , h o w e v e r , r e v 0 1 v e s a r o u n d t h e m a s t e r c r a f t s m a n ,

h i r e d b y S a p p i n g t o n i n T e n n e s s e e , a n d b r o u g h t t o S a l i n e C o u n t y .

J e s s e L a n k f o r d , a V i r g i n i a n , who g r e w up n e a r N a s h v i l l e ,

was o b v i o u s l y a s k i l l e d m e c h a n i c p r i o r t o h i s i m m i g r a t i o n w i t h t h e

S a p p i n g t o n s t o M i s s o u r i . He b u i l t t h e l a n d m a r k t w o - s t o r y d o g - t r o t

( 8 0 )

h o u s e f o r t h e D o c t o r , c . 1 8 1 9 , t h e l o c a l l y f a m o u s G a l b r a i t h m i l l

i n 1 8 2 1 a t t h e c o u n t y s e a t t o w n o f J o n e s b o r o , m a n u f a c t u r e d s a l t

t h r o u g h o u t t h e 1 8 2 0 s , b u i l t a s e c o n d m i l l a t J o n e s b o r o , a n d t h e

s c h o o l a t A r r o w R o c k . A p p a r e n t l y h e was a m a j o r , i f n o t t h e m o s t

p r o m i n e n t b u i l d e r f o r t h e e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y g e n t r y . T h e 1 8 4 0 s

b r i c k G r e e k - R e v i v a l c o u n t r y s e a t s o f W i l l i a m B . S a p p i n g t o n ' s

P r a i r i e P a r k a n d E . D . S a p p i n g t o n ' s b r i c k h o u s e may h a v e b e e n h i s

w o r k . W h o e v e r d i d b u i l d P r a i r i e P a r k p r o d u c e d o n e o f t h e m o s t

c r u c i a l a r t i f a c t s f o r t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s t y l e a n d t r a d i t i o n

i n M i s s o u r i .

W . B . S a p p i n g t o n ' s h o u s e , a s a n a r c h i t e c t u r a l l a n d m a r k , i s

i m p o r t a n t i n a t l e a s t t h r e e w a y s . F i r s t , i t i s t h e c l e a r e s t

s t a t e m e n t o f h i g h s t y l e G r e e k R e v i v a l a t t h e b e g i n n i n g o f t h e s t y l e ' s

i n t r o d u c t i o n i n t o t h e s t a t e ( a s o p p o s e d t o b e i n g i n t h e m i d d l e o r

a t t h e e n d ) ; t w o , t h e i n t e r i o r i s l i t e r a l l y a v i s u a l t r i p f r o m

h i g h s t y l e i n t h e f o r m a l s i d e o f t h e h o u s e , a n d c r o s s i n g t h e h a l l

o n e o b s e r v e d v e r n a c u l a r G r e e k - R e v i v a l t h a t i s c o ~ i i m o n l y f o u n d

t h r o u g h o u t t h e r e s t o f M i s s o u r i ; a n d t h r e e , t h e l e v e l o f e l e g a n c e

i s c o n ~ p a r a b l e o n l y t o S t . L o u i s h o u s e s o f t h e p e r i o d , n o n e o f

w h i c h a r e e x t a n t . I t s o b v i o u s c o s n i o p o l i t a n c h a r a c t e r r e f l e c t s

t h e w i d e l y t r a v e l e d a n d u r b a n e , m e r c h a n t - c a r e e r o f i t s f i n a n c i e r ,

W.B. S a p p i n g t o n . ( 1 )

J e s s e L a n k f o r d l i v e d n e a r l y a h a l f c e n t u r y b e y o n d t h e

c o m p l e t i o n o f P r a i r i e P a r k . W h i l e a p p r o a c h i n g h i s 9 0 t h b i r t h d a y

a l o c a l a u t h o r w r o t e , " M r . L a n k f o r d was t h e m o s t e n t e r p r i s i n g

man i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , i n t h o s e d a y s , a n d t h r o u g h h i s l o n g l i f e h a s

p r o v e d h i m s e l f o n e o f t h e m o s t v a l u a b l e c i t i z e n s t h e c o u n t y h a s

e v e r h a d . " ( 2 ) T h u s , t h i s m a y b e a t r i b u t e t o t h e f i r s t g e n e r a l l y

s i g n i f i c a n t S a l i n e C o u n t y b u i l d e r .

A n o t h e r v e r y e a r l y c r a f t s m a n , who b u i l t f o r S a l i n e C o u n t y

g e n t r y , was V i r g i n i a n , Thomas S h a c k e l f o r d . W h i l e i n K e n t u c k y

S h a c k e l f o r d was a p a r t n e r w i t h e x - G o v e r n o r M e t c a l f e i n t h e s t o n e

mason b u s i n e s s . S h a c k e l f o r d , o n e o f t h e f i r s t t h r e e c o u n t y

j u d g e s , c o n t i n u e d h i s b r i c k - l a y i n g i n S a l i n e C o u n t y , c o n s t r u c t i n g

h i s 1 8 2 0 b r i c k G e o r g i a n c o t t a g e i n n o r t h e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y . T h e

h o u s e , w i t h w a l n u t m a n t l e s a n d o a k f l o o r s , s t o o d a s a l a n d m a r k

u n t i l 1 9 3 0 . The m a s o n was p r o u d o f h i s c r a f t s m a n ' s s k i l l s a n d

S h a c k e l f o r d ' s s o n o f t e n q u o t e d h i s f a t h e r s a y i n g , " I am p r o u d o f

my a n c e s t o r s ' c a l l i n g a n d t h a t t h e y r e a l i z e d t h e f a c t t h a t a l l

h o n e s t men m u s t l a b o r . I s o m e t i m e s t e l l my c h i l d r e n t h a t I b e l o n g

t o t h e m u d s i l l a r i s t o c r a c y . " ( 3 )

I n A r r o w R o c k t h e r e w e r e a l s o c r a f t s m e n who w o r k e d i n w o o d .

T h r o u g h t h e 1 8 4 0 s a n d 1 8 5 0 s t h e B i n g h a m a n d M c G i l t o n s h o p p r o v i d e d

c u s t o m w o r k , a n d e x p a n d e d t h e i r b u s i n e s s i n t o a m i l l w o r k s .

McGi 1 t o n , a c a r p e n t e r f r o m M a r y 1 a n d , m a r r i e d J o s e p h Hus t o n ' s

d a u g h t e r a n d e n g a g e d t h e m i l l i n g b u s i n e s s w i t h Samue l H u s t o n p r i o r

t o h i s p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h B i n g h a m . By 1 8 3 0 G e o r g e C a l e b B i n g h a m was

a p p r e n t i c e d t o a c a b i n e t m a k e r i n B o o n v i l l e . He r e t u r n e d t o A r r o w

R o c k , b u i l t h i s h o u s e a n d p e r h a p s o t h e r s , a n d b e c a m e k n o w n a s a n

a r t i s t t h a n a c a r p e n t e r . H i s b r o t h e r , H e n r y V . B i n g h a m , J r . , was

a n " a r c h i t e c t a n d b u i l d e r . " How much o f H e n r y ' s a c t i v i t y was i n

c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i , p r e s u m a b l y a s u b s t a n t i a l p o r t i o n , was n o t

d e t e r m i n e d b y t h i s s u r v e y . ( 4 )

D u r i n g t h e 1 8 5 0 s a n d 1 8 6 0 s B e n j a m i n B u c k n e r , a V i r g i n i a

c a r p e n t e r , w o r k e d i n S a l i n e a n d L a f a y e t t e C o u n t i e s . He r e p u t e d l y

b u i l t n e a r l y a l l t h e h o u s e s i n r u r a l M t . L e o n a r d a n d S h a c k e l f o r d .

H i s r e p u t a t i o n g a i n e d h i m t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t r a c t o n t h e p o s t -

War c o u r t h o u s e . U n f o r t u n a t e l y B u c k n e r f a i l e d t o a d e q u a t e l y p r o -

t e c t t h e c o u r t h o u s e c o n s t r u c t i o n f r o m i n c l e m e n t w e a t h e r , c o n s e -

q u e n t l y , h e s u f f e r e d c r i t i c i s m a n d r e b u k e f o r h i s n e g l i g e n c e f r o m

t h e b u i 1 d i n g c o m m i s s i o n e r , J o h n McKown. T h e r e a f t e r h e r e t u r n e d t o

V i r g i n i a . D u r i n g t h e same p e r i o d , t w o o t h e r b u i l d e r s , C.F. Ode11

a n d Henr.y S w i s h e r b e g a n c o n t r a c t i n g i n M a r s h a l l a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g

t o w n s h i p s . O d e l 1 , s o n o f M a r s h a l 1 ' s p a t r o n , J e r e m i a h O d e l 1 , b u i l t

h o u s e s a n d e n g a g e d t h e u n d e r t a k i n g a n d c a b i n e t m a k i n g b u s i n e s s i n

M a r s h a l 1 . I n 1 8 5 7 , S w i s h e r , a V i r g i n i a c a r p e n t e r a n d c o n t r a c t o r ,

a r r i v e d . "He e r e c t e d h i s own b u i l d i n g s , " w o r k e d a t h i s t r a d e a n d

b u i l t a p r o s p e r o u s p r a i r i e f a r m . ( 5 )

The d e s t r u c t i o n o f t h e C i v i l War d e m a n d e d r e b u i l d i n g o n a

m a s s i v e s c a l e t h r o u g h o u t c e n t r a l a n d s o u t h e r n M i s s o u r i . I n

M a r s h a l 1 t h e r e b u i l d i n g a n d c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e p r o g r e s s i v e r a i l -

r o a d t o w n was a c o m m u n i t y e f f o r t , b u t t h e c o n s p i c u o u s r o l e s o f

C h a s t a i n G a r l a n d P a g e a n d h i s b r o t h e r , E d g a r R i v e s P a g e c a n n o t b e

o v e r 1 o o k e d .

S o n s o f an o l d V i r g i n i a f a m i l y , t h e P a g e b r o t h e r s ' f a t h e r

was a m i l l w r i g h t . D u r i n g t h e m i d - 1 8 5 0 s C . G . a n d E d g a r i m m i g r a t e d

t o S a l i n e C o u n t y . I r o n i c a l l y e n o u g h , J o h n B. J o n e s ' l i t e r a r y

w e s t e r n a d v e n t u r e s , w r i t t e n f r o m A r r o w R o c k , i n s p i r e d C . G . t o

move W e s t . B e g i n n i n g i n t h e m i d d l e f i f t i e s t h e Page b r o t h e r s w e r e

p r o m i n e n t i n b u i l d i n g a n d c o m m e r c i a l a c t i v i t i e s i n M a r s h a l 1 a n d

t h e y c o n t i n u e d t h e i r i n f l u e n c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e 1 9 t h c e n t u r y a n d

i n t o t h e 2 0 t h .

E d g a r R . P a g e l e a r n e d c a r p e n t r y i n V i r g i n i a . I n M a r s h a l l

h i s s k i l l e a r n e d h i m c o u n t y - w i d e c o n t r a c t s . He s p e n t t h e War

y e a r s i n t h e s t a t e o f N e v a d a c o n t r a c t i n g a n d m i n i n g , b u t i n 1 8 6 6

h e r e s u m e d a b u i 1 d i n g c a r e e r i n M a r s h a l 1 t h a t a p p r o a c h e d m o n u m e n t a l

p r o p o r t i o n s f o r a t o w n t h e s i z e o f M a r s h a l l . By t h e 1 8 9 0 s

h e ( h a d ) e r e c t e d m o r e b u i l d i n g s t h a n a n y o t h e r c o n t r a c t o r , a n d t o h i m a s m u c h a s t o a n y o n e man i s d u e t h e m a t e r i a l a d v a n c e m e n t o f t h e c i t y f r o m t h a t t i m e t o t h e p r e s e n t . I t i s a f a c t b e y o n d d i s p u t e t h a t h e p r a c t i c a l l y b u i l t t h e t h r i v i n g c o u n t y s e a t , t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e b u s i n e s s b l o c k s , p u b l i c e d i f i c e s a n d f i n e r c l a s s o f r e s i d e n c e s b e i n g t h e r e s u l t o f h i s m e c h a n i c a l s k i l l , i n a d d i t i o n t o w h i c h h e a1 s o e r e c t e d many d w e l l i n g s t h r o u g h o u t t h e r u r a l d i s t r i c t s a n d i n o t , h e r t o w n s . ( 6 )

C . G . P a g e a l s o p l i e d h i s t r a d e o f c a r p e n t r y u p o n h i s a r r i v a l

i n S a l i n e C o u n t y . H i s w o r k a n d c i v i c - m i n d e d n e s s l e d h i m t o b e i n

c h a r g e o f l a y i n g t h e c o r n e r s t o n e f o r t h e 1 8 8 2 c o u r t h o u s e , now o n

t h e NRHP. (Two y e a r s p r i o r , E d g a r P a g e b u i l t t h e c o u n t r y home o f

H e n r y B l o s s e r , now o n t h e NRHP.) He e s t a b l i s h e d a p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h

P.H. Rea a n d i n 1 8 7 9 u p o n a r r i v a l o f t h e C h i c a g o a n d A1 t o n r a i l -

r o a d t h e Rea a n d P a g e m i l l i n g c o m p a n y d i d a p r o s p e r o u s b u s i n e s s .

E d M i t c h e l l a n d C . G . m a n a g e d a l u m b e r y a r d a t t h e c o r n e r o f Ode11

a n d N o r t h s t r e e t s f o r f i f t e e n y e a r s , w h i l e E d g a r Page was t h e

p r o p r i e t o r o f t h e M a r s h a l l P l a n i n g M i l l o n N o r t h L a f a y e t t e . B y

1 8 8 2 , C . G . P a g e h a d become o n e o f t h e o r i g i n a l i n c o r p o r a t o r s o f

t h e Wood a n d H u s t o n B a n k . ( 7 )

Flouring Mills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $30,000,000 . Carpentering.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %0,000,000 Meat Packing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 ,000 ,~ Tron unti Castiugs.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,0W,OU6 Tobaccch.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,00O.(K)() Clothing.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ll,OOO,(K!fL~ I,iq~lon.s.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,00O,O(Wl Lumbcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,000,OC)O Ba a and l3a)r;ging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,130(3,06(9 9JdieI:\.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .' . . . . . . 7,000,000

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ciil 6.000.00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3ltrehinery G,O,OO

Printing an11 P~.l'olielling. . . . . . . . . 5,500,000 $l.oln~ses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,000.MNb Ioc-Jt~ :1nd 6110r.s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,UOO,IHK)

Furniture ..................... $5,000,000 Paints anti painting. ............ 4,600,000 (.!t~rriages and Wagone.. ........ 4,500,000 I j r i ~ i ~ s . ...................... &m,W Murt)le. Stonework and Yaouury. 4,000,000

............... Bnkcry Yrd11r:ts. 4,000,000 'I'in. C'oppP1- find Sbcvt lron. .... 4,WO.OOC) St~sh. Doom ar~d Blinds:. ....... 8, '250,0

.................... Coopertlsc. 3,000,000 lllnclisnlit~rii~y ................ S,fXH),OO(J

. . . . . . . . . . . I3rirlg~ I;riildiog.. B.G(H),000 I

i3nteat Jletiicineu .............. 2,%r0,000 Soap n ~ d Candles. ....I........ 3,,Wj,000 Aqric.uitnr:~l Implenlents.. . . . . . 3,000,000 T'Fu~l~l,i~r:; :~nd Oas-fitting. ...... :S,O()O,(KXb

Missouri manufacturing interests. Notice that at the height of railroad town foundings in Missouri, carpentering ranked second only to flouring mills in the value of the trade.

Saline County History, 1881: 107

The "projects" come to

the school in- the backgrou and the lower photo looks northwest at Vest and Lincoln.

The Page b r o t h e r s h a i l e d f r o m a f a n l i l y o f s o c i a l a n d f i n a n c i a l

p o s i t i o n i n V i r g i n i a . S u p p o r t e d b y r e s o u r c e s b r o u g h t f r o m

V i r g i n i a , t h e y a l s o b r o u g h t a c o m m u n i t y v i s i o n a n d s k i l l s t o a

f r o n t i e r e n v i r o n m e n t . T h e s e t w o c o m m o d i t i e s w e r e r e q u i r e d i n

a l l u p w a r d l y m o b i l e t o w n s . S k i l l s a n d t r a d e s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h

b u i l d i n g b r o u g h t h i g h wages on a f r o n t i e r when t h e r e w e r e f e w

o f e i t h e r . The P a g e s h a d t h e r e q u i s i t e t r a i n i n g a n d a r r i v e d

a t an o p p o r t u n e t i m e t o become c i t y f a t h e r s o f M a r s h a l 1 .

I n 1 8 6 7 an a r r i v a l f r o m New Y o r k , J o h n R . S p a r k s , b e g a n

t h e c a r p e n t r y t r a d e i n M a r s h a l l . A g a i n , i n 1 8 7 9 t h e C h i c a g o

a n d A1 t o n r a i l r o a d a r r i v e d a n d t h a t e v e n t m e a n t a boon1 i n

b u i l d i n g . E d g a r Page e x p a n d e d h i s c o n s t r u c t i o n c r e w s t o t w o

i n c l u d i n g t h r e e d o z e n men, a n d h i r e d S p a r k s as f o r e m a n . I n

1 8 6 9 s h o r t l y a f t e r S p a r k s ' a r r i v a l i n M a r s h a l l , S w e d i s h b o r n

And rew O l s o n came t o M i s s o u r i . He u t i l i z e d h i s s t o n e - m a s o n

s k i l l s w h i l e f o l l o w i n g b r i d g e b u i l d i n g a l o n g r a i l r o a d c o r r i d o r s .

I n 1 8 7 1 h e l o c a t e d i n M a r s h a l l a n d f o r many y e a r s p e r f o r m e d

much o f t h e mason w o r k f o r E d g a r P a g e ' s c o n s t r u c t i o n j o b s . ( 8 )

A t t h e t u r n o f t h e c e n t u r y s e v e r a l c a r p e n t e r s w o r k e d i n

M a r s h a l l . L i t t l e i s known a b o u t t h e m b y t h e a u t h o r , b u t t w o

d e s e r v e s p e c i a l m e n t i o n . W.P. Go1 l o n g l i v e d i n a n d c o n s t r u c t e d

s e v e r a l b u i l d i n g s i n t h e E a s t Woods d i s t r i c t a s w e l l a s t h r o u g h -

o u t M a r s h a l l . He b u i 1 t c o m m e r c i a l , i n s t i t u t i o n a l a n d r e s i d e n t i a l

s t r u c t u r e s . S e v e r a l o f t h e f i n e l y e x e c u t e d b u n g a l o w s i n M a r s h a l l

a r e t o h i s c r e d i t . L i k e w i s e , a n o t h e r g e n e r a t i o n o f t h e Page

f a m i l y , E d g a r E. Page , b u i l t s u p e r b b u n g a l o w s a n d s e v e r a l o f t h e

E a s t Woods d i s t r i c t h o u s e s .

I n a n a p p e n d i x t o t h i s c h a p t e r , a r e s e v e r a l d o z e n i n t e r i o r

p h o t o g r a p h s a n d s e l e c t e d d r a w i n g s o f s p a c e s p h o t o g r a p h e d i n

M A R S H A L L A N D S A L I N E COUK -" - - -- -

i / PHONE: I. i MARSHALL

i! I - I I , a 1% : , I . .:,< t t J t \~ .~r~~: : l - r '82%~: . f13r ~ ~ I I . I ~ . ~ , ; , t t , t ~ i c . I ~ ~ ~ I I ~ I I I I I ~ ~ ~ - - x : ~ o . ~ ~ ~ ' ~ o ( , : I ii year. $1,000 each

, y8,:tr, ~ l ~ l l l ~ ~ : l r e ~ l l I ~ ) h ~ ~ t ~ i g t ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l r o f i \ \ . r p n ~ o t o r tr11r.k~ : :IV i .~ ' , l l~ i r t i ! constantly by

/ : 8 , ~ l t h, .. 1 1 , ,.vill iae cl.cctcvl ti~i:. f.iII. ..4<.rr1in- IbTi.. (;nlloi~r in t he c 1 1 r 1 f l ~ 1 c . d c>f 11;s cxt r r~s ive gen- 1 :1:111vir,, , ' I , ( , rtl~oti~;:rai)li v - a ~ :I!! .trtit,lc> t o t!le : I t i i i 31.. I ;o l le>n~ niakes his

t . f " . o . r . : , : . I : 7 . . rvntr:il-t ftrb. t l , , . tiorl. :I:!(! htsr~: 14, 1:: nfi i te : ; :tt llis h,rnit, crornr.~, 1%: I~:r~:;tnnarl and Odell . ! T I . * I : v $ b l > nl(l l> i~i l ( I i~~tg w:I:, ~ N I - , I I L ~ ~ I I J W ~ ? strcl.ts. 1'11~ tt~lt.pli,rnc nun l l~ , 1. :; !f-11.

I I ' Tht. nrt.ic~t. f u r t h c ~ ri.l:~tct(l t h a l . A t the ~ r r e s r n t tirrlr M r . (;c~llotrp's organization !lie ~ ~ r : r l r . l ~ i r , ~ :11 sc'rtio~r of ihv ncsr: churcli wn; is t:n~:;g1.11 t r o t only ill t h r c~!.tmrtion of t h e church

I 1 ~ t i - r , ~ , r * . . ; F I I I ~ , ~ ! two yea r s 3x0 , sp~i ' t . h:tvili~r bcwn I ~ f l for nlready ~ilc~rit ione~l, hut in rc.n~odrlinf :: gni-aqe at Plater. I / I new a l~di lor ium. 'l'hc. C O S ~ or !!il. en t i re Th i r ty nwn :jrr rnipluged on t1ir.v two ,j ~ h s .

1 1 >:tvrc: :t i- , , -: , , i t ilnated : I C $100,(!(111. Mr. (A~l lonc i h n ,self-~nntlr n:in i:i tht, 1)est :wnse of t h e I i I - , I - 1 0 .;. . ~ l , ~ e of thc present ;irtiislr. to tell .silmething ternr. I-T<. h:is ~ l i ~ i l ~ o t ~ s t r a t e ~ l 1:i.q ilI3ilitit.s J I I I ~ 10111y a s a COII- ; I ,:. [ h . . . . . . , , I I I ~ life anti nchie~'en-~e:l tz of l h ~ nlnn who t rac tor . but a s a i,:il.pr'r~tr.r a t I > I I C > : ~ ine and then as a n " !la. tlr,nt. -$., 1.k on th12 ;~l,ovra n rc ! i i t r : r t~~~ i ! drnftsninn. In fact , ? n l e n t ~ ! . ~ ~ * : - .)) .rc . f o r :t nun1hi.r of' yea r s he made { 1 2 R., 1' J r 1 7 1 ~ b n ~ is t h e nran's :ill his !,\rti . i rawinqs and blue !

