Post on 03-Jun-2018
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CONFLICT AND COMPROMISE
in The Bureaucracy
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Understanding the Bureaucracy
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Success within the Bureaucracy
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Dependence on the Bureaucracy
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Bureaucratic Waste
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Bureaucratic Failures
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
The federal bureaucracy is made up of:
Millions of permanent employees (civil
servants) Thousands of short-term workers (political
appointees of the president)
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
What do bureaucrats do?
Implement policies established by Congress or
the president Develop programs and policies to achieve
goals of laws
When laws are very specific, bureaucrats have very
little discretion
More commonly, laws provide general guidelines
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
What do bureaucrats do? (cont.)
Regulate individual and corporate behavior
Buy products ranging from erasers to airplanes
Engage in inherently political activities
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
Regulations
Government rules that give government control
over individuals and corporations by restrictingbehaviors
Developed via the notice and comment procedure
Rule making is very political
Bureaucrats listen to congressional pressure;Congress can overturn statutes that give bureaucrats
power and Congress controls their budgets
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
Regulations (cont.)
Federal regulations affect every aspect of
everyday life Gas mileage of cars sold in the United States
Amount doctors can charge senior citizens for
particular procedures.
Often, regulations cause trade-offs betweenincompatible goals.
FDA and experimental treatment
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Influences on Bureaucratic RuleMaking
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
Procurement
Bureaucrats are in charge of government
purchases Make decisions regarding the criteria of what
they will buy
Crises often involve inflated costs.
FEMA and Hurricane Katrina
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
Providing services Street-level bureaucrats provide government services
to regular Americans
Job training
Disaster assistance
Park services
Research and development Government scientists do research covering a wide
variety of areas
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
Managing and directing Supervising: For example, the Department of Defense
uses civilian contractors to complete a wide variety of
services in Iraq
Bureaucratic expertise and its
consequences Bureaucrats are experts; in general, more so than
members of Congress or the president
Experts help create a state capacity
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Bureaucrats Make Mistakes
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
Bureaucratic expertise and its
consequences (cont.)
Criticism of bureaucracies Too much red tape
Standard operating procedure
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What Is the Federal Bureaucracy?
Bureaucratic expertise and its consequences
(cont.)
How can experts create red tape and otherdysfunctional ways of doing business?
Expertise
Problem of control (principal-agent game)
Regulatory capture Neutral competence as an antidote?
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History of the American Bureaucracy
The beginning of Americas bureaucracy
Even as late as the 1820s, there were only
three executive departments Small size of the federal government was
indicative of Americans distrust of government
after years of British rule
President Jackson used the spoils system
People who had worked in Jacksons campaign were
given government jobs as rewards.
Useful for the party organization
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The Beginning of AmericanBureaucracy
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History of the American Bureaucracy
No inherent logic in the structure of the
bureaucracy
Developed in a piecemeal fashion duringthree major periods:
Late 1890searly 1900s
1930s 1960s
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History of the American Bureaucracy
Building a New American State: The
Progressive Era
Governments regulatory power increased from
1890 to 1920
Sherman Antitrust Act
Pure Food and Drug Act
Meat Inspection Act
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History of the American Bureaucracy
Building a New American State: The
Progressive Era (cont.)
1883 Pendleton Civil Service Act Created a bureaucracy built on expertise through
merit system
Helped to end the spoils system
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History of the American Bureaucracy
The New Deal, the Great Society, and the
Reagan Revolution
New Deal programs are those developed andimplemented during Franklin Roosevelts first
presidential term in the 1930s
Expanded governments role in the economy
Debates over this expansion have animated partisan
politics ever since
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History of the American Bureaucracy
The New Deal, the Great Society, and the
Reagan Revolution (cont.)
The Great Society: Another expansion of thesize, capacity, and behavior of the government
bureaucracy that took place during Lyndon
Johnsons presidency
Congress funded bilingual education.
Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act
Medicare and Medicaid
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The Reagan Revolution
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The Executive Branch of the FederalGovernment
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The Structure of the Department ofAgriculture
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The Modern Federal Bureaucracy
Hiring and firing rules regarding bureaucrats affect
the amount of oversight to which the bureaucrats
are subjected
Federal Reserve appointees get 14-year terms
Bureaucratic structure is often politically driven
Iraq War: Office of Special Plans uses raw intelligence
data rather than expert interpretations of that data whenmaking the case for war
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The Modern Federal Bureaucracy
Executive Office of the President (see
Chapter 11)
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Creates the annual budget proposal president
presents to Congress
Below the EOP are the fifteen cabinet-level
departments Each department is made up of many smaller
organizations
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The Size of the Federal Budget
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The Modern Federal Bureaucracy
Executive Office of the President (cont.)