I1:tnlie. I . . . 1 a nniive of RInr- J I r l n114' f,.. . I , I > I ) H R ~ eighll.cn

! . f '~rs 11:~: iio'w r ~ n r ~ a l con t~ , ac t - in:, 1)n ;I ; r l . r : ; . .(.ale in thi. com- ~ r ~ u n i t y . . In; ally this edifices he 11us ,tr<,c, :in11 Ivhirh s1:rnrl !rrtf;ly : I - I 6.r.- ,r.i:ils 1.0 his abil i ty :.rtk I ~ I , 1L.n '11 ?chon1 i r r the ; v t : r I I!, the suhrlrhan !111111(~ I :' :I. . : i11d >TI.<. 1t:lIph I,uvL.'~l.. ' : . ' ' , t , , I . 1l:~gncli r tesi- , : I - I , , I . , , ! , 5 2 ~ No. 40 .it111

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c a ~ . r . ~ . ~ ( , . l , r ! ' ;~~llon:: I ~ I ~ I ~ ~ Y P C I I r,,. c,rrl.. . . I : ? I I 'n : irI~li t i~>i~ I , , 4 ' '

8 . t ! ~ c , a ( .o~i+t ruct t~ t l tIr(

prtiits, 1111: ~ - . - * . . ~ t l g h e hns no t I#c,en :il,ic- to ;p:ire the tinie fo r there sp~:ci:ll ::.wwts of his gen- e . 1 ~ 1 work.

A l tho i l~ t i 701 a g radua te of a n y high.,r iris:itution of learn- inp. 311.. G o l l o n ~ h a s a thorough

.,. :.I and rc!:n~11~tc k r iowl~~dge of the ' ' businsss .n r rh~e l i he ir enpa ted .

4 , :- ..$I I,ilte I~I;I~I!. I > : ~ ~ . I Y , he h a s gained

. ' I :-%; 1 th is in t 1 1 1 , 5, :~t-)ol of experience,

hi. t I ~ ( ~ ~ t ~ : i , , I l i i v heina t h a t no t .-,;I

i ~ ~ s s c j n ~ : ~ r , , i ~ rlt.epl:; inipressed * . . ' , .

7 , I t l r ) o r l yc1.111~ 111lnds i l s those ' 8 . ' Ir:n~.ncll i i : I ' I ~ * schoc~l of hard

l in~~cl is .

T I . i,iilciv . i r i this k ~ n d l y good

d .. I I : I I U I . ~ . $ I 1.8:ir;. it Ilerson in+tinc- ti\.i'ly b r ~ , . \ \ + :ti:>! he is always

4 -' \:.;ilil:i. I< : r . .kl\ :illy job and

~11:lkc~ :.oc.I! i : t it. No ~ o n s t r u c - t i o 1 1 i ~ r o i r . c ~ t : t r i be Ilia enough

. *" ,. or c.~~tnl, l ir : i .~~rl c n o u g h t o - - -. . - . "5ti1nll1" ili!l~. IIc will s i t down

u'. 1'. ~ ; O I , I . ~ ~ \ I ; . I I , , I f I::III.~S r!ai ,.\.cry yl.oblem in full (lcttail. ~ I i~ ! t l t l np nnthing, and tllrn rvi t h (.:lrc i'u!ly laid plans he

I,.~~I!::II.s :tt ( I , . . .\il.pol.t. xvill I ~ e ~ i n t i l r tark. rcBrt;iin tha t !!1c4 oulitsrnt. will bc such a i t s I J O i piccc u f \\.orl: :is :illy ~ ~ i i f ' t , < ~ ~ i i l + l *~ii : , . l~t \\1.1i Ile proud of.

. I ; I i t F o r tlic.xc, yr,;isoll.: \V. 1'. (;ollrlne cnita!s t he respect and I I i r i t l Ci,nfitlr>llc.r* 01' the o - - ~ : - . - . -- ~ ~ . . "

Eook of Com3erce in Mar Saline County! 1?29.

NO JOB TOO BIG-NONE TOO S Saline County Historical

11=2-- -z-- --- Society.

c o m m e r c i a l a n d r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s . They r a n g e w i d e l y i n s t y l e

a n d c h r o n o l o g y . They d o , h o w e v e r , e x h i b i t c r a f t s m a n s h i p , t a s t e f u l

d e s i g n a n d c a r e f u l m a i n t e n a n c e b y t h e i r p r o p r i e t o r s w h i c h a r e t h e

m a r k s o f a d i s t i n c t i v e a n d a r t i c u l a t e c o m m e r c i a l a n d r e s i d e n t i a l

l a n d s c a p e .

An Architect '5 R o m e e m

... .<- hi- ?m

~ ' "1 "s . ". <,i.-,,'; . I : ':,. $>.?>:.il,;?;ti< 5 3 , : > ; , i , , . ; e \ s , , : ; , ; , . .

h o u : ~ ~~!-l~itc-r-t l~~c. a u t l bJlx:t,: t-..:!:c:!t.:,!

l ~ ~ a ~ r i l i 1 1 ~ of a p l a ~ t p ~ . l ~ w : ~ , '['i:c Y ~ < , P

cf p r d e n feature? !-, the d:-:i.-rl tlzs

beer1 : P C C . ~ ~ ~ Z P ~ ~ I-,!- the c~.:.n--: a n < ?

d-vrloped. ?~hc varied \\ inciuw trc.1:-

mcct g11-r~ 3 r i C t v : ~ ~ q u i . C i ~ - i I : t ~ . to I!.,:

- ' T . t t r - Yarshall's n r o ~ i r n i t v t o Yansas C - i - t v r l . .

- A . a , and a consciousness of style by the rl. .

*- * 5 - * - - middle- class o f t e n produced very 1 ., ' - up- to-date p a t t e r n book houses. - I . -

= . - - ' L- -7-s3 A . The Bellamy house on North S t r e e t w a s

',c :IL ,T S L L v , \ F adapted from plans s i m i l a r to t h i s one.

von Vol s t , Csuntry and Suburban Homes of t h e P r a i r i e School Feriod, 1982

C h a p t e r N i n e : N o t e s

1 . The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n was p r o v i d e d b y James Denny . F o r w h a t P r a i r i e P a r k r e p r e s e n t s i n b r i c k , J o h n H a r d e m a n ' s h o u s e , t h o u g h l a t e r , may r e p r e s e n t i n f r a m e .

2 . H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 8 1 : 6 4 7 - 6 4 8 .

3 . H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 9 6 7 : 3 6 9 . T h e r e a r e f e w p u b l i s h e d a c c o u n t s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e p a t t e r n o f b u i l d i n g s i n M i s s o u r i . One, a n e p h e m e r a l p a m p h l e t b y M i l t o n R a f f e r t y , " O z a r k H o u s e T y p e s , " S p r i n g f i e l d : A u x - A r c Book Company, n . d . , i s a n u n f o r t u n a t e e x p e r i m e n t b y a v e t e r a n c u l t u r a l g e o g r a p h e r . R a f f e r t y ' s k n o w l e d g e o f F r e d K n i f f e n ' s w o r k i n t h e f i e l d o f f o l k a r c h i t e c t u r e a n d Don C l e n d e n o n ' s w r i t i n g a b o u t b u i l d i n g s i n h i s d i s s e r t a t i o n on t h e C o u r t o i s h i l l s seems n o t t o h a v e h a d a n y e f f e c t o n " O z a r k House T y p e s . " L i k e w i s e R a f f e r t y ' s c h a p t e r a b o u t " C u l t u r a l L a n d s c a p e " i n O z a r k s , L a n d a n d L i f e , No rman : U n v e r s i t y o f O k l a h o m a P r e s s , 1 9 8 0 , e x c l u d e d a s c h o l a r l y u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e f o l k a r c h i t e c t u r a l e n v i r o n m e n t . R u s s e l l G e r l a c h ' s , " T h e Ge rmans : S e t t l e m e n t P a t t e r n s , " i n I m m i g r a n t s i n t h e O z a r k s , C o l u m b i a : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i P r e s s , 1 9 7 6 , a t t e m p t e d a c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s y s t e m w h i c h i s unknown t o s t a n d a r d f o l k a r c h i t e c t u r a l d e s c r i p t i o n s . U n f o r - t u n a t e c a t e g o r i e s o f " l i n e a r h o u s e s , s m a l l , l o w - q u a 1 i t y h o u s e s , O z a r k h o u s e t y p e , o n e - r o o m s h a c k , C o r n - B e 1 t h o u s e " a n d o t h e r s h a v e l i t t l e t o do w i t h a n y f o r m , s t y l e , t r a d i t i o n o r b u i l d i n g p a t t e r n s d i s c u s s e d i n s c h o l a r l y l a n d s c a p e s t u d i e s . H o w a r d M a r s h a l l ' s F o l k A r c h i t e c t u r e i n L i t t l e D i x i e , C o l u m b i a : U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i P r e s s , 1 9 8 1 , i s a f o l k l o r i s t ' s v i e w o f M i s s o u r i ' s L i t t l e D i x i e r e g i o n . I t i s a s e r i o u s a t t e m p t t o d e s c r i b e some o f M i s s o u r i ' s c u l t u r a l l a n d s c a p e , a n d as s u c h , i t i s an i m p o r t a n t b e g i n n i n g . W h i l e many o f M a r s h a l l ' s g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s a r e a p p r o p r i a t e a n d a p p l y t o h i s s t u d y a r e a , t h e l a c k o f r e g i o n a l c o n t r a s t a n y w h e r e i n t h e s t a t e l e a v e s many q u e s t i o n s . The f o l k a r c h i t e c t u r a l f i e l d i t s e l f n e e d s a r e v i s i o n o f i t s v o c a b u l a r y o f h o u s e t y p e s t o b e t t e r a r t i c u l a t e r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e t w e e n h o u s e p l a n a n d h o u s e t y p e . M a r s h a l l ' s s t u d y w o u l d b e i m p r o v e d i f i t i n c l u d e d m o r e o f an h i s t o r i c a l d i m e n s i o n , a c h r o n o l o g i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e o f s t r u c t u r e s , a n d a t t e n t i o n t o s t y 1 i s t i c i n f l u e n c e s i n t r a d i t i o n a l a r c h i t e c t u r e . B u t i n f a i r n e s s t o M a r s h a l l , n o o n e h a s a s y e t i n a n y p u b l i - c a t i o n a r t i c u l a t e d M i s s o u r i ' s b u i 1 t e n v i r o n m e n t . The i n t e r - p r e t a t i o n s o f M i s s o u r i ' s v a r i o u s l a n d s c a p e s h a s y e t t o b e f u l l y d e s c r i b e d , u n d e r s t o o d , c o m p r e h e n d e d , o r i n t e r p r e t e d . The h i s t o r i c p r e s e r v a t i o n s u r v e y o f t h e s t a t e i s now r e a c h i n g a p o i n t w h e r e b y a d v a n c e s t o w a r d s t h e s e g o a l s o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n may b e r e a s o n a b l y a p p r o a c h e d .

4 . " B i n g h a m " b y James R o l l i n s B i n g h a m , 1 9 0 5 : 5 a n d 7 , B i n g h a m P a p e r s , J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , UMC.

5 . H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 8 1 : 6 5 6 a n d 7 6 2 , a n d H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 9 1 0 : 4 4 3 .

6 . - H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 9 1 0 : 6 3 4 .

7 . I b i d . , p . 6 4 4 - 6 4 5 , Thomas S p e n c e r , " C h a s t a i n G . P a g e , An A p p r e c i a t i o n , " n . p . , n . d . , a n d A t l a s o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 9 6 : 6 2 .

8 . H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e C o u n t y , 1 8 8 1 : 7 5 1 - 7 5 2 .

S E L E C T E D C O M M E R C I A L , " O L D T O W N" A N D

R E S I D E N T I A L , " E A S T WOODS ,"

D R A W I N G S A N D I N T E R I O R P H O T O G R A P H S

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OLD TOWN AND EAST WOODS: D I S T R I C T S FOR PRESERVATION

O l d i d e a s c a n s o m e t i m e s u s e new b u i l d i n g s . New i d e a s m u s t u s e o l d b u i l d i n g s .

J a n e J a c o b s , " T h e N e e d f o r A g e d B u i l d i n g s , " 1 9 6 1

The s o c i o - e c o n o m i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f O l d Town a n d E a s t

Woods h a v e b e e n c o n s t a n t f o r o v e r a c e n t u r y . I n t h e m i d - 1 9 t h

c e n t u r y d e v e l o p e r s p l a t t e d n a r r o w a n d d e e p l o t s n e a r t h e t o w n ' s

s q u a r e f o r s a l e t o a n d o c c u p a n c y b y M a r s h a l l ' s p r o f e s s i o n a l -

m e r c h a n t c l a s s . Ode11 S t r e e t was a p a r t o f t h i s t o w n p l a n n i n g ,

b u t 2 0 t h c e n t u r y c o m m e r c i a l e x p a n s i o n h a s d e s t r o y e d a l l b u t

m i n i m a l v e s t i g e s o f t h e h i s t o r i c s u b u r b a n n e i g h b o r h o o d . E a s t

Woods, h o w e v e r , r e t a i n s n u m e r o u s t o w n l o t s 5 0 0 ' t o 1 5 0 0 ' d e e p a n d

p i c t u r e s q u e s e t t i n g s among t r e e - 1 i n e d s t r e e t s .

The a m b i e n c e o f t h e E a s t Woods d i s t r i c t h a s s t a t e w i d e s i g n i -

f i c a n c e i n t h a t f e w c o m p a r a b l e d i s t r i c t s i n s i z e a n d a g e e x i s t .

One c o m p a r i s o n may b e u s e f u l . S p r i n g f i e l d ' s m i d - 1 9 t h c e n t u r y

t o w n p l a n n i n g a n d l a n d u s e p a r a l l e l e d M a r s h a l l ' s i n many w a y s .

The t o w n s q u a r e was t h e v o c a t i o n a l a r e a o f d o z e n s o f p r s f e s s i o n a l -

m e r c h a n t f a m i l i e s who d e v e l o p e d a n d b u i l t t o w n e s t a t e s e a s t w a r d .

A l o n g S t . L o u i s S t r e e t ( c o m p a r a b l e t o A r r o w R o c k R o a d , now N o r t h

a n d E a s t w o o d ) S p r i n g f i e l d ' s m i d d l e c l a s s b u i l t a p r e t e n t i o u s

t o w n l a n d s c a p e . L a t e r a r r i v a l s t o t o w n a n d s o m e w h a t l e s s a f f l u e n t

f a m i 1 i e s c r e a t e d a m i d d l e c l a s s s t r e e t s c a p e a l o n g W a l n u t S t r e e t

( c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e b l a c k n e i g h b o r h o o d o f f S o u t h B r u n s w i c k ) l i v e d

many b l a c k f a m i l i e s who w o r k e d a s d o m e s t i c s a n d l a b o r e r s f o r

n e a r b y p r o f e s s i o n a l - m e r c h a n t f a m i l i e s a n d i n s m a l l t o w n i n d u s -

t r i e s . B u t l i k e M a r s h a l l ' s Ode11 S t r e e t , t h e S t . L o u i s S t r e e t

n e i g h b o r h o o d a n d c h a r m i n g l a n d s c a p e was d e v o u r e d b y 2 0 t h c e n t u r y

( 8 7 )

c o m m e r c i a l d e v e l o p m e n t . Much o f W a l n u t S t r e e t ' s h i s t o r i c e n v i r o n -

m e n t h a s a l s o d i s a p p e a r e d , a n d S p r i n g f i e l d ' s s q u a r e h a s b e e n

t u r n e d i n t o a v a c u o u s m a l l a n d b u s i n e s s h a s l e f t t h e t o w n c e n t e r .

N o t s o i n M a r s h a l l . E a s t w o o d , N o r t h a n d A r r o w S t r e e t a x e s a n d

t h e n o r t h - s o u t h s t r e e t s among t h e m h a v e r e t a i n e d t h e i r e s s e n t i a l

c h a r a c t e r . M a r s h a l l ' s s q u a r e i s s t i l l a p l a c e t o s h o p f o r q u a l i t y

g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s . S u b u r b a n homes , t h e a p o t h e o s i s o f l a t e -

V i c t o r i a n c u l t u r e , c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e v e r y d e f i n i t i o n o f m i d d l e

c l a s s . ( 1 ) S p r i n g f i e l d h a s l o s t i t s h i s t o r i c " s u b u r b a n b e a u t y , "

M a r s h a l 1 h a s n o t .

A l t h o u g h O l d Town a n d E a s t Woods h a s u n d e r g o n e v i s u a l

c h a n g e s , t h e y s t i l l r e p r e s e n t " c u l t u r a l m e m o r i e s a n d i m a g i n a t i o n s . "

The p a s s a g e o f t i m e h a s a l s o e r o d e d some o f t h a t m e m o r y . New

v e n t u r e s i n t o w n h i s t o r y m u s t b e e n c o u r a g e d . T h e r e c o n s t i t u t i o n

o f t o w n h i s t o r y may b e a c c o r r ~ p l i s h e d b y t h e c o l l e c t i o n o f t h e

u s u a l h i s t o r i c d a t a , b u t i t m u s t b e d e s c r i b e d , u n d e r s t o o d a n d

i n t e r p r e t e d i n w r i t i n g i f i t i s t o h a v e l a s t i n g c u l t u r a l v a l u e .

One w a y t o p r o m o t e t o w n h i s t o r y a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n i s t o p l a n

f o r a n h i s t o r i c d i s t r i c t . I n t h e c a s e o f M a r s h a l l , a n a p p l i c a t i o n

f o r a c e r t i f i e d h i s t o r i c d i s t r i c t s h o u l d b e c o m p l e t e d a n d s u b m i t t e d

t o t h e s t a t e o f f i c e o f h i s t o r i c p r e s e r v a t i o n . The t a n g i b l e

v a l u e i n c e r t i f i c a t i o n i s s i g n i f i c a n t t a x i n c e n t i v e s a n d d e p r e c i -

a t i o n a l l o w a n c e s f o r c o m m e r c i a l p r o p e r t y o w n e r s who w i s h t o make

i n v e s t m e n t s a c c o r d i n g t o p r e s e r v a t i o n g u i d e 1 i n e s . O t h e r s i n t h e

d i s t r i c t s may w a n t t o p u r s u e N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e

n o m i n a t i o n f o r t h e s t a t u s t h a t e n r o l l m e n t o n t h e R e g i s t e r b r i n g s

t o t h e i r p r o p e r t y . S m a l l t o w n s , l i k e l a r g e o n e s , h a v e v e r y

c o m p l e x h i s t o r i e s . A d d i t i o n a l s u r v e y s s h o u l d p r o c e e d i n M a r s h a l 1

a n d i n t h e c o u n t y . The p h o t o g r a p h i c r e c o r d , w h i c h i s p r o d u c e d b y

s u c h s u r v e y s , r a p i d l y b e c o m e s a m a j o r c u l t u r a l r e s o u r c e f o r

l o c a l p e o p l e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e i r own p a s t .

S a l i n e C o u n t y , a s t h e f i r s t o f t h e B o o n s l i c k c o u n t i e s t o

h a v e a s u r v e y , s h o u l d t a k e t h e l e a d a n d c o n t i n u e p r e s e r v a t i o n

p l a n n i n g . T h e c o u n t y c a n b e a m o d e l o f B o o n s l i c k h i s t o r y , M i s s o u r i

h i s t o r y a n d p r e s e r v a t i o n p l a n n i n g h i s t o r y .

T h e r e s t o f t h i s c h a p t e r p r o v i d e s g r a p h i c d e m o n s t r a t i o n s o f

some g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s made i n t h i s r e p o r t a s w e l l a s maps o f t h e

s u r v e j a r e a s a n d b o u n d a r y j u s t i f i c a t i o n s .

C h a p t e r E l e v e n : N o t e s

1 . G w e n d o l y n W r i g h t , B u i l d i n g t h e D r e a m , C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u s e t t s : M I T P r e s s , 1 9 8 3 : 9 5 a n d 9 9 .

I ' ' COURT I

STREET 1 I)1.!

1 , Y) TOW* survey area ..... ... . . . . . ........................... ., . . ..................... . . . . . . . . . . r;:'. ::.. ;...::. .. ...... : .::.:.;'.:a::.:.:.. .:::::..:::::.,..: .... :::..::.;:,.;;:..:, ...:.?..:..,2:;::;: :...,. ..... ?me. . I : . ;.:. . . . . s m

Saline County At las ,

'2 2 ,. 2 . 7 d ' l

'r"JASH1 NGTON > I v I S T .

S T . ,.i

it Marshall town p l a t and

Il;$ genera l s e t t i ng of n;. '; h i s t o r i c '-Old Town D i s t r i c t ' ' z;q,

OiLiii S a l i n e County A t l a s , 1896

I 1 I --- -- - -- ---i ------- ---.-.? I :/ An o r i g i n a l town p l a t and I

, / +* ////.s/ Of / ' ' I ( 1 I.\ ( I !

: j proposed boundaries of I C . r

, 11 h i s t o r i c " Old Town D i s t r i c t " , . I I I : , . I 1 5

, I Sa l ine County A t l a s , 1876

Marshall's development has been and continues to be directed toward the south and west . Marshall Comprehensive Plan, 1973

BOUNDARY JUST1 F I CATIONS

The p r o p o s e d O l d Town b o u n d a r y d r a w n o n t h e S a l i n e C o u n t y

A t l a s p l a t , 1 8 7 6 a n d t h e E a s t Woods b o u n d a r y d r a w n o n t h e S a l i n e

C o u n t y A t l a s p l a t , 1 9 1 6 h a v e w i t h i n t h e m a c o n t i n u i t y a n d i n t e g r i t y

o f s t r u c t u r e a n d s t r e e t s c a p e . O u t s i d e t h o s e b o u n d a r i e s , t h e l a n d -

s c a p e i s d r a m a t i c a l l y d i f f e r e n t .

F o l l o w i n g a r e a f e w c o n ~ m e n t s a b o u t t h e l a n d s c a p e s o u t s i d e

t h o s e b o u n d a r i e s . T h e s e a r e a s when c o m p a r e d t o t h e p h o t o g r a p h i c

r e c o r d o f 3 2 4 s i t e s i n V o l u m e s Two a n d T h r e e a r e i n c o n g r o u s t o t h e

p r o p o s e d d i s t r i c t s i n h i s t o r i c l a n d u s e a n d i n e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s .

T h e l a n d s c a p e o u t s i d e t h e E a s t Woods d i s t r i c t i s w i t h o u t a n y

q u e s t i o n i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d b o u n d a r y . The l a n d s c a p e

o u t s i d e t h e O l d Town b o u n d a r y may b e q u e s t i o n a b l e t o a r e v i e w e r

n o t f a m i l i a r w i t h M a r s h a l l . T h e r e f o r e a n u m b e r o f p h o t o g r a p h s

h a v e b e e n p r o v i d e d t h a t d e m o n s t r a t e i t s l a c k o f c o n t i n u i t y w i t h

t h e 01 d Town d i s t r i c t .

S o u t h o f A r r o w S t r e e t - t h e h i s t o r i c b l a c k c o m m u n i t y b o r d e r s t h e A r r o w S t r e e t l o t s . F e d e r a l h o u s i n g u n i t s h a v e b e e n b u i 1 t t h r o u g h o u t t h e a r e a .

E a s t o f A r r o w S t r e e t - i n r e c e n t y e a r s a m o d e s t h o u s i n g t r a c t h a s b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d o n t h e " b r o k e n l a n d , " w h i c h was f o r ~ i i e r l y t h e b a c k e n d o f E a s t w o o d S t r e e t l o t s .

A r r o w t o E a s t w o o d a l o n g L i n c o l n - t o t h e e a s t i s t h e r e c e n t h o u s i n g t r a c t . On t h e w e s t s i d e a p p a r e n t l y n o b u i l d i n g s h a v e e v e r b e e n b u i l t . T h e " e x p o s e d l o n g l o t " i s a d r a m a t i c b o u n d a r y .

E a s t w o o d t o P a r k - n o t i c e o n a n y map how s t r a i g h t t h e E a s t w o o d S t r e e t a x i s i s , w h i c h r u n s a l o n g a h i g h s u m m i t a n d b e g i n s t o c u r v e a n d d e s c e n d i n t o S a l t F o r k v a l l e y e a s t o f t h e P a r k S t r e e t i n t e r s e c t i o n .

E a s t o f P a r k S t r e e t - i s a s e m i - c o m m e r c i a l l a n d s c a p e , i n c l u d i n g a n a n t i q u e s t o r e , u s e d c a r s , t w o m o b i l e home p a r k s , a n a u t o b o d y s h o p , a v a c a n t f a s t f o o d r e s t a u r a n t a n d v a r i o u s 2 0 t h c e n t u r y d o m i c i 1 e s .

N o r t h o f E a s t w o o d - t h e M i s s o u r i P a c i f i c r a i l r o a d l i n e f o l l o w s t h e l o w g r o u n d n o r t h a n d n o r t h e a s t o f t h e l o t s .

E a s t w o o d a n d n o r t h a l o n g L i n c o l n - L i n c o l n d e s c e n d s i n t o b r o k e n l a n d , a c r o s s r a i l r o a d t r a c k s , a n d t o t h e M i s s o u r i S t a t e s c h o o l . L i n c o l n i s i n t e r s p e r s e d w i t h m o d e s t t r a c t h o u s i n g a n d a l o n g t h e w e s t s i d e i s a l o n g o p e n s t r e t c h o f an E a s t Woods l o t .

E a s t w o o d a n d N o r t h B r u n s w i c k - o n l y t w o h o u s e s a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e p r o p o s e d d i s t r i c t b e f o r e B r u n s w i c k c r o s s e s t h e r a i 1 - r o a d t r a c k . H e r e t h e b o u n d a r y e n d s . H o w e v e r , t h e s u b u r b a n a n d h i s t o r i c m i d d l e c l a s s a r e a n o r t h o f t h e r a i l r o a d t r a c k d e s e r v e s a t t e n t i o n i n a n a d d i t i o n a l s u r v e y .

A l l e n , B e l l a n d O d e l l o n t h e n o r t h s i d e o f E a s t w o o d - t h i s s m a l l a r e a i s o c c u p i e d b y t h e a g r i b u s i n e s s o f C a r g i l l I n d u s t r i e s . I t i s t h e f o r m e r s i t e o f R e a- P a g e m i l l i n g .

O d e l l a n d E a s t w o o d w e s t t o L a f a y e t t e - i s a z o n e o f m o d e r n c o m m e r c i a l s i t e s , e . g . a g a s s t a t i o n , r e s t a u r a n t , a u t o p a r t s , l a u n d r y , B u t t e r f i e l d Y o u t h S e r v i c e s a n d a l a w n a n d g a r d e n c e n t e r . C i t y - o w n e d o p e n s p a c e s , p a r k i n g 1 o t s a n d m o d e s t t o w n h o u s i n g o c c u p y p a r t o f t h e O l d Town p l a t .

E a s t w o o d a n d L a f a y e t t e i n t e r s e c t i o n - w e s t o f L a f a y e t t e , B a n q u e t F o o d s a g r i b u s i n e s s o c c u p i e s t h e f o r m e r s i t e o f E . R . P a g e m i l l i n g p r o p e r t y a n d B a n q u e t s u r r o u n d s t h e p o s t o f f i c e c o r n e r p r o p e r t y .

S a l t P o n d a n d M a r i o n - a c a f e a n d t a x i c a b c o m p a n y .

S a l t P o n d a n d N o r t h S t r e e t - a l i q u o r s t o r e a n d t h e r e m a i n s o f a f o r m e r g a s s t a t i o n .

S a l t P o n d a n d A r r o w S t r e e t - M a r s h a l l L u n i b e r Company, a c a r w a s h , F i n g l a n d G l a s s Company, a c a r l o t a n d a n a m b u l a n c e s e r v i c e .

S a l t P o n d a n d M o r g a n - v a c a n t l o t s , a u t o r e p a i r s h o p , G o o d y e a r a n d a w e l d i n g s h o p .

S a l t P o n d , W a s h i n g t o n a n d J a c k s o n - a m o d e s t r e s i d e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d .

E n g l i s h a n d J a c k s o n - a p a r o c h i a l s c h o o l a n d a m i x e d c o m m e r c i a l a n d r e s i d e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d .

L a f a y e t t e a n d W a s h i n g t o n - M i s s o u r i D i v i s i o n o f E m p l o y m e n t S e c u r i t y a n d r e s i d e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s o u t h w a r d .

J e f f e r s o n a n d W a s h i n g t o n - r e s i d e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d s o u t h w a r d .

O d e l l - t h e h i s t o r i c e a s t b o r d e r o f t h e O l d Town p l a t . I t i s a m i x e d co rn rne rc i a l - r e s i d e n t i a l 1 a n d s c a p e i n c l u d i n g a n a u t o - m o b i l e a g e n c y , g a s s t a t i o n s , f u n e r a l home, a u t o p a r t s b u s i n e s s , f u r n i t u r e g a l l e r y a n d CPA o f f i c e .

HEIGHT REGULATIONS. a

Height Regulations for the existing .y to the designated "HP" District.

YARD REGULATIONS.

zoning district: shall

The minimum Yard Regulations for the existing zoning district shall. apply to the designated "HP" District.

To the extent that existing patterns of lotting contribute to the character of HP Districts, it is the intent of these regulations to encourage continuation of such patterns. It is further intended to prevent future fragmentation of land ownership likely to have adverse effects on such character. Lots or portions of lots existing in HP districts may be combined, but no existing lot , or combination of lots, parcels, or portions thereof, in single ownership at the time of zoning to HP status shall be reduced in width, depth, or area without the approval of the planning Co~mission. The Commission may grant individual applications for such approval upon finding that such reduction would not adversely affect the character of the district in general or of surrounding property, or may establish general rules regarding approval to apply within the district or any sub-area established.

PARKING AND LOADING OR YNLOADING REGULATIONS. \

The parking, and loading or unloading regulations for the existing 'zoning district shall apply to the designated "HP" District.

No required off-street parking or loading space shall be located in any required front yard.

Sec. 31-84. ' District AH - Air~ort Hazard District

A. INTENT.

It is hereby found that an airport hazard endangers the lives anc property users hf Airports within the City of Marshall, and property or occupants of land in its vicinity, and in effect reduces the size of the area available for the landing, takeoff, and manuevering of aircraft, thus tending to destroy or impair the utility of said Aitports and the public investment therein. ~ccordin~ly, it is declared:

that the creation or establishment of an airport hazard is a public nuisance.

that it is necessary in the'interest of the public health, public safety, and general welfare that the creation or establishment of airport hazards be ~revented; and

that the prevention of these hazards should be accomplished, to the extent legally possible, bv the exercise of the police power without compensation.

Districts now existing or hereafter created shall be known and may be cited as "Airport Hazard Zoning District" -"AH1'.

CITY OF bIARSMAIIL ZONING ORDINANCES

Table of Contents

Article I - General, Definitions Article I1 - Board of Adjustment Article 111 - Certificates of Occupancy Article IV - Establishment of Districts Article V - District Use Regulations Article VI - Non-Conformances Article VII - Off-Street Parking and Loading Or

Unloading Regulations

Marshall zoning ordinances include provis ions f o r t h e c r e a t i o n of an h i s t o r i c d i s t r i c t .

Article

District

e purpose ral welfar number of the size

population - . r structures, and land

IV. Est

s establ

of promo e of the " stories of yards , and the for trad

ablishment of Districts

a ished.

tin,? the health, safety, morals community by regulating and re and si'ze of buildings and othe

, courts, and other open spaces location and use of buildings, e, industry, residence,' or othe

purposes the city is hereby divided intb nine (9) districts, as follows :

District A-1: District R-1: District R-2: District MH-P: District MH-S: District C-1: District C-2: District I-L: District I-H:

Agricultural District. Single Family Residential District. Residential District. Mobile Home Park District. Mobile Home Subdivision District. Central Business District. Highway Business District. Light Industrial District. Heavy Industrial District.

, stricting r , the

In addition, three (3) overlay districts are hereby created, as follows:

District FP: Flood Plain District. District HP: Historic Preservation District. District AH: Airport Hazard District.

Sec. 31-59. Zontng district map as adopted. i

Boundaries of districts as designated and set out in section 31-58 of this chapter are hereby established, adopted, and declared to be such boundaries as are shown on that map of the city, which is identified by the attestation of the city clerk and the seal of the city with the written descriptions of the boundaries attached thereto as follows:

Zoning District Map Adopted

Attest: Dorothy Hughes

City Clerk

November 16, 1981

The map and all notations, references, and information shown thereon are hereby made a part of this chapter as fully as if the same were set forth in full therein. It :shall be the duty of the city clerk-comptroller immediately upon the passage,of any ordinan changing the boundaries of any districts as shorn on said map, to post on the map the number of the ordinance and a brief summary of the substance of such change and the area affected thereby.

-13. D i s t r i c t HP - H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n D i s t r i c t

YT. a --

i s t r i c t s now e x i s t i n g o r h e r e a f t e r c r e a t e d , i t i s i n t ended to Fir L 1.1 t c r e a t i o n of D i s t r i c t HP H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n D i s t r i c t i n gene1 - 3 : a r e a s o r f o r . i n d i v i d u a l s t r u c t u r e s and premises o f f i c i a l l y d e s i i , z ~ r t e d a s having h i s t o r i c o r c u l t u r a l s i g n i f i c a n c e . Regula- t i o n : x i t h i n such d i s t r i c t s a r e in tended t o p r o t e c t a g a i n s t d e s t l u c t i - o n of o r encroachment upon such a r e a s , s t r u c t u r e s , and premises, t o encourage u s e s which w i l l l e ad t o t h e i r con t i nuance , c o n s e r v a t i o n , and improvement i n a manner a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n of t h e c u l t u r a l and h i s t o r i c h e r i t a g e of t h e c i t y , t o p reven t c r e a t i o n of environmenta l i n f l u e n c e s adve r se t o such purposes , and t o a s s u r e t h a t new s t r u c t u r e s and u s e s w i t h i n such d i s t r i c t s w i l l be i n keeping w i t h t h e c h a r a c t e r t o be p rese rved and enhanced.

I t i s f u r t h e r t h e i n t e n t of t h e s e r e g u l a t i o n s t h a t t h e Planning Commission s h a l l seek t h e adv i ce and a s s i s t a n c e o f groups o r i n d i v i d u a l s q u a l i f i e d by i n t e r e s t , t r a i n i n g , and expe r i ence i n a ch i ev ing t h e o b j e c t i v e s s e t f o r t h .

B . APPLICATION FOR HISTORIC PRESERVATION DISTRICT DESIGNA'I'LOI?.

1. App l i ca t i ons f o r HP zoning s h a l l be p repared by t h e p r o p e r t y Jwners i n t h e a r e a concerned, and s h a l l i n c l u d e s i g n a t u r e s i n suppo r t i n t h e prop Each a p p l i c

of t h e osed d i a t i o n s

a p p l i s t r i c h a l l

c a t t . con

i on from each of S i n g l e l o t d i s t r

t s i n i n fo rma t ion

t h e i c t s and

p r o p e r t y owners a r e p e r m i t t e d .

reconmendat ions a s i n d l k a t e d below concerning t h e a r e a s , b u i l d i n g s , and premises proposed f o r such zon ing .

2 . Proposed d i s t r i c t boundar ies s h a l l i n g e n e r a l be drawn t o i n c l u d e a l l a p p r o p r i a t e p r o p e r t i e s r easonab ly n e a r t o each o t h e r w i t h i n t h e a r e a .

3 . A r e p o r t s h a l l be submi t t ed w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n , e s t a b l i s h i n g and d e f i n i n g t h e h i s t o r i c and c u l t u r a l f e a t u r e s of t h e d i s t r i c t and d e s c r i b i n g t h e s t r u c t u r e s and f e a t u r e s of s u b s t a n t i a l p u b l i c s i g n i f i c a n c e , p r e s e n t t r e n d s and c o n d i t i o n s , and d e s i r a b l e p u b l i c o b j e c t i v e s f o r c o n s e r v a t i o n , development, ,

o r redevelopment . Such r e p o r t s h a l l i n c l u d e , among o t h e r p e r t i n e n t m a t t e r s :

( a ) An a n a l y s i s o f e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e s by pe r i od .of eon- s t r u c t i o n ( i f known), a r c h i t e c t u r a l s t y l e ( i f s i g n i f i - c a n t ) , c o n d i t i o n , p r e s e n t u s e , a s s e s s e d v a l u a t i o n , and o t h e r m a t t e r s r e l a t i n g t o p lann ing o r r e g u l a t i n g f u t u r e development, such a s l o c a t i o n on l o t s , l o c a t i o n of ya rds and o t h e r open space s , a c c e s s a t o i n t e r i o r of t h e b l o c k , and o f f - s t r e e t p a r k i n g p rov ided . I n a d d i t i o n t o g e n e r a l a n a l y s i s , two s p e c i f i c and d e t a i l e d ~ l a s s i f i c a t i o n s s h a l i be e s t a b l i s h e d :

(b) A c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of i n d i v i d u a l s t r u c t u r e s and premises of s u b s t a n t i a l p u b l i c i n t e r e s t , w i t h maps, photographs , and o t h e r d a t a i n d i c a t i n g t h e p u b l i c importance of p r e s e r v a t i o n and p a r t i c u l a r f e a t u r e s i t i s d e s i r e d t o preserve

; ,I c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f e x i s t i n g uses l i k e l y t o have a n a d v e r s c h a r a c t e r of t h e d i s t r i c t , i n v i s u a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e d i s t r and o t h e r d a t a i n d i c a t i n g t h e c a t i o n .

. I l L S L'RICT REGULATIONS. -- --

s t r u c t u r e s , p r e m i s e s , and e e f f e c t on t h e d e s i r e d c l u d i n g t h o s e n e a r and i c t , w i t h maps, pho tographs r e a s o n s f o r such c l a s s i f i -

1 . :n 3 r d e r t o promote g e n e r a l w e l f a r e th rough t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n hnd p r o t e c t i o n of f e a t u r e s of h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e , no p e r s o n s h a l l be p e r m i t t e d t o b u i l d , e r e c t , c o n s t r u c t , a l t e r , d e s t r o y , o r remove b u i l d i n g s o r s t r u c t u r e s , o r i n any way change t h e outward appearance of any b u i l d i n g o r s t r u c t u r e w i t h o u t hav ing o b t a i n e d a p p r o v a l f o r so do ing by t h e P l a n n i n g Commission as h e r e i n c r e a t e d . Evidence of such r e q u i r e d a p p r o v a l s h a l l be a l e t t e r of a p p r o v a l i s s u e d by such Commission

2 . By g e n e r a l r u l e o r by s p e c i f i c r e q u e s t i n a p a r t i c u l a r c a s e , t t h e P l a n n i n g Commission may r e q u i r e submiss ion of any o r a l l

i of t h e f o l l o w i n g i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e a p p l i c a t i o n : a r c h i - t e c t u r a l p l a n s , s i t e p l a n s , l a n d s c a p i n g p l a n s , proposed s i g n s w i t h a p p r o p r i a t e d e t a i l a s t o c h a r a c t e r , proposed e x t e r i o r l i g h t i n g a r r a n g e m e n t s , e l e v a t i o n s of a l l p o r t i o n s of s t r u c t u r e s ' w i t h i m p o r t a n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o p u b l i c view ( w i t h i n d i c a t i o n s a s t o c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l s , d e s i g n of doors and windows, c o l o r s , and t h e l i k e ) , photographs o r p e r s p e c t i v e drawings ~ n d i c a t i n g v i s u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s t o a d j o i n i n g s t r u c t u r e s and s p a c e s , and such o t h e r e x h i b i t s and r e p o r t s a s a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r i t s d e t e r m i n a t i o n s a f t e r examina t ion of t h e m a t e r i a l '

s u b m i t t e d and f i e l d examina t ion i f n e c e s s a r y i n t h e c a s e , t h e Commission s h a l l i s s u e a l e t t e r of a p p r o v a l o n l y i f i t f i n d s c h a t t h e p r o p o s a l i s i n f a c t a p p r o p r i a t e t o t h e c h a r a c t e r , a p p e a r a n c e , and e f f i c i e n t f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e d i s t r i c t and meets r e q u i r e m e n t s e s t a b l i s h e d by C i t y C o u n c i l .

D . USE REGULATIONS.

The "HP" H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n D i s t r i c t s h a l l f u n c t i o n a s a n o v e r - l a y t o t h e Zoning D i s t r i c t Map of M a r s h a l l . Those u s e s p e r m i t t e d by t h e Zoning Ordinance of ~ a r s h a l l , ' w i t h i n t h e s e v e r a l zoning d i s t r i c t s , s h a l l b e s u b j e c t t o t h e a d d i t i o n a l r e q u i r e m e n t s of t h e "HP" D i s t r i c t r e g u l a t i o n s i f t h e y f a l l w i t h i n t h e "HP" D i s t r i c t b o u n d a r i e s .

( a ) R e s i d e n t i a l s t r u c t u r e s s h a l l b e l i m i t e d t o t h e u s e f o r which t h e y were o r i g i n a l l y i n t e n d e d and s h a l l b e used f o r occupancy i n t h e manner f o r which t h e y were o r i g i n a l l y d e s i g n e d .

(b) Commercial, i n d u s t r i a l , o r p u b l i c b u i l d i n g s s h a l l be used a c c o r d i n g t o t h e Use R e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e e x i s t i n g d i s t r i c t .

E . INTENSITY OF USE REGULATIONS.

The I n t e n s i t y of Use R e g u l a t i o n s f o r t h e e x i s t i n g zoning d i s t r i c t s h a l l a p p l y t o t h e d e s i g n a t e d "HP" D i s t r i c t .

f L , , i c ' i o f t I I I ~ 3 + l ~ l ) j ~ t * t iv:j,s t ) c ) r i l in 1l:~l~ly County, '1 ., . i i l 178.5, (: I - :~nt l fnt i ie~ .Iobt :pl~ ITti11 Meter was

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3f11,ES 1'1. V,IZXMETER, builtler and r:ontractor, 1'. 0.. Malta Bend, The subject of this sketch was born October 4, IF-i:j, irl Kt:nturky; thence h e was moved to Illinois, in lS55, and in I&t;b h e m i n e t o Saline county, hlissouri, and settled in Malta Bmd, he being tht: firs; c;irpcnter that settled in the place. On the .LC] of June, 18i0, he w;t.; married to fiiiss Clara 13. Reeves, of hfalta I3cnd. Mrs. Varaineter diecl on the +tll

of August, 1S79. He has two childrerr : Harry L. and Jodie C., bu:i1 living. 5lr. Vanmeter errcted the first house and the iirst churcl~ built in Malta Bend, and also most of the first houses built in the towrm. He is at present agent for Hallnday's Standard Wind-mills, with which he is doing an extensive business. Ile is a most energetic business man, and deserves success.

1'1-ornil~ently itleiitilletl \vitli i;~r.rni~ig and stock raising, two o f tlie leacli12g inf1niti.ies or S:llit~e coullty, is T);lvi(l P. Vanmeter. who was horn in 3Tintni tonnsl~ir), this courity. Mnl-cli 25. ~ 8 7 9 . :~ntl while yet y o u t ~ x in ycnrs he 113s bccll vet-y srlccessfnl. TTe war r s ; ~ n ~ ( l 011 n farm and cducatell iir the cornmoll schools of lfiarni r o ~ \ . ~ ~ s l i i p . Tic later attentled Colonel Fleet's Milit;lr]i. School and I\-liile lle \\.,-is a stutlellt t11el.c tlie huilcling avas destroyetl by iii-e. 2nd he then tool; a course i n J l u s s e l ~ i l ; ~ ~ ~ ' ~ Busitless College, ;it Quint!., lllilioii. frnin

\vl~i(-ll h e \~,:i.; gr:itluntetl ; thus he was ~vell equippet1 for t1;c \.tl-ugglc of ma- tcriiil existe~lcc. Tle is the son of David r'. atlcl ?,fnrgarct c S!e) \.-;11inleter, tlie forlller ;r n:lti\-e of Virginia and tlle latter of Oilin all(! !lit. ilaugllter of (iectl-gc Kyr, o i Gcrlnnny, later ;i prominent farmel- of S:~lil?r r o ~ t ~ i t y , ~lisso1iri, \\ I I ~ I C lit: 0 i 1 . l i ~ 1 :111(1 resitled on his father's olrl farnl, rie;\i- I .,I.\ 11r.k~ ilic. fat1 1i.r. :!lltlt-e\\: STC, ernigratetl from (;c.rlnal~y in i Sic) :111tl - , ~ t t lc(! i l l 1toss :.ot~!~t!., ( ) l l in, \\.liithei- lle hrought hi- fa~ii;l!: of f(i l l1- !laugll!er.; allti t \ \ T O ~011s. :111tl l i i , (le:1111 t ~ c c ~ i r r t ~ ~ l i l l tliat cot~iit!~ 111 1840. liis \vi(lo\v ,111 I;->, i l l < I i i l ~ i I I I I ~ ~ !

IS.<^, ( ~ > , I I I > ; 7 1 1 JIii,5o~~?-i. George Kye l -c -~~~a i t~e( l L I I I ~ ~ C I - 11;s i~ : ,~ - t \~ \ t : \ l I-oof tlliti~ 13.3S, \ V ~ I C I I 11e 111:11-ric(l T,i~ciil(la LIrarrv~i, L V I I O S C peo1)lc \ V ~ I - V ~ i ; , ~ i i c, 01 KOitll (':it-o!:tln, ~ , ~ w t l ~ i l ~ e n l al~cl llighly respectetl. 1Ie tjlc11 \\.c11t i t ) ~ ; L I - I T I ~ I I ~ in ROSS (. i)l i~lt \ . :)llio, ~l1ic!1 1le coriti~liled \.erv SIICCC'SS~LIII!. l l l i t i l iS.<3 ~ylieli he S O ~ I ottt :1i1tl eriiiq-atctl Saline coutity, 31 ihso~ll-i. c o l l l i r ~ ~ ( )II :I ,tt:;i~iil)c ) ; ~ t , \ v l l i ~ l 1

l:~t~clc(l at Ali:\~i~i. I ~ C I I - ~ ~ I , c retitecl a far111 ~ i i ~ t i l 1858, u11eii l ~ ~ l ~ - c l ~ a ~ e ( ! 1:111(1

iic;~r T.,L\ I I Y S I i l l + . , \i ilicll lie m:111agetl \-cry s1iccessf1111~ ltritjl , YSS \ ~ 1 1 ( ~ 1 1 ]I(!