Below the executive departments are
independent agencies like the Federal Reserve See Chapter 15, Economic Policy.
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Federal Employment
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The Size of the Federal Government
Number of people serving in each executive
department and independent agency varies
widely
Department of Defense has over 600,000 employees;
Department of Education has 4,000.
Mission and scope of the departments
Budget maximizers: Bureaucrats who work to improve
the funding for their agency regardless of whether that
spending is useful
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Employment in Selected FederalOrganizations
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Employment in Selected FederalOrganizations (contd)
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The Size of Our GovernmentCompared to Those of Other Nations
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Public Preferences For SpendingCuts
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The Human Face of the Bureaucracy
Motivations
Majority of bureaucrats serve for the job
security, salary, and benefits Over one-third say that their main incentive in
seeking a bureaucratic position was an interest
in public service
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Motivations for Employment
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The Human Face of the Bureaucracy
Civil Service Regulations
Education improves pay
Civil service system has a set of tests todetermine who is hired for lower-level positions
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The Human Face of the Bureaucracy
Civil Service Regulations (cont.)
Higher-level jobs are awarded to those who
have good qualifications, experience, andeducation
Seniority helps determine promotions
After three years of satisfactory job
performance, a civil servant cannot be firedwithout cause
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The Human Face of the Bureaucracy
Civil Service Regulations (cont.)
Many cumbersome regulations
Reason for their existence is to take politics outof the hiring process
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The Human Face of the Bureaucracy
Limits on Political Activity
The Hatch Act prohibits federal workers from
engaging in organized political activities
Senior White House staffers are exempt from
these restrictions
However, prevented from using government
resources for political purposes
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Rules of the Bureaucracy
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The Human Face of the Bureaucracy
Political Appointees and the Senior
Executive Service
President appoints about 7,000 politicalappointees who are not traditional civil servants
to the federal bureaucracy
Some potentially less competent campaign
staffers are awarded positions on turkey farms Ability to make political appointments helps the
president exercise some control over the
bureaucracy.
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How Americans View the FederalBureaucracy
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Controlling the Bureaucracy
Principalagent game: Lawmakers must
determine how to get the benefits of
bureaucratic expertise without givingbureaucrats complete control over their own
behavior Give direct orders
Limits their bureaucratic expertise
Agency organization and monitoring
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Agency Organization
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The Bureaucracy
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Controlling the Bureaucracy
Monitoring
Oversight from Congress
Advance Warning Requires bureaucrats to disclose their proposed
actions before they take effect
Investigations
Police patrol oversight: Constant monitoring
Fire alarm oversight: Congress responds to
complaints about a bureaucratic agency
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Controlling the Bureaucracy
Correcting Violations
Legislation and executive orders can correct
problems
Correcting problems is most challenging when
the Congress and the president disagree
This is when agencies often have the most discretion
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Is Political Control of theBureaucracy Beneficial?
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Explaining the Anomalies
How can the government succeed in some
areas and fail in others? Complex tasks
Example: Great Societys goal of eliminating American poverty
Standard operating procedure is red tape and
confusion
Political control problems
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Explaining the Anomalies
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Public Opinion Poll
Do you generally approve or disapprove of the way
the federal bureaucracy is handling its job?
a) Approve
b) Disapprove
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Public Opinion Poll
Which of the following do you believe is mostappropriate to address Americansdissatisfaction with the federal bureaucracy?
a) Devolution of responsibilities to lower levels ofgovernment
b) Increased use of private companies to provide
government goods and services
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Public Opinion Poll
If television content increases viewersfear and
subsequent support for security agencies, is that
good or bad for the functioning of American
democracy?
a) Good
b) Bad
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Chapter 12: The Bureaucracy
Practice quizzes
Flashcards
Outlines
wwnorton.com/studyspace
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/polisci/american-politics-today2/full/ch/12/studyplan.aspxhttp://www.wwnorton.com/college/polisci/american-politics-today2/full/ch/12/studyplan.aspx8/12/2019 American Politics Chapter 12 Powerpoint
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Following this slide, you will find additional
slides with photos, figures, and captions from
the textbook.
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The bureaucracy's responsiveness tocomments from business interests
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Hank Paulson
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Bureaucratic Effi ciency and theGeneral Services Administration