\ \ : I , ~ < I i ~ l - ~ r l i l l t o tlic ~ile17t lantl. o w l l i i i ~ ;it the timc of Ilia t i ~ : i r l l O I C I - eight 1/

i ~ r ~ r ~ ( l t - e ~ I ac.rrL. :111<1 1ic2 liatl given each of l ~ i s sons orle Ilui~di-ctl L I I I ~ sixty acres. 1 !V .,is:\<- < \ \ el \* ~ ) I - O \ I ) C ~ I - ( 111s f;il-~~;cr a ~ i ~ l c-;~ttlc i i i ; ~ i i . r l ' l ~ v follo\\-iiix , - ~ I I I I I I - c ~ L \\ ~ I Y

\ I - [ ] t ( 1 \ 1 I ; t 1 1 ( 1 111-s. (;eoi-ge Kye : i I ~ ~ d r e j ~ ; LLril1ial~i : l<lit ~ I ; I ~ ~ i a l . ~ - i ~ ~ ( l \\rillia~il :\lrili(hli : ( Iii-~\tuli:) ~ i i :~~- r ie ( l 11. J. V;~tinleter: h1;lrgaret IV;IS tlii-ec titneb; tnar- ~-i(.(l. f i~-. t 10 T) : t i - i ( l 1 '. IT:lli~neter, f ; ~ t l ~ e r i )f l)nvi(l 7'. rilllet^ let^^-. jr,. of this r I 1 I L - 1 a a I l e i t i 1 1 1 I ; Y-

1- eli \r S!-c. ii. ( l t~~caserl : (ieorge. a1111 I dr~uisa, no\\ , Jlt-s. 1. I?ln~lil )ul-11. 7'11~ mnllier c ) f I chi1 (1 l - f h l i passed to 1ic.1- rest on Ria!- I I , r SPq. ( ;c( 11-gt. S y e , the i:~tllel-. \ \ ;is < I 1~c~) l ih l ic:~ri. 1)ut 110t ail office aspirant. 1 J is t \ \ 1 , ol(1cst ~ O I I S , l l ' i l l i :~~i : :111(1 \11(11-c~~\ , \ei-\.e(l t l ~ r o ~ ~ g l i tlic Ci\ il \Y:LI- i l l tllc i~ t~( lc r , L I al-~ii!-.

T ' l : ~ ~ - i t l 1'. V:i~i~ii~' i~'r . . Ss. . \\.as Lor11 i l l T1a1-tly c r a i i ~ t ~ . V~I-gillia, ;u~tl lie \\*as t11e -() i l o f .\ 111 :11l:l1ii ;\11(1 lCliz:1betli ( T ' > I - ~ o I I s ) T7a~iii~ctcr. '1-Iic !at ter, t~oi-11 it1

f ~ : ~ t n l ) s l ~ i ~ - c c o ~ i ~ ~ t ! ~ . I ' i i g i ~ i ~ a , (lied in Sal i t~e ~ o l i ~ l t y , 31iqao111-i, i r ~ r863. Abra- 11;\1i: 'J:IIIII I ~ I V I - \ \ ; I \ 1 11 11-11 iii Hardy cou~ity, l7irgii~i:i, i l l 17s: , liis i:~tli(-r. Jo- scp11 I- ; I I I , I :V (*I-. \\:is ,oi(lier i i i tlie l<~\*o l~~t io i i a l -y \vai-. \\,it11 \ , \ . ; ~ ~ l ~ i l ~ g t o i ~ . aii(1 .\l)l.;~li;il~i ' , ~ ; ~ I ~ I ~ ~ C ~ ~ V I - \c'I-: ecl t l~rougll tlie Ivar of 18 i ~ . 'I'llc. I ) l t l i .r l7nliillctct..i \r.elch all T ( ; I - > . ~):tti-iotic citizens. ~2braham came \\.it11 l ~ i s f;ii~illy to Saliile l:i)~:i!t \ - . \,liqlr~~i.i. i l l i S.33, first 1oc;itetl i i l the s\?utlierii 1x11 t "r t l i t b co~inty ailtl 1 I 1 I : I I i t s a v e 1 i r ~ i So011 : \ t ter \v;~~-( l i Ilc

( > I I ~ ~ > I . V ( ~ I:lti[l 1 1 i : ~ i i i i to\\ti~;1111), \v11ei-e lie i ~ ~ o \ - e ( l , :i11(1 011 \ ~ l i i c l ~ 11e 1)11i!! ;L l t ) ~ ( * : ( I 1 i 1 1 . 1;ttet- l~ril lging his farnil)- ancl ii~akiilg p e r ~ ~ i : ~ ~ i ~ t ~ t ~ c t t l e ~ ~ i v ~ i l ,

. . I I 1 : I I I i t - ~ 1 1 1 t i t i 1 1 c I S I e l f i t 1 i 1 T I C' ;\/SO

C;W 111 l~ec';~tilc~ ; i ~ t ~ l . ~ ' s t e t l in dealiilg it1 cattlt. a l~ t l other li\-e stoc'k : Iatcr lle ad(1etl 1iio1 (: 1:~1i(l t( I 1 1 i q o1-1yi11:il p~ircliase ~illtil T I P 011 11e(1 a 131-ge :111(1 \-:~lti:~l)!c> tract.

He fed rattle for the market, ~vliicli he found by driving his cattle to St. Louis, for there were no railroads : ~ t that tiine. H e also drove them to other places. at one time drivir~g sisteeii I~u~it l red head of cattle and a large ~luinber of shcelt to Philadelphia, Peni~sylvania. a remarkable feat. I n those days it was not possible to get hogs that ~vo111tl follow cattle ill the feed lot and he used sheel, inslead for this purpose antl nlarl~eted them with the cattle. The trip to I'hil- adelphia required four montlis. oile montli of which was spent in Ohio, waiting for the g~-;lss to grow so t l i ~ t the rattle could be properly fed along the road. He l~ecanie tlie most e s t e ~ ~ s i v e cattle dealer in nortliwestern hlissouri. con- tinuing- until old age preventetl hinl from looking after the busiiless prol,cl-ly. :hen his son i)avid did the necessary work. The elder Vanmeter ~ v a c very suc- cessful and created a large estate. lieligiously he was cle~~otctl to tlic. 31ethoclisi Episcopal c l~ul-cl~ ~ o u t h , wllirI 1 Ile joil~ed in Virginia. Politically Ile \\-as :l Democrat. I-?is death occurred a t the old homestead in 1866. 1-1;s f:tmily con- sisted uf f(:~,ul- children, David I'.. Si-.. father of the sul~ject ; Mary C:. m;ll-liecl . P. Jile~lliiilg : Kellecca A. niarc-icll JLsepll D. Prosser; A. J. Ixcame ;111 extensive fa~-i i~c.~- ;111(1 stock I-aisc.1- ant1 clcale!- ;111(1 lle still 1-esicies 0 1 1 tlie 0 1 ~ 1 I~olne farm.

1t'lic.n , i l ) ral~am Vatllnetcr lclcatetl ill 14ian:i township it \\.as spal-sely settled, game was plelitiful and wiitl beasts roamed a t will t1lrc)ugh the great l~ootls, and he and his En~nily made the early history and started tile tie\-elnp- lnertt in tliis part of t l ~ e cot~llt!., ~ ~ l i c l c l - ~ o i t ~ g the usual hartlsl~ips ant1 ~)l-ival ions incident to n life ill a new col;iltry. The family becnille wiflely Iatonlll ant1 lli,711Iy respected.

T ) I I I - ~ ~ I ~ his f;ltller's life 1);ivicl 1\~3s "put in the sacldle" and c;lrl-ie(l for- \\.arc! tlie nloi-k inau,q~t-nte(l 1 3 7 his sire, ant1 after the fatlier's (1~3111 the ~,l-ol~ert!. Ivas c!ivitlctl nl-ltl he cc)ntinuc.tl i n r n ~ i l ~ g and stock raising successfully until his e l 1 1 8 % . I-3r was ;L 1 >c~iiiorr;lt, l ~ i t never an oflice yeekel-. f i e \\.ns a

mall o f strict i l l tegrity antl Ilonor-: hi- fnmily consistetl of three rl~il(lrcn. namely : ( ; c o ~ - ~ c , I V I N ) (lic.cl ~ t rhc~l t I\ !,ears old ; David P., r., 01 thi5 review ; i t 1 7 . i f f I - I ', i i o f I . .'\ftet- the clcatll o i t l v h

fatlirr, t11p nlotllcl- of thest: cl~il(lrell 1lin1-1-ied \IT. Eates. by w l l n t ~ ~ two children w r e 1,o~ 11, ( 1 1 1 ~ ( lyi i~g i l l 111 . - ; I I I C ~ : t1;c \cc:011c1 cl~ilcl, lIai-ti11 Bates, is still :L \tu(lcllt ;it ~ c l ~ o o l . \ f'to~- &I I-. I k i t t b - ' (Iciit 11. llis ~~;i(lo\\ . li!:l~*i-ie(l J. A l i l ~ t ; ~ , \ \ . I I~) t ~ o ~ i ~ I-csitlcs a t JTinInj, l ~ ; l i . i ~ ~ q ~-cti~-c(l fl-o!;~ active lxlsil~css, 1111-s. -Illen i.; :L

~! l rn~hcr ,)i t l ~ e Christian c111irc.l-.

I>:i\-it1 P. Iran rnettli-, Jr.. il-ns 1,ol-11 ;111~1 reared o ~ i the old \-:lnir~ei el- Ilo~ne- stentl, in sigllt o f llis pl-esclit 110 itc :111(1 Fnl-111, ;li~rl Iic was i.c.n~-c.cl to far-111ilig nnl~tl

. . 411 )1'/1 1:l 14111g. 1 1 e ~-ecci\~etl :I good elemt.ntar)- e(1rlc:ltii 111 : l l i ( / i c b l i I : I : ~ ! o I / lllldel* tile 1~~1-(~lit : l l roof witll his niother until he tnarried. or1 Octol)c~- 4. I (SOO. ~ettlillr \I I( 111 f~<&l-\\-nr(l o n ;i inrin which had been PI-ovitlc(1 for 111111 j ) \ . ~llllc:-itail~~. ( - 1 ~ I I ~ ; I S ? ~ I I ; of \i x 11~1licIred anti rii11etce11 :~c~-es, xnd, 1) tb i r ig i i ( l i ( - i t , I I ~ 11;:111:1ge~ ,i11(1 11:\\ i t ~ g , l l ) l J j i ~ ( 1 ~ ~ I I I I S ~ ~ S very ~.:\r~f1111>- t o I l iq i ,~~<,i~lc\\ , :t I 1 . 1 1 : - , \ \ ; I \ l ) r~c- 1)e1*c(1 : ~ ~ i ( i ad(le(1 , I \ ~ C I - qix l~~t t~t l i -cd ~ r e s t o 11is o~- ig i~~: , l tract 111:,i,111:~ ( of the 1;11-gtt't, 1)rst lo(.:\ie(l :111(1 most deiirahlc C;~rins in Salir~e COII I~I ! - 1 1 I , l\cll im- J ) I . ( J , c h t l \ L I I ( ~ i l l ;i 11igIi state of c~iltivation. I t is iTer!- fcj-tilt ; i l l ( ; \ - cLl - h i 1 5 to

it!! I - : $ ( i , tti:~~i!.:~tio~i o f the stranger, for it i c I\ ell kept :111(1 e \ ( > I - ) 111111:: : i l)o~~t the !)!ncr \11ou 5 t l i ;~ 1 ;I pel,t!e~:lan of goc~il t;stc. gca)(l r na :~ :~qe r~~c~ i i . L ; I , ~ 1 . 1 1 1 it IS

1 . 1 i t c . 1 - evcl-ytliing Elad been well startctl a lo~lg .;ysti.~i:it!(. ! i~~c's, \vlien 1 1 ~ . Iii-st l ) c ,g - ; t~ i i :~ l -~ i i i~ lg hc1-e, >[I-. \ T : ~ ~ l ~ ~ i ~ : t e ~ - I)eg-a11 I - C I ~ I ( ~ ~ ~ L ~ I ~ ; ~ ~ - t i l t h (l\\clli~l?*. ; ~ r r t l l ~ c . 1.i.r.ctt.ti 1 l)l.acticall!. new t1irc.c-story fr;liiie Iloilsc. C ( \ I I ~ : I I I J ~ ~ I I ~ I ~ \ . ;ittrnc- I i l o : I ] ) ( ; I I I ( J ~ I C ~ I , i l l :~rcllitect~~r;ll (lesip?. 1 1~ 2150 (~l-cc-tc~l ,, I : I I +, I - ( , ( ? !):II.II all(1 othci. > ~ l l ) < t n r l t i : t l outl>uildings, set out n sl)lerlrli(l orcii;ir-(l ;11i#! i i r \ : t~- io~ls \va!s 1)e:lutificil I I I P i~l~-i-oilr?ding.s of the h o ~ i l ~ . 1 Ie li:lq also tli rce \I v ? i :!1-1-;11ig-e~1 :111(1

~-enlotlcletl I i ( ,user for tenants. His farm is all iuldcr "llog--tiq1itM t'eilcc. HI: is f:litlifiill~- c::I-I-! illg 0 1 1 general farming ;illti stock r:lisinp. iollo\\ 111y 111) the \\ (11.k s o suc.cessiully /begun by his wortliv fatl~cs. I l e ir also t11c r ,I\ tlcr of tliree I~untll-e(l acres i l l tlle bottoms, wit11 forty acres ill tiinllrr for ilir 't11~1)'11.t 01 tile llc~lile f : ~ n l ~ , tlir. lniance l~e ing ur~der cultivatioll anti 011 it >I 111tl5 qoo(1 tc11al;t l ~ r ~ ~ l ( i i ~ i ; g \ . SII.. i T : ~ i ~ i i ~ e t e ~ - is regarcle(1 as c ~ i ~ c of tllc ltxl(li11g f a~ -~ i l c>~- \ ;t11(1 \t~cl{ 111011 o f tllc V O I I I I ~ J ~ . aliv:~ys abreast of tlie ti~iies, :ll\\;~!-- 11o1ior:11)lc. 111 I l l \ ( I d - iligs \ v i l l i l i i i f r l lo~v incn srj that lie 11;1s 1)otli tllc ro~itiilc~ice :~llrl crtecill oi 11ei;:l11~ )I-s :i l l t l ,~ccluai~itances, ant1 he tal,es c.orisiclcr:ll)l(> i~ittbrc - Y i l l I\-lintcvel- tc!?(l? to 1)1-01lii ~ t e tlie general gowl of his coli~munity. . \ ' t l i ( lti:<li ; I 5f 1.1 )11<

I-)c~~ioc.l at. lic I1:ls ~ i o t aqpii-etl to 1)ul)Iic office, ~)reft.r-l-i~l:,: t , I tit.\ I ~ t c l i i y ! ; I~I( . ex- clri~i\-el!- to I i i < 1)nsiiic.s.; affairs. Tlc is ;\ me~lihcr of tlic 1:;ll)ii.t t.ilr~l-cll ant1 a li1,er:il G I I ~ ) ~ ) ( H . I ~ I - Oi tile mnic, Mi-s. T ' : ;~~~i~e te r l~elo~igq to tilt ( - l i ~ - i \ t i:!!, cli111-~11.

I) ; \ \ i t " \ l ; l~l~llrtrl- , Jr.. ma]-rie(1 Florel~re Flirle. :l 1;1(1~. o i ~-el~ilcliiet~t and t l l c ~ rc31)~.e<c 1 1 1 (11 ivc of ail escellcllt ol(1 f;~11111!'. Slie \j,,<13 1)01-1, I ! ) 11 1:~1i i i to\~11- sliil). 5:4li11r C O L I I I ~ J - , 5Iiss011t-i7 ;!II(I . 1 1 ~ is tile t l ; l ~ ~ ~ l i t e ~ - (hi S:til IICI 1 , , j ~ ( i Jli~Ilie (Tloljl)i~~\ I li5ie. l!ot 11 11;itives of T-i~-g-i~ii:l, i t ; \vliicli \tate I lick! - ~ I - v \ \ t o ~lia- ' tul-it! : 11, ) \ \ . t 1 \ el-, tliej. c a n e to Sal il l ( . c o ~ ~ i ~ t ! . .\li.;sou~-i. \I 11('11 ; \ .()II! 1q ; 1 , 1 ( 1 \ C . C ~ C

1 ~ ~ : ~ 1 - ~ I C ( I 1 I ( - I ~ o . 311'. ITisle al\v;l>,s folio\\ c.1 i f;11 llli~lq. T I( ' i. ; I I ) c . ~ i i t lc it 1 ~ t

i l e i ('1- :L 1)111)1i(- 11i ; i i i . t l i l?e :111(1 11i\ \: ifc :;I-? 111ei11l)er~ o f 11i(> ( " 1 1 ; - [ ; < L I I c l i ~~ rc l~ :111(1 111~) :lie iri;;!i!y I - C < ~ ) C C L ~ I I i l l t!ici~- C( l l l inil~lli t~. 171ic.> ; I I - C ~ 1 1 1 ~ . l l : , i ~ 1 1 t - of six ~~~~~~~~~~~I. L I l;!, ~l-c~ict., .(\ , if( . ( J," 1 T i - . \*;~ri~iietcl- o f ti i i , rc.\ ; J a l i ~ c ~ l i \ c - L i l l 1<;11 I 11:. , l t l : ! ~ i~ : i r r i e (~ (-;LI!- \\ PI ) L , ? ~ I - , :I 1~),)111:\1- 1-1 K-C. t I ( 31i:11ili ;

.!dridge is f;~rcnitlg : Iloy(1 is :ltte~lcling school and living ai l i ( ~ t i ~ e : Lewis is also liviiig \\=it11 his parciits ; ~ r i t l atteritlillg sc1ioc)l.

(hlc (i;iugllte~-, Vil-~ini:l .I., llas :irlded sunshine to the iTanlnetel- llolue ; sllr was !)orl~ r\l)l-il 17. 1908.

M a r s h a l l and t h e E a s t Woods:

A Main S t r e e t Town a n d a n A r t i c u l a t e S u b u r b a n N e i g h b o r h o o d

Our town was i n t h e f i r s t p l a c e d e f i n i t e l y l a i d o u t ; i t d i d n o t s p r e a d f r o m a c r e e k o r a r i v e r s i d e ; t h e r e i s n o o l d town n o r new t o w n ; t h e o r i g i n a l t own i s s t i l l t h e h e a r t o f o u r c o m m u n i t y .

M e l i n d a Montague H a r v e y M a r s h a l l C e n t e n n i a l P r o g r a m , 1939

Lynn Nor row F a l l , 1 9 8 4

Foreward

For t h r e e decades p r i o r t o t h e C i v i l War t h e s t a t e o f Missour i

e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f a s t h e l e a d i n g s t a t e o f t h e new West. On t h e eve

o f Missour i s t a t e h o o d i n 1820 and a t t h e c e n t e r o f Boonsl ick a c t i v i t y ,

S a l i n e County had become one o f t e n c o u n t i e s c r e a t e d by t h e

l e g i s l a t u r e . Already o n e- t h i r d o f M i s s o u r i ' s f a s t - i n c r e a s i n g 1

p o p u l a t i o n had l o c a t e d i n t h e Boons l i ck r e g i o n . Missou,r i l a n d s and

t r a d e a t t r a c t e d money and s p e c u l a t i o n from c a p i t a l i s t s i .n e a s t e r n

c i t i e s ; Missour i c o n t i n u e d t o d e v e l o p an o l d t r a d i t i o n o f upland s o u t h

b o r d e r - s t a t e t r a d e w i t h t h e deep South and e a s t e r n marke t s ; Boonsl ick

e n t r e p r e n e u r s had become heavy i n v e s t o r s and b e n e f i c i a r i e s o f t h e

S a n t e Fe t r a d e ; and d u r i n g t h e 1840s and 1850s Missour ians

p a r t i c r p a t e d i n t h e Mexican War, and i n a v a s t s e r v i c e t r a d e t h a t

s u p p l i e d westward-moving immigrants . The p o p u l a t i o n o f Missour i

c o u n t i e s t h a t had been formed a long t h e Missour i River f i g u r e d most

p r o m i n e n t l y i n t h e mains t ream o f n a t i o n a l m a r k e t i n g , p o 1 , i t i c s and

i m m i g r a t i o n .

S a l i n e County immigrants poured i n from t h e s o u t h e r n upland

s t a t e s , however, t h e p i o n e e r f o u n d a t i o n s o f s t a b l e , permanent s o c i e t y

were l a r g e l y framed and improved upon by f a m i l i e s from t h e Tidewater

and Piedmont o f V i r g i n i a , t h e B l u e g r a s s and Pennyroyal o f Kentucky,

and M i d d l 3 Tennessee . Those r e g i o n s , s t r o n g p o l i t i c a l , c u l t u r a l and

socio- economic c e n t e r s , se rved a s c u l t u r e h e a r t h s from which Boons1 i c k

s o c i e t y emerged. A s i g n i f i c a n t number o f t h e s e immigran t s , who had

w e a l t h , p o l i t i c a l and economic c o n n e c t i o n s , knowledge and s k i l l s

e x p e c t e d t o e s t a b l i s h a s r a p i d l y a s p o s s i b l e a g e n t e e l s o c i e t y

i n t e g r a t e d i n t o s t a t e a n d n a t i o n a l t r e n d s .

The t o w n o f F r a n k l i n i n Howard C o u n t y b e c a m e t h e common p o r t o f

e n t r y f o r i m m i g r a n t s e n t e r i n g t h e B o o n s l i c k r e g i o n . T h e y e n t e r e d l a n d

a t t h e g o v e r n m e n t l a n d o f f i c e , o b t a i n e d i n t e l l i g e n c e a b o u t t h e

h i n t e r l a n d s a n d e q u i p p e d t h e m s e l v e s w i t h p r o v i s i o n s b e f o r e o p e n i n g a

new f a r m o r b u s i n e s s . I m m i g r a n t s c l a i m e d l a n d i n t i m b e r e d Howard a n d

C o o p e r C o u n t i e s b e f o r e t a k i n g u p r e s i d e n c e a n d i m p r o v e m e n t s i n t h e

r o l l i n g p r a i r i e s a n d t i m b e r e d b r e a k s o f S a l i n e C o u n t y . I n t h e 1 8 2 0 s

e n t r e p r e n e u r s s e t o u t f r o m F r a n k l i n , o p e n e d t h e S a n t a F e t r a d e , a n d

t h e 3 o o n s l i c k r e g i o n b e c a m e t h e i m m e d i a t e h i n t e r l a n d o f t h a t h i s t o r i c

t r a d e .

I n 1 8 2 6 a c a t a s t r o p h i c f l o o d c r i p p l e d F r a n k l i n a n d l e d t o t h e

g r a d u a l d i s m a n t l i n g o f t h e t o w n . By 1 8 2 9 - a few o l d F r a n k l i n r e s i d e n t s

a n d a r e a n e w c o m e r s e s t a b l i s h e d A r r o w Rock o n h i g h e r g r o u n d a c r o s s t h e

- M i s s o u r i R i v e r a t t h e e d g e o f a S a l i n e C o u n t y p r a i r i e . T h e new r i v e r

p o r t p r o v i d e d a t r a d e d e p o t f o r e x t e n s i v e , d i v e r s i f i e d p l a n t a t i o n s o f

p r o g r e s s i v e , c a p i t a l i s t f a r m e r s i n e a s t e r n a n d s o u t h e r n S a l i n e C o u n t y .

P r o c e e d i n g w e s t w a r d , a c r o s s S a l i n e ' s g r e a t p r a i r i e s a n d i n t o t h e

t i m b e r , p i o n e e r s b u i l t L e x i n g t o n , t h e n e x t w e s t w a r d s e t t l e m e n t o f a n y

c o n s e q u e n c e . The wagon r o a d c o n n e c t i n g A r r o w Rock a n d L e x i n g t o n

s e r v e d a s a p o s t a l r o a d a n d a s t h e p r i m a r y r o u t e f o r r e g i o n a l S a n t a F e

t r a d e . G e o g r a p h i c a l l y , t h e r o a d s p l i t S a l i n e C o u n t y i n h a l f , a l t h o u g h

i t h a d n u m e r o u s t r i b u t a r y p a t h s t h a t l e d i n t o it f r o m t h e n o r t h a n d t h e

s o u t h .

The s i t e o f l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t i n S a l i n e C o u n t y h a d a m o b i l e h i s t o r y

p r i o r t o i t s f i n a l l o c a t i o n i n M a r s h a l l . S e t t l e r s l o c a t e d t h e f i r s t

c o u n t y s e a t , J e f f e r s o n , n e a r t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r a n d n o r t h o f Ar row

Rock. D u r i n g t h e 1 8 3 0 s , J o n e s b o r o , s i t u a t e d on t h e S a l t F o r k r i v e r i n

s o u t h e a s t e r n S a l i n e , was t h e l o c a l c a p i t o l . B r i e f l y , i n 1839 l o c a l

g o v e r n m e n t c o n v e n e d a t Arrow Rock , b u t w i t h i n a few m o n t h s t h e

p e r m a n e n t s e a t moved t o a c e n t r a l l o c a t i o n on t h e S a n t a Fe t r a i l a x i s ,

( s e e map # I ) . A p p a r e n t l y a c l e a r l a n d t i t l e , h e l d a n d d o n a t e d t o t h e

c o u n t y b y J e r e m i a h O d e l l a n d t h e f a c t t h a t O d e l l T s d o n a t i o n i n c l u d e d a

h i g h p r a i r i e f l a t , d e c i d e d o n c e and f o r a l l t h e i s s u e o f p e r m a n e n t 2

l o c a t i o n f o r S a l i n e ' s g o v e r n m e n t . I n 1 8 3 9 Miles Marmaduke , who h a d

s u r v e y e d t h e p l a t f o r New P h i l a d e l p h i a ( A r r o w R o c k ) , l a i d o u t t h e new

c o u n t y s e a t , M a r s h a l l . The c o u n t y ' s c e n t r a l v i l l a g e r e m a i n e d a s o c i a l

a n d e c o n o m i c s u b s i d i a r y o f Arrow Rock u n t i l t h e p o s t - C i v i l War

g e n e r a t i o n . Most l a r g e s o c i a l and p o l i t i c a l g a t h e r i n g s c o n t i n u e d t o

b e h e l d i n t h e c o u n t r y s i d e among t h e e s t a t e s o f t h e l a r g e a g r i c u l -

t u r a l i s t s . The m e a g e r a m e n i t i e s a v a i l a b l e i n a n t e b e l l u m M a r s h a l l

p e r c e i v e d i n s u b s t a n c e and i n h u m o r , a p p e a r e d i n a l e t t e r w r i t t e n b y a

f a m i l y f r i e n d t o a M a r s h a l l r e s i d e n t , J o h n McKown. A l t h o u g h McKown, a

c a r p e n t e r a n d m a c h i n i s t , p r o m o t e d t h e u p b u i l d i n g o f M a r s h a l l , h i s

f r i e n d c a u t i o n e d McKown t o n o t b r i n g h i s m o t h e r t h e r e .

Your m o t h e r c a n n o t l i v e i n M a r s h a l l . I t ' s n o t - - --_-_ __-_I___ 1--- -_-_ ----

s u i t e d t o h e r t a s t e , a g e o r r a i s i n g - o n e who h a s a l w a y s b e e n a c c u s t o m e d - t o g o o d a n d - g e n t e e l s o c i e t y ( n o t m e a n i n g t h a t t h e r e ' s no s u c h t h i n g i n M a r s h a l l ) w h e r e [ a r e f o u n d ] t h e a b u n d a n c e o f g o o d t h i n g s , s o c i a l , i n t e l l e c t u a l , s o c i e t y a n d c o m f o r t s , p a s t i m e s and p l e a s u r e s , t h e c o u n t r y c a n n o t a f f o r d t o o n e o f h e r a g e , Would k i l l h e r o u t r i g h t t o wea r l i n s e y w o o l s e y , c o a r s e cow h i d e s h o e s , g o o u t i n t o t h e b a r n y a r d and p a i l t h e c o w s , c l e a n t h e f a t o f f t h e b u l l o c k hog a n d t r y i t o u t , make c a n d l e s , s o a p a n d p l a y "Rub a Dub" i n t h e wash t u b - e a t c o r n b r e a d and h o g m e a t and p u t up w i t h "common d o i n g s v

a f t e r s o l o n g " w h e a t b r e a d a n d c h i c k e n f i x i n g s . " I s a y s h e c a n n o t d o i t - s l e e p i n a l o g c a b i n w i t h t h e c h i n k a l l o u t w h e r e t h e w i n d , s n o w , h a i l and r a i n come r a t t l i n g i n , s h i v e r i n g c o l d t o s l e e p on

t h e f l o o r and c a r e w i t h t h e d o o r w h i l e t h e p i g s , h e n s and c h i c k e n s a n d g e e s e a l l k e p t u p t h e i r p s a l m t u n e s t h e l i v e - l o n g n i g h t u n d e r t h o s e p u n c h e o n s - t h e h o w l i n g w o l f i n t h e n i g h t , h e i s m o u r n f u l l y c a l l i n g i n p i t e o u s n o t e s t h e h o u r s o f t h e p l a c e . 3

1 Mrs. McKown s t a y e d i n S t . L o u i s w h i l e a n t e b e l l u m M a r s h a l l n e v e r

I e x c e e d e d a p o p u l a t i o n o f 250 . But d u r i n g t h e 1 8 6 0 s and by t h e 1870

1 c e n s u s , t h e town a l m o s t q u a d r u p l e d t o 9 2 4 . T h i s c o u n t , c o m p a r a b l e t o

1 t h e z e n i t h o f Arrow R o c k ' s h i s t o r i c p o p u l a t i o n , i n d i c a t e d how q u i c k l y

I M a r s h a l l was b e c o m i n g a k e y town i n t h e c o u n t y . I n 1 8 7 6 M a r s h a l l h a d

I d o u b l e d i n r e s i d e n t s t o 1 8 0 0 s o u l s and b y t h e 1880 c e n s u s , g r o w t h h a d

I i n c r e a s e d t h e t o t a l t o 2 , 7 0 1 . The s u r g e c o n t i n u e d u n a b a t e d , t h o u g h

I s l o w e d , u n S i l t h e t u r n o f t h e c e n t u r y . D u r i n g t h e 1 8 8 0 s , 1500 new

c i t i q z e n s a r r i v e d i n town and b y t h e end o f t h e c e n t u r y a n o t h e r 8 0 0 4

b r o u g h t M a r s h a l l t o 5 , 0 8 6 p e o p l e .

1 D u r i n g t h e 1 8 4 0 s and 1 8 5 0 s t h e " S a p p i n g t o n N e i g h b o r h o o d" i n

s o u t h e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y had a c q u i r e d s u c h e c o n o m i c and p o l i t i c a l

r e p u t a t i o n t h a t " good s o c i e t y t t o r g e n t e e l , c u l t i v a t e d c u l t u r e

p r a c t i c e d b y e l i t e and b o u r g e o i s c o m m e r c i a l f a r m e r s and m e r c h a n t s ,

f l o u r i s h e d i n and a r o u n d t h e d i v e r s i f i e d p l a n t a t i o n s . l'hough t h i s

r e p u t a t i o n o f t h e S a p p i n g t o n n e i g h b o r h o o d h a s c o n t i n u e d , a

c o n s i d e r a b l e number o f s i m i l a r f a m i l i e s p r o s p e r e d t h r o u g h o u t t h e

r o l l i n g p r a i r i e c o u n t y . The t r a d i t i o n a l , and G r e e k R e v i v a l h o u s e s a t

t h e c e n t e r o f n u m e r o u s f a r m d e p e n d e n c i e s , h o u s i n g f a m i l y r e t a i n e r s ,

t e n a n t s , l a b o r e r s and s l a v e s were, i n f a c t , h a m l e t s i n 'themselves. A

number o f t h e g e n t r y and t h e i r d e s c e n d a n t s , who p a t r o n i t z e d t h e i m p o r t -

e x p o r t d e p o t t o w n s o f Arrow Rock and Miami and who s t a y e d and s u r v i v e d

t h e C i v i l War , c o m p r i s e d a s i g n i f i c a n t d e m o g r a p h i c f a c t o r wh ich

m i g r a t e d t o M a r s h a l l f o l l o w i n g t h e War. I n M a r s h a l l t h e o l d f a m i l i e s

j o i n e d t h e new p r o f e s s i o n a l c l a s s e s who moved t o a r a i l r o a d boom-town

t o t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f expanding m a r k e t s , c o n v e n i e n t s e r v i c e s and

c h a n g i n g l i f e s t y l e s i n an emerg ing , i n d u s t r i a l ~ e w South town.

Foreward 1

Wil l iam F o l e y , A H i s t o r y o f M i s s o u r i , Volume One, 1673-1820, Columbia: u n i v e r s i t y o f ~ i s s o u r i P r e s s , 1971: 167.

2 Another a t t e m p t had been made t o l o c a t e t h e c o u n t y s e a t n o r t h e a s t

o f i t s p r e s e n t s i t e . See c o u n t y s e a t p e t i t i o n , c . 1838-39, Marmaduke P a p e r s , Western H i s t o r i c a l and S t a t e H i s t o r i c a l Manuscr ip t C o l l e c t i o n , U n i v e r s i t y o f M i s s o u r i , h e r e i n a f t e r c i t e d a s J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s .

3 Joshua S r a d l e y t o John McKown, March 14 , 1857, McKown P a p e r s ,

J o i n t M a n u s c r i p t s , U M C . 4

Demographic c o m p i l a t i o n s by a u t h o r d u r i n g r e s e a r c h f o r an H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n Survey Repor t i n t h e town o f M a r s h a l l , M i s s o u r i , sponsored by t h e Missour i V a l l e y Regional P lann ing Commission, M a r s h a l l , M i s s o u r i J a n u a r y , 1984. P r e s e n t e d t o t h e Department o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s , H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n Program, J e f f e r s o n C i t y , MO.

M a r s h a l l : t h e New C o u n t y C e n t e r

The t r a n s i t i o n o f p o l i t i c a l and e c o n o m i c i n f l u e n c e f r o m s o u t h e a s t

S a l i n e C o u n t y t o t h e c o u n t y ' s g e o g r a p h i c c e n t e r , M a r s h a l l , p a r a l l e l e d

e v e n t f u l c h a n g e s t h r o u g h o u t t h e pos t- War Amer ican S o u t h . The

p l a n t a t i o n h a m l e t s and r i v e r d e p o t t o w n s f a d e d i n t o memory i n t h e f a c e

o f s w e e p i n g s o c i o - e c o n o m i c t r a n s i t i o n s b r o u g h t a b o u t b y Yankee v i c t o r y

and m o d e r n i z a t i o n . G e o g r a p h i c a l l y , S a l i n e C o u n t y was o n t h e n o r t h e r n

and w e s t e r n f r i n g e o f s o u t h e r n s o c i e t y , a n i m p o r t a n t f a c t o r o f

M i s s o u r i l s c u r i o u s h i s t o r i c a l b l e n d o f s o u t h e r n , w e s t e r n , and n o r t h e r n

s o c i e t y . C e n t r a l t o pos t- War c h a n g e was t h e e v o l v i n g m a t u r i t y o f a

c o u n t y s e a t town w h e r e c o u n t y d e c i s i o n - m a k e r s l i v e d and w o r k e d , and

w h e r e r a i l r o a d s s o u g h t a l l i e s i n t h e i r e x p a n s i o n o f n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s .

I n t h e s e t o w n s , c o m m e r c i a l d i s t r i c t s , new n e i g h b o r h o o d s and new

s u b u r b s were p l a t t e d f o r a q u i c k l y d e v e l o p i n g , p r o s p e r o u : ; m i d d l e -

c l a s s . A d d i t i o n a l l y , E u r o p e a n e t h n i c and b l u e toll-ar n e i g h b o r h o o d s

g r e a t l y e x p a n d e d , and f o r t h e f i r s t time, t h o u s a n d s o f s o u t h e r n b l a c k s

c o n g r e g a t e d i n f r e e d m e n ' s g h e t t o s . The b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n l ; t h a t h o u s e d

t h e new o r d e r i n t h e Midwes t and M a r s h a l l e x t e n d e d a c r o s s g r i d

s u r v e y s .

The M a r s h a l l p l a t f e a t u r e d a p u b l i c s q u a r e s l i g h t l y n o r t h and e a s t

o f t h e c e n t e r . The l o c a t i o n t o o k a d v a n t a g e o f t h e h i g h e s t and m o s t

l e v e l , g r o u n d i n t h e J e r e m i a h O d e l l d o n a t i o n . T h r e e s t r e e t s e n t e r e d

t h e s q u a r e f rom e a c h s i d e o f t h e f o u r s u r r o u n d i n g b l o c k s - - t w e l v e

s t r e e t s i n a l l . T h i s maximum a c c e s s t o t h e p u b l i c s q u a r e was r e d u c e d

d u r i n g s u b s e q u e n t d e c a d e s b y c l o s i n g t h e c e n t e r b l o c k s t r e e t s on t h e

n o r t h , e a s t and s o u t h . The w e s t c e n t e r b l o c k a c c e s s , Main s t r e e t ( n o w

C o u r t s t r e e t ) r e m a i n s o p e n . O d e l l A v e n u e , a n o r t h - s o u t h s t r e e t , l a i d

o u t o n a s e c t i o n l i n e , b o r d e r e d t h e o r i g i n a l t own p l a t o n t h e e a s t ,

a n d came t o s e r v e a s a c u l t u r a l f a u l t l i n e t h a t s e p a r a t e d M a r s h a l l ' s

downtown c o m m e r c i a l a n d i n d u s t r i a l d i s t r i c t f r o m t h e E a s t Woods'

s u b u r b s . The f o u r c o r n e r s o f s e c t i o n s 1 0 , 1 1 , 1 4 a n d 115 i n T50N, R21W

a l l met a t t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f O d e l l a n d a t own a l l e y ; t h a t a l l e y

b e c a m e a l a t e r e x t e n s i o n o f E a s t w o o d s t r e e t ( see map 810 ) .

The town p l a n d i d n o t e x p a n d i n t o a r o u t i n e g e o m e t r i c g r i d .

I n s t e a d , t own f a t h e r s t r i e d t o " f r e e t h e m s e l v e s f r o m t h e t y r a n n y o f 2

t h e g r i d S p a c i o u s l o t s d e s i g n e d f o r M a r s h a l l ' s most; p r e s t i g i o u s

s u b u r b a n homes b e c a m e common e a s t o f t h e O d e l l n o r t h - s o u t h a x i s .

R e g u l a r t own l o t s c r o s s e d t h e p r a i r i e s s o u t h , west, a n d e v e n t u a l l y

o v e r S a m u e l B o y d ' s a n d J.W. B r y a n t ' s h o l d i n g i n t h e n o r t h . T k - - - - - -

n o r t h e a s t e x i t f r o m t h e s q u a r e b e c a m e t h e Arrow Rock r o a d ; a h a l f -

d o z e n b l o c k s s o u t h o f t h e s q u a r e , t h e J o n e s b o r o r o a d i n t e r s e c t e d

O d e l l ; a n d t h e B r u n s w i c k r o a d r a n n o r t h - s o u t h w h e r e B r u n s w i c k s t r e e t

r e m a i n s t o d a y . T h u s , i t wou ld seem t h a t t h e s u r v e y o r s o f l a r g e ,

r e c t a n g u l a r town l o t s worked p r i n c i p a l l y n e a r t h i s c o n v e r g e n c e o f

p r i m a r y c o u n t y r o a d s e a s t o f t h e o r i g i n a l t own p l a t ( s e e map 1 8 ) .

S i z a b l e t own e s t a t e s a l o n g m o d e r n N o r t h B r u n s w i c k a n d S o u t h O d e l l

( m o d e r n b u s i n e s s h i g h w a y 6 5 ) p e r s i s t e d well i n t o t h e t w e n t i e t h

c e n t u r y , b u t m o d e r n d e v e l o p m e n t s h a v e i n t r u d e d upon t h e i r c o h e s i v e

a p p e a r a n c e . C o n v e r s e l y , t h e l a r g e town l o t s i n e a s t - w e s t a x e s a l o n g

A r r o w Rock r o a d ( N o r t h s t r e e t a n d E a s t w o o d s t r e e t s ) and Ar row s t r e e t

h a v e s u r v i v e d i n c o n s i d e r a b l e d e g r e e ( s e e m a p s 1 7 , 1 8 a n d 1 9 ) . The

r o u g h t o p o g r a p h y i n t h e E a s t Woods h e l p e d t o d e n y t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n

o f a r e g u l a r g r i d l o t p a t t e r n . The " b r e a k s f f o f f e r e d a c l i m a x w o o d s ,

r e f u g e f o r s m a l l game a n d an a t m o s p h e r e o f p r i v a c y t h a t r e s i d e n t s

s t i l l p r i z e t o d a y , a n d t h e l o t f r o n t a g e s f a c e d a p r i m a r y e a s t - w e s t

t h o r o u g h f a r e , t h e Ar row Rock r o a d . N a t u r a l l y , t h e E a s t Woodsf s u b u r b s

h a s c h a n g e d o v e r t h e p a s t c e n t u r y , b u t it r e m a i n s a s a h i g h l y v i s i b l e

a n d r e m a r k a b l e w i t n e s s t o t h e v i s i o n o f m i d d l e - c l a s s p r o s p e r i t y , a n d

a n i d e a l l i v i n g e n v i r o n m e n t o f t h e m i d - n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y t h a t h a s

e n d u r e d i n t o t h e l a t e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y .

C r u c i a l t o t h e d i s t i n c t i o n o f M a r s h a l l ' s n e i g h b o r h o o d s , b u i l t upon

a r e s i d u a l s o u t h e r n s o c i e t y , were t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y s e t t l e m e n t p a t t e r n s

o f b l a c k s , c o n t i g u o u s t o t h e s o u t h s i d e , a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n e d g e , a n d 3

i n t e r s p e r s e d among s m a l l s i d e s t r e e t s i n t h e E a s t Woods. The o l d e s t

M a r s h a l l b l a c k n e i g h b o r h o o d , l a b e l e d A f r i c a b y l o c a l s u r v e y o r s ,

i n c l u d e d a n a d j a c e n t s t r e e t d e s i g n a t e d f o r " n e g r o e s ." A f r i c a

f u n c t i o n e d a s a s e p a r a t e f r e e d m a n ' s c o m m u n i t y , b u t it r e l i e d a g r e a t

d e a l upon e m p l o y m e n t b y E a s t Woods1 p r o p e r t y o w n e r s . The t e n a n t

c o m m u n i t y a t t r a c t e d t h e m i g r a t i o n o f r u r a l S a l i n e C o u n t y b l a c k s a n d 4

i m m i g r a t i n g n e w c o m e r s . From t h i s g h e t t o t h e Rose B r o t h e r s

b r i c k y a r d s h i r e d b l a c k l a b o r t o p r o d u c e b r i c k s f o r n e a r b y c o n s t r u c t i o n . , o f l a t e - n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y c o m m e r c i a l b u i l d i n g s a n d town h o u s e s . Many

b l a c k s , o f c o u r s e , h i r e d o u t t o E a s t Woods' w h i t e s a s d o m e s t i c s ,

l a n d s c a p e g a r d e n e r s , d r i v e r s a n d t e a m s t e r s , a n d l a b o r e r s i n town and 5

o n n e a r b y f a r m s owned and managed b y M a r s h a l l r e s i d e n t s .

A g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s and town p r o f e s s i o n a l s a l i k e e x t e n t l e d a s o u t h e r n ,

b o u r g e o i s e E a s t Woods. They worked a s r e a l e s t a t e b r o k e r s , a t t o r n e y s ,

p h y s i c i a n s , m e r c h a n t s , b a n k e r s and s t o c k m e n- - t h e same a s many d o

t o d a y . I n a town and c o u n t y p r o u d o f i t s c o n t i n u i n g h l - s t o r i c

r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h c o m m e r c i a l a g r i c u l t u r e , t h e E a s t Woods p r o s p e r e d

upon t h e s u c c e s s o f a c a p i t a l i s t , p r o g r e s s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e . E a s t Woods i s

s t i l i m a i n t a i n e d i n l a r g e p a r t b y t h e p r o s p e r i t y o f l o c a l a g r i c u l t u r a l

i n v e s t m e n t s .

A b r i e f men t ion o f a few men who e v e n t u a l l y l o c a t e d i n t h e E a s t

Woods p r o v i d e s a g l i m p s e i n t o t h e upward-mobile background o f t h e s e

and o t h e r s who 'worked t o e f f e c t M a r s h a l l ' s a r t i c u l a t e n e i g h b o r h o o d .

I n 1838 Thomas Dugg ins , a n a t i v e o f Lou i sa County, V i r g i n i a ,

e d u c a t e d , a s u r v e y o r and a s c h o o l t e a c h e r , m i g r a t e d t o Boone County ,

M i s s o u r i . He s e c u r e d an i n t e r e s t i n a government c o n t r a c t f o r

s u r v e y i n g t h e P l a t t e p u r c h a s e . Moving t o S a l i n e County i n 1840, he

e n t e r e d l a n d s , t a u g h t s c h o o l f o r t h r e e y e a r s , and v o t e r s e l e c t e d him

t o c o u n t y o f f i c e a s s u r v e y o r , an o f f i c e he h e l d f o r s i x t e e n

c o n s e c u t i v e y e a r s . He b u i l t a 1200 a c r e s t o c k fa rm becoming a-- - --

p r i n c i p a l s tockman among S a l i n e ' s f a r m e r s . One s o n , Dean D . Duggins ,

became a much b e l o v e d a t t o r n e y i n M a r s h a l l . The Duggins f a m i l y owned

and d e v e l o p e d M a r s h a l l l o t s on Arrow s t r e e t , i n c l u d i n g t h e d i s t i n c t i v e

C a l i f o r n i a k e y h o l e bungalow ( s e e Appendix #I1 ) . Descendan t s s t i l l 6

r e s i d e i n a l a t e - V i c t o r i a n house on Arrow s t r e e t .

Reuben Eubank, d e s c e n d a n t o f V i r g i n i a n s and h a i l i n g from Bar ren

County , Kentucky, t r a i n e d a s a m e r c h a n t and a f a rmer i n h i s y o u t h . He

s o l d h i s t o b a c c o farm i n t h e P e n n y r o y a l , a n d m i g r a t e d t o - S a l i n e County _ _ _ _ _ _ _- - -- -A_-- -I- -- - -

i n t h e 1850s where he p r o s p e r e d i n t h e hemp t r a d e . F o r t u n a t e l y he

s u r v i v e d d i f f i c u l t C i v i l War e v e n t s a b o u t h i s f a rm. Fo l lowing t h e L

War, Eubank r e c a p i t t l i z e d i n t o a l a r g e r g r a i n and l i v e s t o c k b u s i n e s s ,

e v e n t u a l l y owning 4 , 5 0 0 a c r e s i n S a l i n e and s u r r o u n d i n g c o u n t i e s . His

Greek: R e v i v a l house and i t s d i s t i n c t i v e I t a l i a n a t e i n t e r i o r l i n g e r s a s

a s i g n i f i c a n t r u r a l l andmark . Eubank a c h i e v e d n o t o r i e t y f o r h i s

l i b e r a l p a t r o n a g e o f l a n d and money t o t h e B i b l e School i n Columbia

and C h r i s t i a n c h u r c h e s a t Canton and M a r s h a l l . He l i v e d h i s s e n i o r

y e a r s on Arrow s t r e e t i n t h e Queen Anne house now p r o u d l y m a i n t a i n e d 7

by Dr. and Mrs. Fahnes tock .

I n 1835 Major Thomas Harvey, a n a t i v e o f Northumberland County,

V i r g i n i a , made a " p r o s p e c t i n g t o u r w o f Ohio,, I n d i a n a , I l l i n o i s and

M i s s o u r i . He i n v e s t e d i n 400 t imber- covered a c r e s o f S a l i n e County

l a n d , l a t e r known a s "Harvey 's Grove." I n 1836 he r e t u n e d wi th h i s

f a m i l y and e n t e r e d an a d d i t i o n a l 2 ,800 a c r e s o f p r a i r i e l a n d . Harvey

had been a r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i n t h e V i r g i n i a l e g i s l a t u r e and i n 1838 a s a

Missour ian S a l i n e Count ians s e n t him t o t h e Missour i l e g i s l a t u r e . I n

1840 he he ld t h e s e a t o f s t a t e s e n a t o r from S a l i n e , P e t t i s and Benton

coun t , i e s and i n 1843 P r e s i d e n t Ty le r appo in ted h im super i n t e n d e n t o f

I n d i a n a f f a i r s f o r t h e wes te rn I n d i a n s and l a t e r , P r e s i d e n t Polk

r e a p p o i n t e d him. His s o n s c o n t i n u e d i n prominent S a l i n e County r o l e s

and h i s d e s c e n d a n t s r e s i d e d i n a l a t e - V i c t o r i a n house on North 8

s t r e e t .

George M u r r e l l , whose f a t h e r h a i l e d from Albemarle County,

V i r g i n i a , was l i k e Duggins a n a t i v e o f Barren County, Kentucky. The

e l d e r M u r r e l l s u c c e s s f u l l y ex por ted t o b a c c o from t h e Pennyroyal t o New

O r l e a n s v m a r k e t s . George M u r r e l l i n h e r i t e d a good e s t a t e , t r a d e d i n

mules t o M i s s i s s i p p i and Alabama, and came t o Lex ing ton , Missour i on a

p r o s p e c t i n g t o u r . He t e m p o r a r i l y r a n a s t o r e i n C a r r o l l t o n , b u t soon

bought 300 a c r e s i n S a l i n e County t o which he added an a d d i t i o n a l

2 ,000 a c r e s . He b u i l t e i g h t farms and l a t e r i n v e s t e d i n t h e S t a t e

Bank o f Missour i a t S t . L o u i s , t h e Bank o f Missour i a t Arrow Rock, and

t h e S a l i n e County Bank i n M a r s h a l l . Like many p r o p e r t i e d Missour ians

o f s o u t h e r n background, M u r r e l l took a Union i s t s t a n d d u r i n g t h e C i v i l

War. Fol lowing t h e War, M u r r e l l f s widespread banking i n t e r e s t s

e v e n t u a l l y l e d h im t o t h e t h i r d p r e s i d e n c y o f t h e Wood and Huston Bank

i n M a r s h a l l . M u r r e l l ' s l a t e G r e e k R e v i v a l c o u n t r y h o u s e i n t h e S a l t

F o r k v a l l e y , p e r h a p s M i s s o u r i ' s f i n e s t o u t s t a t e f r a m e G r e e k R e v i v a l

h o u s e , a n d h i s s o n ' s N e o- C l a s s i c h o u s e o n E a s t w o o d s t r e e t a r e d r a m a t i c

s y m b o l s o f t h e e n t r e p r e n e u r i a l a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t s who t h r i v e d i n t h e

m i d - n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y a n d h e l p e d t o e s t a b l i s h town i n s t i t u t i o n s .

T h e i r f a m i l i e s o f t e n c o n t i n u e d a s l o c a l l e a d e r s i n t h e t w e n t i e t h 9

c e n t u r y .

T. C . R a i n e y , m e r c h a n t , b a n k e r , r e a l e s t a t e b r o k e r a n d a u t h o r ,

r e p r e s e n t s a n o t h e r man who moved f r o m r e g i o n a l c e n t e r s (sf b r i s k

c a p i t a l i s t a c t i v i t y a n d f i n a l l y l o c a t e d i n M a r s h a l l . R : s i n e y q s f a m i l y

came f r o m V i r g i n i a t o M i d d l e T e n n e s s e e w h e r e h e g r e w up a n d

s u b s e q u e n t l y managed a Whig n e w s p a p e r i n C o l u m b i a , Maur:y C o u n t y ,

T e n n e s s e e . I n 1 8 5 2 h e r o d e h o r s e b a c k t o S p r i n g f i e l d , M : i s s o u r i s e e k i n g

Maury C o u n t y f r i e n d s , a n d h e s e t t l e d f o u r mi les s o u t h o:f t o w n . C i v i l

War h o s t i l i t i e s f o r c e d h im and h i s f a m i l y t o f l e e t o R o l l a f o r s a f e t y .

W h i l e t h e r e R a i n e y managed a h o t e l and s p e c u l a t e d i n t h e h i s t o r i c

s t o c k t r a d e t h a t moved f r o m s o u t h w e s t M i s s o u r i t o w a r d s : S t . L o u i s

m a r k e t s . His w h o l e s a l e m e r c h a n d i s i n g p r o m p t e d h im t o move t o t h e c i t y

o f S t . L o u i s a n d e v e n t u a l l y t o New York . B u t i n 1 8 6 5 at; W a r ' s e n d , h e

r e t u r n e d t o M i s swi--and--a-ke& --a%,-- a m - - r adi-fig- en t ~ e p o t , Arrow -

Rock. A f t e r f o u r t e e n y e a r s h e a g a i n saw f r e s h o p p o r t u n i t y i n a

r a i l r o a d boom- town and i n 1 8 7 9 h e l o c a t e d i n M a r s h a l l . R a i n e y

c o n c l u d e d a r e a l e s t a t e p a r t n e r s h i p w i t h J a c o b Van D y k e , a n o t h e r

s u c c e s s f 31 r u r a l S a l i n e C o u n t i a n , who had b e g u n b u s i n e s s i n t o w n .

T h e i r a s s o c i a t i o n c o n t i n u e d f o r t h r e e d e c a d e s . R a i n e y b u i l t a

h a n d s o m e s u b u r b a n I t a l i a n a t e - V i c t o r i a n h o u s e on Arrow Rock r o a d

( E a s t w o o d S t r e e t ) and h i s p a r t n e r Van Dyke , owned a h o u s e and p r o p e r t y

10 a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h e Arrow Rock road and Brunswick r o a d .

The M a r s h a l l m i g r a t i o n s o f Dugg ins , Eubank, Harvey , M u r r e l l and

Rainey p a r a l l e l e d an i n c r e a s i n g g e n e r a l p o p u l a t i o n g rowth . During t h e

post-War y e a r s t h e o l d i m m i g r a t i o n p a t t e r n from upland s o u t h s t a t e s

was b o l s t e r e d by e m i g r a n t s from n o r t h e r n s t a t e s , which i n c l u d e d

i m p o r t a n t add i t i o n s o f German-Amer i c a n s . The 1860 c o u n t y c e n s u s

r e c o r d e d o v e r 1 4 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e and by 1870, t h e c o u n t y had grown t o o v e r

2 1 , 0 0 0 . A g r a d u a l m i g r a t i o n o f p r o f e s s i o n a l p e o p l e from Arrow Rock

and Miami c o n t i n u e d t o move t o M a r s h a l l . P e r h a p s one o f t h e most

i m p o r t a n t moves i n c l u d e d Arrow Rock m e r c h a n t s , W i l l H . Wood and Joseph

Huston . In 1873 t h e p a i r o r g a n i z e d t h e Wood and Huston Bank on t h e

M a r s h a l l s q u a r e . One y e a r l a t e r M a r s h a l l ' s f o r t y - f i v e ~ ' c o r e s nad

doub led i n number i t s a n t e b e l l u m commerc ia l h o u s e s . The:y i n c l u d e d 1 1

t h r e e b a n k s . two h o t e l s and a mon th ly s t o c k exchange s a l e s .

Arrow Rock n e v e r a t t r a c t e d a r a i l r o a d ; M a r s h a l l d i d . And i n 1879

when t h e r a i l r o a d d i d come, M a r s h a l l d i d n o t have t o move nor was

a n o t h e r compe t ing town e s t a b l i s h e d . During t h e 1 8 7 0 s , r , s i l r o a d

c o n s t r u c t i o n d e v e l o p e d a r e g i o n a l ne twork o f l i n e s i n c o u n t i e s

s u r r o u n d i n g S a l i n e . The new o p p o r t u n i t i e s i n m a r k e t i n g a t t r a c t e d a

h o s t o f l o c a l e x p o r t s t h a t had been u n s a l a b l e i n a n t e b e l l u m y e a r s .

S a l i n e C o u n t i a n s ex p o r t e d goods a t n e i g h b o r i n g r a i l h e a d c o n n e c t i o n s- -

B o o n v i l l e , S a l i n e ' s r e s o r t s p a , Sweet S p r i n g s , and a c r o s s t h e M i s s o u r i

R ive r i n Glasgow. The a r r i v a l o f t h e Chicago and Al ton r a i l r o a d

p e r m a n e n t l y founded M a r s h a l l a s t h e economic c e n t e r - p l a c e o f S a l i n e

County ( s e e n a p # 9 ) .

A n a t i o n a l boom e r a o f 1879-1882 was a t i m e o f i m p o r t a n t

transition f o r M a r s h a l l . From 1876-1883 M a r s h a l l ' s p o p u l a t i o n jumped

from 1800 t o 3500. The Chicago and Al ton r a i l r o a d i m m e d i a t e l y

a t t r a c t e d new i n v e s t o r s i n t h e f u t u r e o f M a r s h a l l . The e x a m p l e o f

T.C. R a i n e y a r r i v i n g i n t h e same y e a r h a s a l r e a d y b e e n c i t e d .

A n o t h e r , G e o r g e B l a n c h a r d , a l a r g e c o m m e r c i a l f a r m e r and r e g i o n a l l y 1 2

f a m o u s h o r s e b r e e d e r , moved t o M a r s h a l l t h e same y e a r and b e g a n a

l u m b e r b u s i n e s s n e a r t h e C h i c a g o and A l t o n d e p o t . B l a n c h a r d i n v e s t e d

i n c o u n t y l a n d , town h o u s e s and l o t s . A few y e a r s l a t e r , a n o t h e r

i m p o r t a n t man i n l o c a l c o n s t r u c t i o n l o c a t e d h i s l u m b e r y a r d and

p l a n i n g m i l l c o n t i g u o u s t o t h e M i s s o u r i P a c i f i c d e p o t . A t t h e modern

i n t e r s e c t i o n o f L a f a y e t t e and Eas twood s t r e e t s Edgar R . Page c o n t i n u e d

a f a m i l y t r a d i t i o n i n b u i l d i n g . Page would become M a r s h a l l ' s m o s t 1 3

c e l e b r a t e d b u i l d e r . -

I n 1879 M a r s h a l l s t i l l d i d n o t e v o k e c u l t i v a t e d s e n s i b i l i t i e s t h a t

would h a v e s a t i s f i e d J o h n McKownfs m o t h e r . I n s t e a d , o n l y t i m i d

d e s c r i p t i o n s o f t h e l o c a l e c o u l d b e f o u n d . I t was a p l a c e o f

". . . p l a i n c h u r c h e s and s c h o o l h o u s e s , a s i n g l e r a i l w a y , a good s h o w i n g

o f p l a i n h o m e s , and a s i t u a t i o n c h i e f l y n o t e w o r t h y f o r t h e w e a l t h o f 1 4

i t s a g r i c u l t u r a l s u r r o u n d i n g s . I f

I n t h r e e y e a r s , h o w e v e r , M a r s h a l l a s sumed a d r a m a t i c new l a n d s c a p e .

From 1880- 82 more t h a n 200 new b u i l d i n g s " e m b r a c i n g m e r c a n t i l e h o u s e s , - --

s h o p s , f a c t o r i e s , s c h o o l h o u s e s and homesff had b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d . - A

C h i c #ago p r o m o t i o n a l p a m p h l e t c l a i m e d t h a t

The b u s i n e s s q u a r t e r , l a i d upon t h e f o u r s i d e s o f t h e p u b l i c s q u a r e , i s m a i n l y b u i l t o f b r i c k , s t o n e and i r o n , a f t e r t h e b e s t t y p e s o f modern a r c h i t e c t u r e . S c o r e s o f handsome homes o f c h a s l t e d e s i g n and f i n e f i n i s h , l e n d g r a c e t o t h i s b e a u t i f u l l i t t l e c i t y , which f rom end t o end e x p r e s s o r d e r , t a s t e and e n t e r p r i s e w o r t h y o f t h e b u i l d e r s and l o c a t i o n . 15

I n c l u d e d among t h e many new a d d i t i o n s was t h e p r o p e r t y o f r e a l e s t a t e

p r o m o t e r , T.C. Rainey , on Arrow Rock road (Eastwood s t r e e t ) . Edgar R .

Page , b u i l d e r o f t h e Rainey h o u s e , t o o k a p rominen t l e a d a s M a r s h a l l ' s

most d i s t i n g u i s h e d l o c a l b u i l d e r and c o n t r a c t o r . A l ready by 1882 Page

employed a dozen men and had c o n s t r u c t e d " a l a r g e s h a r e o f t h e b e s t

p u b l i c and p r i v a t e b u i l d i n g s i n t h e c o u n t r y ! " Tha t same y e a r t h e

c o u n t y f i n a n c e d a new C l a s s i c- R e v i v a l c o u r t h o u s e , g r e a t l y add ing t o

t h e r e p u t a t i o n o f Page , i t s b u i l d e r , and s t a n d i n g a s t h e c rowing

ach ievemen t t h a t c l imaxed t h i s boom e r a .

A t t h e end o f 1882 M a r s h a l l c l a imed a s t a t e c l a s s p u b l i c b u i l d i n g 16

i n i t s c o u r t h o u s e , t h e t o w n ' s b r i c k commerc ia l b u i l d i n g s g a v e

e v i d e n c e t h a t a n o t h e r l e g i t i m a t e Main S t r e e t l a n d s c a p e had been added

t o t h e n a t i o n a l . - . . g e o g r a p h y , - - - and t h e . -- l a r g e . town l o t s e a s t o f t h e s q u a r e

were r e a d y f o r occupancy by b o u r g e o i s t o w n f o l k .

During t h e 1880s M a r s h a l l ' s good t i m e s r e f l e c t e d t h e r a p i d

n a t i o n a l growth o f m o d e r n i z a t i o n . The power o f money, o f c d r p o r a t e

o r g a n i z a t i o n , o f advanced t e c h n o l o g y i n r a i l r o a d s and m i - l l s , t h e l u r e

o f n a t i o n a l and i n t e r n a t i o n a l m a r k e t s f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c t i o n ,

p o p u l a t i o n growth and i n c r e m e n t o f l a n d v a l u e s w i t h i n S a l i n e County

a l l a c c o u n t e d f o r r a i l r o a d town p r o s p e r i t y i n t h e l a t e V i c t o r i a n a g e .

The p r a i r i e v i l l a g e expanded beyond i t s crown o f g r o u n d , w i t h wa te r

r e c e d i n g i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s , and i n t o n e a r b y broken h o l l o w s and d i s t a n t

p r a i r i e . M a r s h a l l c o n t i n u e d

i n f u l l t i d e o f p r o g r e s s and h e a l t h f u l g r o w t h . . . t oward 1 0 , 0 0 0 p o p u l a t i o n . . . f i v e news- p a p e r s , two e l e g a n t p u b l i c s c h o o l s , a model c o u r t - h o u s e , t h r e e o f t h e p r e t t i e s t new c h u r c h e s i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i . . . a f i n e academy, b u i l d i n g a rlew c o l l e g e . . . h a s f o u r b a n k s . . .a p r o s p e r o u s F a i r a s s o c i a t i o n . . . two f l o u r i n g mills, an e l e v a t o r , two wagon and c a r r i a g e f a c t o r i e s , f i n e wa te r works and g a s p l a ~ t s , t h e l a r g e s t mule m a r k e t i n Missouri , g u t s i d e Kansas C i t y and S t . L o u i s , b r i c k and t i l e works , f r a t e r n a l o r d e r s , s o c i a l c l u b s , two t r u n k

r a i l w a y l i n e s , n e a r 1 y a h u n d r e d b u s i n e s s c o n c e r n s , s c o r e s o f e l e g a n t homes a n d an a c t i v e w o r k i n g Board o f T r a d e . 17

Names a r o u n d t h e s q u a r e were o f t e n t h e s a m e a s r e s i d e n t s i n t h e E a s t

Woods : A 1 t h o u s e , A r m e n t r o u t , B u c k n e r , C a m p b e l l , G r a v e s , L o w e n s t e i n ,

N a y l o r , P a g e , Rea , R o s e , V a w t e r , Van Dyke and many m o r e . The

c o m m e r c i a l a n d r e s i d e n t i a l h e a r t o f M a r s h a l l b e c a m e t h e f i r s t a r e a

t h a t r e c e i v e d m o d e r n r o a d i m p r o v e m e n t s . M a c a d a m i z i n g , c u r b i n g a n d

g u t t e r i n g , i m p l e m e n t e d d u r i n g t h e 1 8 9 0 s , became a d d e d f e a t u r e s o n

N o r t h s t r e e t ( o l d Ar row Rock r o a d ) , Ar row s t r e e t , O d e l l and J e f f e r s o n 18

s t r e e t s .

M a r s h a l l ' s b l e n d o f n a t u r a l s e t t i n g , b l o c k s o f b r i c k a n d a

f l s u b u r b s r i c h w i t h r e f i n e d and t a s t e f u l homes f1 h a d a l l t h e a p p e a r a n c e s

o f a v i t a l c o u n t y c e n t e r . P r o m o t e r s a d v e r t i s e d a

c o u r t h o u s e g i r d l e d b y t h e b u s i n e s s s q u a r e w h i c h i s a l m o s t o n e c o n t i n u o u s w a l l o f b r i c k a n d w i l l s o o n b e c o m p l e t e l y f i l l e d o u t b y b u s i n e s s h o u s e s o f c i t y s t y l e a n d f i n i s h , t h e t a l l s t a t e l y o p e r a h o u s e and t h e p a l a t i a l b u s i n e s s c o r n e r s , a n d l e a d i n g t h e s t r e a m o f commerce down o t h e r s t r e e t s , t h e mi les o f s t r e e t s b o r d e r e d b y n e a t , o r d e r l y and e l e g a n t d w e l l i n g s a l l h a v e a l o o k a n d an i n d i v i d u a l i t y o f t h e i r own a n d m u s t b e s e e n t o b e a p p r e c i a t e d . 19

F u r t h e r m o r e , r e s i d e n t s i n t h e E a s t Woods e n j o y e d a w a l k i n g n e i g h b o r -

h o o d ; t h e y c o u l d w a l k t o w o r k , w a l k t o t h e c o u r t h o u s e and p u b l i c

r e c r e a t i o n a r o u n d t h e s q u a r e , w a l k t o d o b u s i n e s s a s c o n s u m e r s , a n d

t h e i r c h i l d r e n w a l k e d t o t h e h i g h s c h o o l l o c a t e d on E a s t w o o d s t r e e t .

R e s i d e n t s i n t h e t o w n ' s l e a d i n g n e i g h b o r h o o d a l s o a d v a n c e d a move

t o d e v e l o p a r e g i o n a l l y d i s t i n c t , i f n o t u n i q u e , m i d d l e - c l a s s

c e m e t e r y . Town f a t h e r s h i r e d "Ben j a m i n G r o v e o f L o u i s v i . l l e , K e n t u c k y ,

t h e f a m o u s c e m e t e r y e n g i n e e r m f f R i d g e P a r k c e m e t e r y , 1 i k : e t h e E a s t 20

Woods d i s t r i c t , i s a s p e c i a l c u l t u r a l l a n d s c a p e i n c e n t r a l M i s s o u r i .

F i n a l l y , i t would seem t h a t b y t h e 1 8 9 0 s M a r s h a l l had a c h i e v e d a

r e s p e c t a b i l i t y t h a t would have accomodated John McKown1s mother .

Marsha l l : t h e New County Center 1

Although t h e r e a r e academic arguments over t h e d e f i n i t i o n o f s u b u r b , t h e term i s used h e r e i n a s it r e f l e c t s common usage o f t h e m i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y , and t h e t e r m , s u b u r b a n , " e s p . i n t h e U.S. E r e p r e s e n t s 3 a b l e n d i n g o r i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by t h e b l e n d i n g o f t h e - -

urban and r u r a l , " w e b s t e r t s New 1 n t e r n a t i o n a l D i c t i o n a r y -- o f t h e E n g l i s h Language, - - - ~pringfield,~assachusetts : G . C . Merriam Co., 1959, s u b u r b a n , p . 2516.

J . B. J a c k s o n , American Space The C e n t e n n i a l Years 1865-1876, New York: W . W . Norton and Company, I n c . , 1972: 76.

3 See an 1871 p l a t map i n Van Dyke A b s t r a c t O f f i c e , M a r s h a l l , and

D i r e c t o r y o f M a r s h a l l , Mo., S l a t e r , Mo., and S a l i n e County, Mo., M a r s h a l l : Democrat-News P r i n t i n g Co., 1909 and Chas. C., Drake, comp., 1913 D i r e c t o r y o f S a l i n e County, M a r s h a l l : Democrat-News P r i n t i n g Co., 1 9 1 3 --

4 Another b l a c k neighborhood developed n o r t h w e s t o f t h e s q u a r e

a l o n g t h e r a i l r o a d l i n e s and n e a r t h e town ' s i n d u s t r i a l q u a r t e r . 5

I n 1870 t h e S a l i n e County c e n s u s recorded 21,672 i n c l u d i n g 3754 b l a c k s , and by 1900 t h e b l a c k p o p u l a t i o n s t o o d a t 4764, HPP R e p o r t . . . M a r s h a l l by MVRPC, J a n u a r y , 1984.

6 Wil l iam B a r c l a y Napton, -- P a s t and P r e s e n t o f S a l i n e County

M i s s o u r i , I n d i a n a p o l i s and Chicago : B.F. owen nand Company, 19 i0 : 340- 41.

7 H i s t o r y o f S a l i n e County, M i s s o u r i , S t . Louis : Missour i

H i s t o r i c a l ~ o s a . m 8 1 : 8 3 , and Napton, S a l i n e -- County, 1910: 856-60.

-- 8 Napton, S a l i n e County, 1910: 126-28.

9 H i s t o r y - o f S a l i n e County, 1881: 573-74.

1 0 ? . ~ . Rainey, "Along t h e Old T r a i l ," M a r s h a l l : Daughters o f t h e American R e v o l u t i o n , 1914: 5-8.

1 1 3.A. Campbell , Campbel l ' s Gaze tee r - o f M i s s o u r i , S t . Lou i s : R . A .

Campbell , 1874: 583-85. 12

See James Cox, e d . , Missour i -- a t t h e World ' s F a i r An O f f i c i a l - C a t a l o g u e , Woodward and Tiernan P r i n t i n g Co., 1893: 56 f o r s t a t e r e c o g n i t i o n o f h i s s t a l l i o n , Dom Pedro.

13 A p p a r e n t l y t h e Page f a m i l y lumber yard was f i r s t i n t e g r a t e d w i t h

t h e Rea and Page M i l l i n g Company j u s t one b lock n o r t h o f Eastwood and Ode l l and b e s i d e t h e Missour i P a c i f i c r a i l w a y . It was l a t e r moved beh.ind t h e Mo Pac d e p o t . See Sanborn and P e t t i s I n s u r a n c e Maps, 1883- 1889, 1894, and 1900, E l l i s L i b r a r y , U M C . The Pages , a s we l l a s o t h e r b u i l d e r s i n Marsha l l d u r i n g t h e l a t e 1 9 t h and e a r l y 20 th c e n t u r y , undoub ted ly r e s o r t e d t o some use o f p r i v a t e b u i l d e r s f p a t t e r n- b o o k p l a n s . I n t h e absence o f t h e b u i l d e r s f p r i v a t e p a p e r s , it i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o a s c e r t a i n where t h e Eas t Woodsf p l a n s came from. For ex p l a n a t i o n s o f t h e g e n e r a l phenomenon, s e e James Garvin , lfMail-Order House P l a n s and American V i c t o r i a n A r c h i t e c t u r e ." W i n t e r t h u r P o r t f o l i o , W i n t e r , 1981 : 309-334, and Michael ~ o m l a n , l lPopular and P r o f e s s i o n a l American A r c h i t e c t u r a l L i t e r a t u r e i n t h e Late Nine teen th Century ,11 PhD, C o r n e l l , 1982.

14 Handbook o f S a l i n e County, M i s s o u r i , Chicago: C.S. Burch

P u b l i s h i n g Company, 1889: 16. 15

S a l i n e County, M i s s o u r i . From t h e I n d u s t r i a l World, Chicago. The Western Empire, n .p . :1882: 10.

16 The c o u r t h o u s e i s now e n r o l l e d on t h e N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f

H i s t o r i c P l a c e s . -

17 Handbook o f S a l i n e County, M i s s o u r i , 1889: 16.

18 Napton, S a l i n e County, 1910:251-56.

19 H i s t o r i c a l - and D e s c r i p t i v e Review - of M i s s o u r i , Vol.ume One, Kansas

C i t y : Jon. Lethem, 1891: 164. 20

I b i d : 164; P e t e r S c h m i t t , Back t o Nature The Arcadian Myth i n Urban -.-- America, New York: Oxford University P r e s s , 1969:67; C h a r t e r , By-Laws, Rules and R e g u l a t i o n s o f t h e Ridge Park Cemetery A s s o c i a t i o n ,

, Marsha l l : Democrat-News , 1885.

Planning f o r East Woods' Con t inu i ty

If ' one accep t s D.W. Meinig 's i d e a l i z a t i o n s of American communities, 1

then Marshall m u s t s u r e l y r e p r e s e n t an i d e a l - Main S t r e e t town. The

c e n t r a l b u s i n e s s d i s t r i c t around t h e square i s comprised o f red b r i c k

bus ines s b locks c o n s t r u c t e d dur ing the n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y . A no r th-

south a x i s o f churches t h a t helped t o d e f i n e a c u l t u r a l f a u l t l i n e

between downtown and the East Woods l i e s along Odell s t r e e t ( s e e map

#10 ) . Not too f a r away i s t h e academy--Missouri Valley Col lege. The

old r e s i d e n t i a l neighborhood inc ludes numerous Vic to r i an houses s i t e d

upon spac ious t ree- shaded l o t s , and on t h e o t h e r s i d e of town, near

t h e r a i l r o a d depo t s a r e warehouses and f a c t o r i e s . A l l t o t a l we have

l l M a i ~ ~ S t r e e t o f Middle America, i n a s e a t o f a b u s i n e s s c u l t u r e o f

proper ty-minded , law-abiding c i t i z e n s devoted t o f r e e e n t e r p r i s e and

s o c i a l m o b i l i t y supported b y t h e Chamber of Commerce and l a r g e l y 2

composed o f middle-class white Anglo-Saxan P r o t e s t a n t s . Perhaps t h e - k-

on ly q u a l i f i c a t i o n is t h e Meinig suggested t h a t t h i s i d e a l i z a t i o n may

be pass ing away a s t h e highway has become t h e "fundamental s t r u c t u r a l

e lementv and t h a t t h e Sun Bel t o r t h e C a l i f o r n i a Bay Area may be

e s t a b l i s h i n g new models fo r Americans. I n Marsha l l , a s i n many -

Midwestern towns, t h e " s t ay ing powerv of t h e Main S t r ee t* image may

o u t l a s t t h e newer models t h a t Meinig s e e s on t h e horizon, .

Town p l anne r s and deve lope r s i n Marshall have f o r over a cen tu ry

been planning fo r t h e p r e s e r v a t i o n o f i t s Main S t r e e t image and t h e

s u r v i v a l of i t s d e s i r a b l e East Woods neighborhood. Foremost i n t he

con t inu i5y of t h e l a r g e suburban l o t s and p r o p e r t i e s has been t h e

continlied ownership i n f a m i l i e s r e l a t e d b y b lood , mar r i age , and

b u s i n e s s . The a x i s o f an i n n e r l a n d s c a p e c o r r i d o r t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e

most a f f l u e n t o f E a s t Woods' o c c u p a n t s , h i s t o r i c a l l y and t o d a y ,

r e m a i n s a l o n g E a s t North s t r e e t , a b l o c k o f North Brunswfick and E a s t

Eastwood s t r e e t s . T h i s c o r r i d o r i s t h e h e a r t o f f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n town

e s t a t e s on t h e o l d Arrow Rock r o a d .

Sou th o f t h e E a s t Woods' d i s t r i c t t h e h i s t o r i c f r e e d m a n ' s g h e t t o

was k e p t i n w h i t e o w n e r s h i p by M a r s h a l l r e s i d e n t s u n t i l World War 11.

The b l a c k community g r a d u a l l y pu rchased t h e i r former t e n a n t d w e l l i n g s .

They, however , s t i l l needed t o l i v e c l o s e t o l o c a l i n d u s t r i e s , and

n e a r commerc ia l h o u s e s t h a t o f f e r e d them s e r v i c e s , and w h i l e a d j a c e n t

t o t h e E a s t Woodsf d i s t r i c t t h e y c o n t i n u e d t o p r o v i d e dornest i c l a b o r

f o r many w n i t e f a m i l i e s . The l a r g e s t o f t h e b l a c k c e m e t e r i e s i n

S a l i n e County became F a i r v i e w c e m e t e r y , l o c a t e d on t h e e a s t edge o f

b l a c k s e t t l e m e n t ( s e e map 1\13).

Yerby s t r e e t , a h i g h r i d g e r o a d , p a r a l l e l s Arrow s t r e e t t o t h e

s o u t h . P r o s p e r o u s M a r s h a l l c i t i z e n s and working c l a s s r e s i d e n t s b u i l t

w h i t e n e i g h b o r h o o d s a l o n g Yerby and southward toward Misisouri V a l l e y

C o l l e g e ( s e e map C14a) . A t t h e e a s t end o f Yerby s t r e e t t h e Ridge

Park c e m e t e r y opened i n t h e mid-1880s ( s e e map 1\15) . 4

North and p a r $ l l e l i n g Eastwood s t r e e t r u n s t h e M i s s o u r i P a c i f i c

r a i l r o a d i n t h e bot tom o f a l o n g p r a i r i e d r a i n a g e i n t o S a l t Fork '

creek: . The r a i l w a y made a c o n v e n i e n t r e a r boundary f o r Eastwood l o t s ,

some o f wnich r e a c h e d 1500 ' d e p t h s . J u s t n o r t h o f t h e M o Pac l i n e s ,

M a r s h a l l town f a t h e r s s e c u r e d a p o l i t i c a l plum-- the M i s s o u r i Colony

f o r t h e Feeble-Minded and E p i l e p t i c . I n 1901 t h e i n s t i t u t i o n opened

on 4 1 a r s h a l l f s d o n a t i o n o f 280 a c r e s . In a d d i t i o n t o p r o v i d i n g j o b s

and a s t a b i e c a s h f l o w f o r town m e r c h a n t s , t h e i n s t i t u t i o n i s an

anchor p o i n t f o r l o c k i n g i n t h e n o r t h e a s t E a s t Woods' d i s t r i c t ( s e e

map H 1 5 ) .

From t h e 1 8 8 0 s t o t h e 1 9 2 0 s M a r s h a l l d e p e n d e d on r a i : L r o a d s a s a

f o u r l d a t i o n o f h e r economy. D u r i n g t h e 1 9 2 0 s a u t o m o b i l e s , t r u c k i n g ,

a v i a t i o n a n d new m a n u f a c t u r i n g u s h e r e d i n a d r a m a t i c d e c a d e o f

p o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h f o r M a r s h a l l . The town c e n s u s i n c r e a s e d f r o m 5 2 0 0

i n 1 9 2 0 t o 8 1 0 3 i n 1 9 3 0 . J o b s , r e c r e a t i o n a n d new h o u s i n g were

r e q u i r e d f o r e m p l o y e e s o f M a r s h a l l i n d u s t r y . I n c l u d e d among e m p l o y e r s

were t h e S a l i n e C o u n t y M i l k P r o d u c e r s A s s o c i a t i o n , t h e m i l l and

e l e v a t o r s o f Rea a n d P a g e , e x p a n s i o n s o f I n t e r n a t i o n a l S h o e Company,

F. M . S t a m p e r ( B a n q u e t F o o d s ) , Horman M e a t , N i c h o l a s - B e a z l e y A i r p l a n e 3

f a c t o r y , g r o c e r and a u t o m o b i l e d e a l e r s a n d m o r e . T h e s e new a n d 7 - " . - -- - - - - -

e x p a n d i n g b u s i n e s s e s , e x c e p t f o r a n a u t o d e a l e r s h i p on S o u t h O d e l l ,

a l l l o c a t e d a t a c o m f o r t a b l e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e E a s t Woods. New a n d

e x p a n d i n g w o r k i n g c l a s s s u b u r b s g r e w n o r t h , west a n d s o u t h o f t h e

s q u a r e . E a s t o f t h e b l a c k c o m m u n i t y , b o r d e r e d on t h e west b y P a r k

s t r e e t and s t r e t c h i n g f r o m E a s t w o o d s t r e e t o n t h e n o r t h t o R i d g e P a r k

c e m e t e r y o n t h e s o u t h , M a r s h a l l d e v e l o p e d t h e s p r a w l i n g . I n d i a n

F o o t h i l l s p a r k . The M i s s o u r i P a c i f i c r a i l w a y , l o c a t e d i n t h e S a l k F o r k

c r e e k v a l l e y , b e c a m e t h e p a r k ' s e a s t b o r d e r ( see map # 1 5 ) .

O d e l l s t r e e t , s e p a r a t i n g t h e E a s t Woods f r o m t h e c o m m e r c i a l .

d i s t r i c t , h a s f u n c t i o n e d a s a s i g n i f i c a n t c u l t u r a l f a u l t l i n e . A long

t h i s a x i s , c o n g r e g a t i o n s b u i l t s e v e r a l m a i n l i n e P r o t e s t a n t c h u r c h e s .

T h e y i n c l u d e d M a r s h a l l ' s two A m e r i c a n G o t h i c c h u r c h e s - - - T r i n i t y

E p i s c o p a l a t O d e l l and M o r g a n , and F i r s t P r e s b y t e r i a n n e a r O d e l l and

N o r t h s t r e e t . A t O d e l l and Ar row i s t h e F i r s t B a p t i s t and w i t h i n o n e

b l o c k e a s t s t a n d s t h e U n i t e d M e t h o d i s t ( M . E . S o u t h ) . At O d e l l a n d

N o r t h s t r e e t s t h e C u m b e r l a n d P r e s b y t e r i a n s b u i l t a N e o- C l a s s i c h o u s e

o f w o r s h i p . The n e x t b l o c k n o r t h w e s t a n d o n e b l o c k west o f O d e l l

s t a n d s t h e F i r s t C h r i s t i a n c h u r c h ( s e e map 8 1 0 ) .

I n summary , t h e s e s e v e r a l a n c h o r s i n t h e b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t h a v e

l o c k e d i n t h e E a s t Woodst r e s i d e n t i a l a r e a , p r o t e c t i n g i t f r o m s u d d e n ,

e x t e n s i v e , m o d e r n i n t r u s i o n s . The Mo Pac r a i l w a y a n d t h e M i s s o u r i

C o l o n y on t h e n o r t h , t h e I n d i a n F o o t h i l l s p a r k on t h e e a a ; t , t h e R i d g e

P a r k a n d F a i r v i e w cemeter ies , and h i s t o r i c b l a c k communit ,y o n t h e

s o u t h , and t h e e c c l e s i a s t i c a l f a u l t l i n e m a r k s t h e w e s t e r n b o u n d a r y

s e p a r a t i n g E a s t Woods f r o m t h e downtown c o m m e r c i a l s q u a r e . To f u r t h e r

r e j e c t p o t e n t i a l n e i g h b o r h o o d d i s r u p t i o n , town p l a n n e r s h a v e n o t

s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n c r e a s e d u t i l i t y s e r v i c e c a p a c i t i e s , e s p e c d a l l y w a t e r ,

t o w a r d t h e E a s t Woods. M a r s h a l l ' s t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y i n d u s t r i a l

e x p a n s i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e e v e r i m p o r t a n t a g r i b u s i n e s s , h a v e t o 4

l o c a t e n o r t h , west o r s o u t h o f downtown ( s e e map t 1 6 ) .

P l a n n i n g f o r E a s t Woods C o n t i n u i t y

D . W . M e i n i g , e d . , - The I n t e r p r e t a t i o n - o f O r d i n a r y L a n d s c a p e s , New Y o r k a n d O x f o r d : O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , 1 9 7 9 : 164-1 9 r he t h r e e i d e a l s a r e t h e New E n g l a n d v i l l a g e , Main S t r e e t and C a l i f o r n i a S u b u r b i a .

2 I b i d : 1 6 7 , 1 7 8 .

3 H i s t o r y o f M a r s h a l l , M i s s o u r i a r e p r i n t f r o m S a l i n e Czounty

H i s t o r y , 1 9 6 7 m i m e o g r a p h e d f o r t h e Chamber o f Commerce, F l a r s h a l l . 4

I n t e r v i e w w i t h Russ N i c h o l a s , D i r e c t o r , M i s s o u r i V a l l e y R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , May 2 5 , 1 9 8 3 , and see M a r s h a l l C o m p r e h e n s i v e P l a n , M i s s o u r i V a l l e y R e g i o n a l P l a n n i n g C o m m i s s i o n , 1 9 7 3 .

The Contemporary E a s t Woods

D e s p i t e t h e E a s t Woods1 l o n g e v i t y o f more t h a n a c e n t u r y , t h e

h i s t o r i c s u b u r b s h a s changed n o t i c e a b l y . The c o r e o f w e l l - m a i n t a i n e d

m i d d l e t o u p p e r- m i d d l e c l a s s h o u s e s a l o n g E a s t N o r t h , Nor th B r u n s w i c k ,

E a s t Eas twood , and on E a s t Arrow a t t e s t t o a r e m a r k a b l e s m a l l town 1

e n v i r o n m e n t . The E a s t Woods D i s t r i c t h a s had a number o f s m a l l ,

s e p a r a t e d e v e l o p m e n t s on s h o r t n o r t h - s o u t h s t r e e t s and a l l e y w a y s a s

w e l l a s t h e s u b d i v i s i o n o f l a r g e town l o t s . I n f a c t , t h e e a s t - w e s t

a x e s r e m a i n d i s c r e e t c u l t u r a l c o r r i d o r s f rom t h e much s h o r t e r , more

r e c e n t and l e s s aff- l-uent -n o r t h- s o u t h a x e s ( s e e map Wlg) . Bell s t r e e t ---

( t w o b l o c k s w i t h o n e b l o c k hav i n g h o u s e s b u i l t l o t s f o r m e r l y f a c i n g

Nor th and Arrow s t r e e t s ) and A l l e n s t r e e t ( o n e b l o c k ) a p p e a r t o h a v e

a l w a y s been more o f a work ing c l a s s n e i g h b o r h o o d c o n t a i n e d on s m a l l s i d e

s t r e e t l o t s . Redman s t r e e t ( o n e b l o c k ) , w i t h i t s t h r e e m i d- t w e n t i e t h

c e n t u r y h o u s e s , were c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e f o r m e r b a c k l o t s o f e s t a t e s

t h a t f a c e d Nor th and Arrow s t r e e t s . , The v e r y e a s t end o f Arrow

s t r e e t , p a s t Conway s t r e e t , i s e s s e n t i a l l y a c . 1925 b u n g a l o i d a d d i t i o n

b u i l t upon g r - ~ n d t h a t s l o p e s e a s t w a r d i n t o t h e b r e a k s . The o n e b l o c k

o f S o u t h Brunswick was a p p a r e n t l y f i r s t b r o k e n up by t h e Wells-Odum

a p a r t m e n t b u i l d i n g , c o n s t r u c t e d a t t h e b a c k o f t h e O r e a r town l o t , and

l a t e r , a c o u p l e o f h o u s e s c o m p l e t e d t h e s u b d i v i s i o n o f t h e d e e p l o t s

p a r a l l e l t o S o u t h Brunswick .

On t.?e n o r t h s i d e o f Eas twood , be tween A l l e n and Brunswick s t r e e t s ,

an h i s t o r i c s e a s o n a l l a k e and s u c c e e d i n g town dump i n t h e d e e p r e l i e f

p r o h i b i t e d Eastwood s t r e e t from becoming a t h r o u g h s t r e e t . About

1920, h o w e v e r , d e v e l o p e r s f i l l e d t h e d e p r e s s i o n and t h e S t e e l e

a p a r t m e n t s and t h r e e bungalows b u i l t by S t e e l e o c c u p i e d t h e r e a r o f

l o t s t h a t f a c e d Nor th s t r e e t . On North s t r e e t i t s e l f , t h e e a s t e r n m o s t

p a r t o f t h e s t r e e t r e m a i n s a s one o f t h e most p rominen t and d e s i r a b l e

l a n d s c a p e s o f t h e E a s t Woods, w h i l e t h e wes t end o f E a s t North s t r e e t

h a s been somewhat d i s m a n t l e d f o r c h u r c h p a r k i n g l o t s , and l a t e

V i c t o r i a n h o u s e s have succumbed t o m u l t i p l e f a m i l y a p a r t m e n t s . Nor th

Brunswick ( o n e b l o c k ) and from Brunswick t o L i n c o l n on Eastwood s t r e e t

i s f i l l e d w i t h s u p e r b e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y h o u s e s ( t h e r e a r e o t h e r

p e r i o d s o f c o n s t r u c t i o n t o o , c . 1875-1960) . From L i n c o l n t o Park on

Eastwood s t r e e t i s a v a r i e g a t e d l a n d s c a p e , b u t it p o s s e s s e s numerous

w e l l ' b u i l t bunga lows , Rev iva l s t y l e s and p e r i o d h o u s e s , ,

P e r h a p s one o f t h e mos t s i g n i f i c a n t h i s t o r i c f o r c e s and i n f l u e n c e s

on Eastwood s t r e e t h a s been t h e e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y b u i l d i n g

a c t i v i t i e s o f G e o r g i a Brown B l o s s e r . The d a u g h t e r o f a S t . L o u i s 2

b r o k e r , Miss Brown m a r r i e d S a l i n e c o u n t i a n , L o u i s B l o s s e r .

P o s s e s s i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e w e a l t h , Georg ia B l o s s e r f i n a n c e d a t l e a s t two

e a r l y t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y h o u s e s on Eastwood, t h e K e l l e r - P e t e r s o n house

a t 503 Eastwood i n 1907 and t h e Unruh-Hamilton house a t 537 i n 1910.

Edgar R . Page s e r v e d a s c o n t r a c t o r f o r t h e s p l e n d i d Hami l ton bungalow.

She c o n t i n u e d t o b u i l d d u r i n g t h e 1920s b u i l d i n g r e s i d e n c e s f o r .

h e r s e l f a t t h e Radfo rd- Ear ly I t a l i a n v i l l a ( 5 4 9 Eastwood) and f i n a l l y

t h e l a r g e v e r n a c u l a r v i l l a a t 834 Eastwood where s h e l i v e d o u t h e r

l i f e . Mrs. B l o s s e r became an h i s t o r i c p a t r o n o f M a r s h a l l when s h e

beque thed s e v e r a l hundred thousand d o l l a r s f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f

D e p r e s s i o n e r a R e v i v a l b u i l d i n g s t h a t f l a n k e d h e r own town e s t a t e .

One, tne B l o s s e r Home f o r C r i p p l e d C h i l d r e n (Mrs. Blosiser h e r s e l f was

a hand icapped l a d y ) , and t h e o t h e r , t h e B l o s s e r Home f o r Women.

Saylor and Owens, Kansas Ci ty a r c h i t e c t s , and t h e d i s t i n g u i s h e d 3

c o n s t r u c t i o n f i rm of John Epple i n Columbia, implemented t h e work.

The Blosser b u i l d i n g a c t i v i t i e s on Eastwood s t r e e t have g iven a

p a r t i c u l a r d ramat ic image t o t h e s t r e e t , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e eas te rnmos t

b locks where t h e t h r e e two s t o r y , b r i c k and s tone s t r u c t u r e s r e s i d e on

con t iguous l o t s .

The East Woods suburbs i s c e r t a i n l y n o t one of un-ending rows o f

ranch s t y l e houses o r a suburbs t h a t has o u t l i v e d i t s o r i g i n a l

i n t e n t i o n . I t remains a complement t o an h i s t o r i c American walking

c i t y anchored t o a downtown commercial c e n t e r . I t s d i v e r s i t y o f

l andscape prov ides a p l e a s a n t c o n t r a s t t o t h e s i n g u l a r Main S t r e e t

b r i c k t h a t envelopes t h e downtown square . The East Woodsf ambience

impa r t s a d i s t i n c t i v e , p o s i t i v e p e r s o n a l i t y , one t h a t i,s a l i v e , w e l l ,

and s t a b l e - - a l l t h i s a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e h i s t o r i c s t r e n g t h o f t h e

coun typ s economic c e n t e r p l ace .

The East Woods landscape does no t e x h i b i t a f lower ing o f mid-

n i n e t e e n t h V i c t o r i a n f a sh ion i n Goth ic , I t a l i a n a t e o r French Second

Empire modes ( a l t h o u g h two of t h e churches a r e 1870s American Go th i c ,

t hey a r e on t h e west edge of East Woods and a r e no t deep ly i n t e g r a t e d 4

i n t o t h e expanse of r e s i d e n c e s ) . The c o n s t r u c t i o n of l a r g e , l a c a l l y

p r e t e n t i o u s , m idd le- c l a s s housing d i d no t begin i n Marshall u n t i l t h e

n a t i o n a l boom e r a of 1880-1882. The f i r s t gene ra t i on o f a s u b s t a n t i a l

number of prominent East Woodsf housing exempl i f i ed a t r a d i t i o n a l

t a s t e f o r s i n g l e and doub le- p i l e I houses adorned w i t h modest machine-

manufactured V i c t o r i a n d e t a i l . Among t h e s e a r e t h e Ralney-McClure,

Huff , Gllshrey, Langford and Napton houses ( s e e Appendix 8 4 ) . How many

of t h e s e were b u i l t we do not know. Closely fo l lowing those b u i l d i n g s

t h e f a sn ion f o r n a t i o n a l e c l e c t i c i s m i n mixing r e v i v a l s t y l e s i n t o

o r i g i n a l d e s i g n s o f N e o- J a c o b e a n o r Q u e e n Anne d e s i g n s h a s b e q u e a t h e d 5

t o t h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n o f g o o d number o f e x a m p l e s . The m o r e

e x h u b e r a n t E a s t Woods1 e x a m p l e s a r e t h e G o r d o n , H u s t o n - H a r t , Eubank-

F a h n e s t o c k , R e a - S e a r f o s s , Downing- Emmerson a n d o t h e r s ( s e e - A p p e n d i x

85) . More a f f o r d a b l e , o f c o u r s e , were much l e s s a r t i c u l a t e d

e x h u b e r a n c e i n m o r e m o d e s t - p r i c e d h o u s i n g . A r a n g e o f e x a m p l e s a p p e a r

i n some t w e n t y s e v e n p h o t o g r a p h s i n A p p e n d i x 86 a n d 17, Q u e e n Anne

common r o o f p a t t e r n s a n d V i c t o r i a n c r o s s - g a b l e h o u s e s . S m a l l e r

v e r s i o n s o f t h e s e h o u s e s a r e t h e t w e n t y t w o V i c t o r i a n c o t t a g e s i n

A p p e n d i x #8 a n d # / 9 . A l l o f t h e a b o v e h a v e n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y o r i g i n s ,

a l t h o u g h t h e y c o n t i n u e d t o b e p o p u l a r t h r o u g h t h e f i r s t d e c a d e o f t h e

t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y .

The A m e r i c a n B a s i c g a b l e - e n t r y h o u s e s ( A p p e n d i x /I1 0') v a r y

c o n s i d e r a b l y i n s i z e , e x p e n s e a n d e x t e r i o r t e x t u r e . I n g e n e r a l , t h e y

a r e a p a r t o f t h e t u r n - o f - t h e - c e n t u r y c o n s e r v a t i v e e f f o r t i n h o u s e

b u i l d i n g . T h e y f i t well o n t o n a r r o w town l o t s a n d h e l p e d e m p h a s i z e

t h e q u a l i t y o f a l a r g e r y a r d s p a c e . The i r r e g u l a r p l a n n e d V i c t o r i a n s

c o n t i n u e d t o b e b u i l t b y t h o s e who c o u l d a f f o r d t h e m , b u t t h e

d e s i g n e r s o f t h e m o r e r e c t a n g u l a r h o u s e s a n d t h e F o u r S q u a r e - C u b i c

h o u s e s e l i m i n a t e d i n t e r i o r w a l l s , i n c r e a s i n g s q u a r e f o o t a g e , w h i l e

r e d u c i n g t h e a c t u a l s i z e a n d c o s t o f t h e b u i l d i n g . The b o x - l i k e

v e r s i o n s , i n c l u d i n g P r a i r i e S c h o o l h o u s e s , a p p e a r l e s s r e f i n e d , w i t h

g r e a t l y r e d u c e d o r n a m e n t a t i o n , a n d o b v i o u s g e o m e t r i c p l a n n i n g . T h e y

d i d , h o w e v e r , p r o v e v e r y p o p u l a r a s t h e i r u b i q u i t o u s a p p e a r a n c e o n t h e

A m e r i c a n l a n d s c a p e a t t e s t s . I n f a c t , t h e i r v e r y n u m b e r s a n d

a s s o c i a t e d s i m p l e f o r m s i n c o n t r a s t t o a s y m m e t r i c a l V i c t o r i a n h o u s e s 6

c r e a t e d a c o m p l e t e l y new v i s u a l e x p e r i e n c e i n t h e s u b u t - b s . I n t h e

E a s t Woods t w o e x c e l l e n t p a t t e r n - b o o k e x a m p l e s o f t h e C u ' b i c - P r a i r i e

~ c h o - 0 1 h o u s e a r e t h e , P a r k s and B e l l a m y h o u s e s ( s e e A p p e n d i x 1 1 3 ) . A

C u b i c mode t h a t u t i l i z e d e s p e c i a l l y f l a t t e r i n g C l a s s i c a l d e t a i l i s t h e

I r v i n e - S t a p l e t o n h o u s e and B a r n e t t - D a u t e n h a h n h o u s e s (sede A p p e n d i x

8 1 2 ) .. The I r v i n e - S t a p l e t o n C l a s s i c a l p o r c h i s o n e o f t h e m o s t

s p e c t a c u l a r i n o u t s t a t e M i s s o u r i .

The w e a l t h i e r c a p i t a l i s t s i n M a r s h a l l c o u l d a f f o r d t o b u i l d

o s t e n t a t i o u s v e r s i o n s o f A m e r i c a n s 1 l o v e f o r C l a s s i c i s m . I n t h e E a s t

Woods b o t h t h e B u c k n e r and M u r r e l l - F l e t c h e r N e o- C l a s s i c h o u s e s ( s e e

A p p e n d i x # 1 1 ) a r e s i g n i f i c a n t c u l t u r a l a n c h o r p o i n t s i n t h e h e a r t o f 7

t h e E a s t Woods. The B u c k n e r i n f r a m e and M u r r e l l - F l e t c h e r i n b r i c k

and s t o n e e p i t o m i z e t h e z e n i t h i n s m a l l town e s t a t e b u i l ~ d i n g .

S y m b o l i c a l l y t h e y may a l s o s t a n d f o r p a t r o n f a m i l i e s o f l o c a l s o c i e t y .

The M u r r e l l f a m i l y d o n a t e d f u n d s f o r t h e M u r r e l l L i b r a r y a t M i s s o u r i

V a l l e y C o l l e g e , a n d B u c k n e r s d o n a t e d t h e i r h i s t o r i c h o u s e t o t h e

S a l i n e C o u n t y H i s t o r i c a l S o c i e t y . B o t h a r e s t a t e c l a s s h o u s e s i n t h e

c u l t u r a l l a n d s c a p e o f o u t s t a t e M i s s o u r i .

The C l a s s i c - i n s p i r e d G e o r g i a n - C o l o n i a l h o u s e s a l s o v a r y

c o n s i d e r a b l y i n e x p e n s e and d e s i g n . An e x c e l l e n t e x a m p l e o f q u a l i t y

d e s i g n f o r s m a l l e r v e r s i o n s o f w h a t was o f t e n a much l a r g e r

p r e t e n t i o u s u r b a n b u i l d i n g i s t h e B a r n e t t - L a u r i e h o u s e . T h i s s m a l l e r ,

s i d e p a s s a g e v e r s i o n , w i t h i t s Roman p o r c h , R e n a i s s a n c e d o r m e r s , e a s t -

f a c i n g s u n p o r c h a n d m a g n i f i c e n t y a r d l a n d s c a p e d e f i n e it a s a m a j o r

a r t i f a c z i n t h e E a s t Woods' d i s t r i c t . I t i s o n e o f a t l e a s t t h r e e

e x t a n t h o u s e s i n t h e E a s t Woods f i n a n c e d b y t h e l a t e Mrs. M i n n i e

B a r n e t t ( see A p p e n d i x # 1 5 ) . The S a s t Woods' r e s i d e n t s c o n t i n u e d t o f o l l o w n a t i o n a l f a s h i o n

t h r o u g h o u t t h e t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y . F o u r T u d o r and E n g l i s h c o t t a g e

h o u s e s add g r a c e f u l c o m p l e m e n t s t o t h e g e n e r a l s u b u r b a n a m b i e n c e .

Good e x a m p l e s o f p a t t e r n - b o o k c r a f t s m a n b u n g a l o w s a b o u n d , e s p e c i a l l y

o n Eas twood s t r e e t ( A p p e n d i x 1 1 7 ) . The McChesney-McCork:Le b u n g a l o w ,

s a i d t o b e t h e f i r s t i n M a r s h a l l , s t i l l s u r v i v e s . I n telrms o f l o c a l

p a t t e r n s o f h i s t o r i c c r a f t s m a n b u n g a l o w s , h o w e v e r , t h e E a s t Woods c a n

n o t c l a i m n e a r a l l o f t h e b e t t e r d e s i g n e d b u n g a l o w s . M a r s h a l l a s a

w h o l e e x h i b i t s o n e o f t h e b e t t e r b u n g a l o w l a n d s c a p e s i n s m a l l town

M i s s o u r i .

The b u n g a l o w s , p a t t e r n - b o o k c o t t a g e s , t r a c t and r a n c h s t y l e h o u s e s ,

and a p a r t m e n t h o u s e s a l l g e n e r a l l y r e p r e s e n t b u i l d i n g s i n E a s t Woods1

b l o c k s t h a t were o p e n e d f o r c o n s t r u c t i o n a f t e r 1 9 1 5 . A g r e a t many o f

t h e s e a r e now f o u n d o n l o t s t h a t were f o r m e r l y a p a r t o f a much l a r g e r

town l o t , o r some a r e modern h o u s e s b u i l t o n t h e s i t e o f a d e m o l i s h e d

h o u s e . E x a m p l e s ' i n c l u d e t h e Eas twood s t r e e t c o t t a g e s west o f t h e

Buckn.er h o u s e and e a s t o f t h e h i s t o r i c J a c o b F i n k h o u s e , t h e f i n e

Sweeney c o t t a g e on Redman s t r e e t , t h e H u s t o n b r i c k r a n c h s t y l e h o u s e

o n S o u t h B r u n s w i c k and two r a n c h h o u s e s o n t h e f o r m e r Sa :pp ing ton-Hupp

l o t ctn E a s t w o o d s t r e e t .

Itt i s d i f f i c u l t t o s e l e c t p a r t i c u l a r h o u s e s f o r a n y e x c e p t i o n a l

t r e a t m e n t a s i n t h e E a s t Woods s o v e r y many c o n t r i b u t e g r e a t l y t o t h e

q u a l i t y o f t h e e n v i r o n m e n t . T h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c i s p r e c i s e l y w h a t

m a k e s t h e E a s t Woods1 d i s t r i c t s o u n u s u a l i n t h e l a t e t w e n t i e t h

c e n t u r y s u b u r b a n Main S t r e e t l a n d s c a p e . After a n y casua:L

i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e s u b j e c t , h o w e v e r , it seems t h a t a f e w s h o u l d

a t t r a c t some s u b j e c t i v e a t t e n t i o n . The i m p o r t a n c e o f p r o p e r t i e d women

who h a v e b u i l t g r o u p s o f e l e g a n t b u i l d i n g s i n t h e E a s t Woods comes t o

n i n d . Mrs. M i n n i e B a r n e t t l s t h r e e b r i c k G e o r g i a n- C u b i c h o u s e s w i l l

8 remain a long t ime . Mrs. Georgia Brown Blosser b u i l t a t l e a s t seven

East Woods' houses . These b u i l d i n g s on Eastwood s t r e e t may be t h e

most s i g n i f i c a n t one group o f East Woodst s t r u c t u r e s a s s o c i a t e d with

any one per son. The Duggins-Wayman C a l i f o r n i a keyhole bungalow on

Arrow s t r e e t , named f o r i t s window d e s i g n , h o l d s a p a r t i c u l a r h i s t o r i c

s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e memory o f l o c a l r e s i d e n t s . The Hamilton bungalow

on Eastwood s t r e e t i s a d e c e p t i v e l y l a r g e , s p a c i o u s , c l a s s i c a l l y

d e t a i l e d house. I t s l a r g e i n t e r i o r , f l a n k i n g a c e n t r a l h a l l , has made

i t a very c o n v e n i e n t , l i v a b l e house . Mrs. Waldor f ' s P r a i r i e s t y l e

bungalow, f inanced b y Mrs. B l o s s e r , i s a s t a t e c l a s s house. I t s

i n t e g r i t y o f o r i g i n a l de s ign and immaculate maintenance should

p re se rve t h e house f o r y e a r s t o come. The Buckner modern ranch s t y l e

house , b u i l t t o t h e s i d e o f t h e h i s t o r i c Buckner, Neo-Classic house on

North Brunswick, r e f l e c t s a mode o f expensive suburban houses b u i l t

throughout sou thwes te rn Kansas Ci ty . It i s t h e l a t e s t house b u i l t i n

a c u r r e n t n a t i o n a l f a sh ion t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e b e s t o f mainst ream,

midd le- c l a s s housing c o n s t r u c t e d i n t h e East Woods f o r over a c e n t u r y .

The l a s t house t h a t I w i l l mention i s t h e Van Dyke, Will iamsburg --

r e p l i c a on Eastwood s t r e e t . The house i s modeled a f t e r t h e S t . George

Tucker house and Raleigh Tavern i n Wil l iamsburg, des igned by George

Murphy o f Kansas C i t y , b u i l t i n 1958. Besides being a c l a s s i c example

o f t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f an American dream t o b u i l d and own a house t h a t

makes such an obvious c u l t u r a l and h i s t o r i c s t a t e m e n t , t h e house

symbol izes t h e socio- economic and c u l t u r a l h i s t o r y o f i n f l u e n t i a l ,

c a p i t a l i s t S a l i n e Countians f o r the pas t 160 y e a r s . The f u l l s t o r y o f

t h a t symbolism has ye t t o be thoroughly r e sea rched and comprehended,

and on ly a sugges t i on of i t i s made h e r e .

S a l i n e County s o c i a l , economic and p o l i t i c a l l e a d e r s immigrated

f r o m c e n t e r s o f s i m i l a r i n f l u e n c e i n t h e s o u t h e r n h i g h l a n d s .

E s p e c i a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d e m o g r a p h i c a l l y h a s b e e n a c o r e o f f a m i l i e s who

h a v e h a d h i s t o r i c c o n n e c t i o n s w i t h i n t h e V i r g i n i a T i d e w a t e r and

P i e d m o n t r e g i o n s . T h e s e i n c l u d e many who s e t t l e d i n t h e f a m o u s I

S a p p i n g t o n n e i g h b o r h o o d o f s o u t h e a s t S a l i n e C o u n t y a s well a s l a t e r

m i g r a n t s t o M a r s h a l l . The f a m i l i e s o f G e n e r a l Thomas A. S m i t h a n d D r .

J o h n S a p p i n g t o n h a d by m a r r i a g e and k i n r e l a t i o n s a number o f

i n f l u e n t i a l p o l i t i c a l c o n n e c t i o n s t h r o u g h o u t b o r d e r s t a t e s o u t h e r n

D e m o c r a c y . T h e s e webs o f a s s o c i a t i o n s l e d i n t o c o m m u n i c a t i o n s w i t h

p o l i t i . c a 1 - g e n t r y f a m i l i e s o f V i r g i n i a , K e n t u c k y , T e n n e s s e e and t h e

M i s s o u r i B o o n s l i c k . W i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e Van Dyke h o u s e , t h e l o c a l

k i n r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e S m i t h s , N a p t o n s and f a m o u s V i r g i n i a

p o l i t i c a l r h e t o r i c i a n , B e v e r l y T u c k e r i s c r u c i a l . The T u c k e r f a m i l y f s

i n v o l v e m e n t a t W i l l i a m and Mary C o l l e g e i s l e g e n d a r y , b u t h i s t i e s t o

S a l i n e C o u n t y and h i s p r o b a b l e i n f l u e n c e upon N a p t o n f s a u t h o r s h i p o f

t h e f a m o u s J a c k s o n R e s o l u t i o n s o f 1 8 4 9 i s a l i k e l y c i r c u m s t a n c e . N.B

T u c k e r had t w o s o n s who i m m i g r a t e d t o t h e c o u n t y o f t h e i r m a t e r n a l

g r a n d p a r e n t s a f t e r t h e C i v i l War. One worked a s a p h y s i c i a n i n

M a r s h a l l , t h e o t h e r a s a f a r m e r e a s t o f M a r s h a l l . D u r i n g t h e 1 8 7 0 s

t h e wife o f Dr. S t . G e o r g e T u c k e r h e l p e d f o u n d t h e G o t h i c - s t y l e d

T r i n i t y E p i s c o p a l c h u r c h .

I n M a r s h a l l t h e P a g e f a m i l y a l s o had r o o t s i n h i s t o r i c

W i l l i a m s b u r g . The V i r g i n i a P a g e s owned o n e o f t h e p r e m i e r s e a t i n g s i n

a W i l l i a m s b u r g c h u r c h . Over t ime , a n d e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e t w e n t i e t h

c e n t u r y , k i t h and k i n o f V i r g i n i a f a m i l i e s i n M a r s h a l l l a d e

p i l g r i m a g e s t o V i r g i n i a h o m e l a n d s , i n c l u d i n g ~ l i l l i a m s b u r g . The t r i p s

E a s t h e l p e d t o r e i n f o r c e t h e t r a n s - g e n e r a t i o n a l c o n s c i o u s n e s s o f t h e i r

h i s t o r i c r o o t s . M e m o r i e s a n d r e f l e c t i o n s upon a s o u t h e r n g e n t r y

h e r i t a g e p e r h a , p s g a v e t h e n e c e s s a r y i m p e t u s f o r a d e s i r e t o b u i l d a

l o c a l , p h y s i c a l r e m i n d e r o f t h a t p a s t . One s p e c u l a t e s t h a t t h e s u p e r b

W i l l i a m s b u r g r e p l i c a on E a s t w o o d s t r e e t - - a m a j o r m i d - t w e n t i e t h c e n t u r y

c u l t u r a l m a i n s t a y i n t h e h e a r t o f h i s t o r i c E a s t Woods-- :is n o t a n

a n o m a l y o r a c h o i c e o f c a p r i c e d i s c o v e r e d i n a Main S t r e e t t o w n .

R a t h e r , i t b e l o n g s t h e r e - - a s y m b o l o f c u l t u r a l c o h e s i o n and d i f f u s i o n

o v e r a t h o u s a n d miles a n d o f g e n e r a t i o n s o f V i r g i n i a n s who o n c e w e n t

West.. The a s s o c i a t e d and a s c r i b e d h i s t o r i c c o n t i n u i t i e s a r e a

s u b s t a n c e o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t b r i n g s s i g n i f i c a n c e t o a g e n t e e l ,

m i d d l e - c l a s s s u b u r b l i n k e d t o t h e n a t i o n a l s y m b o l o f Main S t r e e t

c o m m u n i t i e s . T h e s e d e e p c u l t u r a l m e m o r i e s known a n d d i s c u s s e d o v e r

time w i t h i n t h e o r a l t r a d i t i o n s o f f a m i l i e s , become e r o d e d by t h e

p a s s a g e o f time. T h e i r p r e s e r v a t i o n , i n d e e d , t h e i r v e r y e x i s t e n c e ,

must* b e c o n s i d e r e d b y t h e o v e r a l l i n q u i r y i n t o a n y l a n d s c a p e s t u d y . - ---

What i s v e r n a c u l a r i n a r t i f a c t h a s l i n k a g e s t h a t a r e p r o f o u n d l y -

e n m e s h e d i n w i d e s p r e a d n a t i o n a l m o v e m e n t s . Some o f t h e s e , l i k e t h e

Van Dyke h o u s e , c a n o n l y b e u n d e r s t o o d i n t h e a c c u m u l u a a t i o n o f

g e n e r a t i o n s o f c u l t u r a l e x p e r i e n c e w i t h i n t h e E a s t Woods s o c i e t y .

T h u s , t h e m o d e r n c u l t u r a l f a u l t l i n e s , t h a t c o m p r i s e t h e

bour ida r i e s o f t h e c o n t e m p o r a r y E a s t Woods1 s u b u r b s , ref:Lec t a n

a r t i c u l a t e d b u i l t e n v i r o n m e n t t h a t o w e s i t s o r i g i n s t o h e g e m o n i c

s o c i a l and e c o n o m i c f o r c e s o f t h e m i d - t o - l a t e n i n t e e n t h c e n t u r y . Yes,

a n e r o s i o n o f o r i g i n a l p l a n n i n g h a s t a k e n p l a c e ; b u t t h e s e g r e g a t e d

l a n d u s e , a l m o s t a s o b v i o u s t o d a y a s a c e n t u r y a g o , r e p r e s e n t s i n l a r g e

p a r t a n e i g h b o r h o o d t h a t h a s n o t t o l e r a t e d l a r g e - s c a l e i n t r u s i o n s i n t o

i t s o r i g i n a l l a n d s c a p e d e s i g n s . F u r t h e r m o r e , e x t a n t E a s t Woodsf

h o u s i n g , t h o u g h l o c a t e d among m o d e s t v e r n a c u l a r h o u s e s , s t i l l r e p r e s e n t s

t h e h i g h e s t q u a l i t i e s i n b u i l d i n g d e s i g n a v a i l a b l e t o M a r s h a l l t s

p r o p e r t i e d , a f f l u e n t c l a s s . For t h e r e s u l t i n t h e b u i l t env i ronment

t o have been q u a l i t a t i v e l y s u p e r i o r , t h e E a s t Woodst s o c i e t y and

s p a c e would have t o have been l o c a t e d i n a n o t h e r r e g i o n . A s i t i s ,

t h e Eas t Woods r e m a i n s a p remie r ne ighborhood i n M i s s o u r i t s h i s t o r i c

B o o n s l i c k r e g i o n .

The Contemporary E a s t Woods

1 An h i s t o r i c p r e s e r v a t i o n s u r v e y i n M a r s h a l l d u r i n g 1983 r e s u l t e d

i n t h e u s e o f t h i s te rm by t h e a u t h o r . See An H i s t o r i c P r e s e r v a t i o n Survey Repor t f o r M a r s h a l l , M i s s o u r i , Volumes 1 , 2 , and 3 , M a r s h a l l : M i s s o u r i V a l l e y Reg iona l P l a n n i n g Commission, J a n u a r y , 1984.

2 L g u i s B l o s s e r t s f a t h e r , Henry, a p rominen t S a l i n e County

a g r i c u l t u r a l i s t , h i r e d Edgar R . Page t o b u i l d a French Second Empire house n o r t h o f M a r s h a l l . It i s now e n r o l l e d on t h e N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e s . P r i o r t o h e r m a r r i a g e t o B l o s s e r , Georgia Brown -

had been widowed from Mr. James Unruh. 3

A . H . Orr, e t a 1 e d s . , S a l i n e County H i s t o r y , n a p . , 1967: 396-97. Mrs. B l o s s e r , a M e t h o d i s t , may have d i r e c t e d t h e f u t u r e t r u s t e e s o f h e r e s t a t e t o h i r e t h e w e l l known Method i s t b u i l d e r , John E p p l e , and t h e B l o s s e r Home f o r Women h a s been o c c u p i e d p r i m a r i l y by ~ e t h o d i s t women .

4 Midwestern towns t h a t s t i l l have s i g n i f i c a n t exampl.es o f G o t h i c ,

I t a l i a n a t e and Second Empire d e s i g n s have a much l a r g e r p o p u l a t i o n and economic b a s e t h a n M a r s h a l l e v e r h a d , o r t h e y a r e l o c a t e d i n t h e Old Nor thwest r e g i o n . See f o r example , Rober t B a s t i a n , " A r c h i t e c t u r e and C l a s s S e g r e g a t i o n i n L a t e N i n e t e e n t h Cen tu ry T e r r e Hau te , I n d i a n a ," G e o g r a p h i c a l Review, A p r i l , 1975: 166-179.

See Mary Mix F o l e y , - The American House, New York: Harper and Row, 1980: 175-195 f o r h e r d i s c u s s i o n o f " S u r f a c e S t y l e s . "

6 See d i s c u s s i o n by Gwendolyn W r i g h t , Moralism and t h e Modern - Home,

Chicago: U n i v e r s i t y o f Chicago P r e s s , 1980: 2 4 8 - 2 5 3 . -- 7

The Suckner house is on t h e N a t i o n a l R e g i s t e r o f H i s t o r i c P l a c e s . 3

The t h r e e a r e l o c a t e d a t 215 E a s t Arrow, 345 E a s t Nor th , and 408 Eas t Nor th , a l l c o n s t r u c t e d by M a r s h a l l c o n t r a c t o r , W. P. Go l long .

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